Mr.  Prank  Klentz 


' 


(/HI-  tut) 


"•' 


FROM  EUROPEAN  SUGAR  JOQRHALS 
ISSUES  OP  1911-12  and  1915. 


COMPILED  3Y 

TRUMAtf  G.  PALMER  .''SECRETARY, 

UNITED  STATES  BEET  SUGAR  INDUSTRY, 

FASHINGTOK,  B.C. 

1914. 


I   V 


P  H  E  F  A  C  E. 


Aside  from  general  statistical  matter,  the  following  pages 
contain  translations  of  such  articles  as  have  appeared  in  European 
Sugar  periodicals  during  1911,  1912  and  1913,  and  it  was  thought 
would  be  interesting  and  instructive  to  those  engaged  in  the  Amer- 
ican "beet  sugar  industry* 

The  reader's  indulgence  is  asked,  especially  in  connection 
with  the  technical  articles,  for  it  has  not  been  possible  at  all 
times,  to  have  the  articles  translated  by  sugar  experts.   No  at- 
tempt has  been  made  to  edit  the  articles  and  the  translations  are 
literal,  rather  than  free* 

The  names  of  all  the  authors  and  the  titles,  of  their  arti- 
cles are  embodied  in  the  table  of  contents.   The  subject  index  at 
the  back  of  the  volume  is  cross  indexed  and  will  facilitate  the 
looking  up  of  any  subject  referred  to  in  the  book. 

It  is  not  to  be  presumed  that  this  volume  contains  all  of 
interest  and  value  which  has  appeared  in  the  European  sugar  peri- 
odicals and  as  it  is  intended  to  follow  this  volume  with  others  of 
a  similar  nature,  suggestions  as  to  the  character  of  articles  in 
this  volume  which  the  reader  considers  as  being  the  most  valuable 
and  also  as  to  subjects  of  value  not  herein  touched  upon,  will  be 

appreciated. 


TRUMAN  G.  PALMER. 


Wasnington,  P.  C. 
May,  1914. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Cultivation  of  the  beet;  Why  It  improves  the  soilf  by  Jules 
Helot*   Honorary  Secretary-General  of  the  Association  of 
Sugar  Manufacturers  of  France;  Vice-President  of  the  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  of  Cambrai,  1900*  .1 


Cost  of  Production  and  Profit  in  Beet  Sugar  Factories  100  Years 
ago*  2-3 


Excerpt  from  Supplement  of  Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre  on 
Sugar-making e  Experiments  made  by  Crespel.  Dec.  28,  1818     4-5 


Olivier  de  Serres,  French  Agronomist;  b.  1539  -  d.  1619. 
Claimed  to'  have  discovered  sugar  in  beet  before  Marggraf. 


Andreas  Sigismund  Marggraf •  1709-1762*  Member  of  Academy 
of  Science  of  Berlin;  Appointed  Secretary  in  1777.  Bio- 
graphical Sketch*  7 

Francois  Charles  Achard.  1754  ~  1821.  First  to  extract  sugar 
from  beets.  8 


C.  J.  A.  Mathieu  de  Dombaste.  b.  1777  -  de  1843*  Inventor  of 
the  Process  of  Maceration  -  Diffusion. 


J.  B.  Dureau,  Founder  of  the  Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre* 
Biographical  sketch.  10 


Brussels  Convention,  Meeting  of  5th  of  March,  1902*  11 


Early  experiments  made  in  sugar  beet  industry*   Excerpt 
from  Rumpler's  Handbuch  (1506)  .  14 


History  of  Achard1 s  experiments  with  manufacture  of  beet  sugar. 
Excerpt  from  Rumplerfs  Handbuch.  16 


Extracts  from  old  books  and  documents.   Reference  to  Olivier 
de  Serres*  discovery  of  sugar  in  the  beet.  20 


II 


Early  experiments  with  sugar  "beets.       Excerpts  from  von 
Lippraann.  24-29 


Russia.       Report  on  sugar  "beet  culture  in;     "by  Mons.  E. 
•Saillard,  Professor  at  the  National  School  of  Agriculture; 
Secretary  of  the  Commission  of  enquiry  on  Sugar  Beet  Culture 
in  Russia.  30-34 


Legislation  Relating  to  Russian  Domestic  Sugar  34-35 


Comments  on  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry.     Excerpt  from  the 
German  Beet  Sugar  Industry.  '  36 


Manufacture  of  Molasses  Fodder  in  Holland  37 


Address  "by  Dr.  Emanuel  Ritter  v,  Proskowetz,  at  the  Annual 
Meeting  of  the  Central  Association  of  the  Sugar  Industry. 
Beta  Maritima  and  Beta  Vulgaris.       Wild  Beet.     Abazzia.  38-42 


The  Use  of  Sugar  in  Human  and  Aninaal  Food,  "by  Jules  Helot.  43-45 

Extract  from  Rules  &  Regulations  Sugar  Association  of  London.     46-48 


Price  of  Raw  Beet  Sugar  in  Germany.     Excerpt  from  Rathko's 
Addressbuch  der  Zucker  Industrie  49-50 


Raw  Sugar  (Rendement).       Excerpt  from  Dr.  Rumpler1 s.Hand- 

buch  der  Zuckerindustrie  51-55 


Why  Statisticians  Differ  about  acreage  and  quantities  of 

beets.  55 


Is  Beet  Culture  Threatened,  and  by  What?   Dr.  von  Rumker.     56-60 
Beet  Harvest,  by  K.  Burgtorf.  61-63 


Ill 


Page* 

Measures  to  "be  Taken  to  Secure  Healthy  Beet  a  and  a  Good  Yield 
per  Hectare.  K.  Stoenner,  Saxonia-Thuringia  Association  of 
the  German  Sugar  Industry,  Halle.  Address.  64-69 

Nitrogenous  Fertilization  of  the  Sugar  Beet,  by  Johann  Moller.  70-77 


Indirect  Benefits  of  Sugar  Beet  Culture,  By  Truman  G.  Palmer. 
Reviewed  by  La  Sucrerie  Indigene  et  Coloniale.  78 


French  Law  Against  Beet  Sugar  Corners;  comments  on          79-81 


Nematodes.   A  Talk  on  Nematodes  and  how  to  prevent  or  min- 
imize damage  done  "by  these  parasites  in  the  beet  fields. 
Lecture  by  Prof.  Dr.  Kruger,  Director  of  the  Experiment 
Station  at  Bernburg.  82-66 


Meeting  of  German  Sugar  Manufacturers  at  Magdeburg.  Dis- 
cussion on  the  question  of  Sulphuring  Juice.  87 


Beet  Seed  Question.  88 


Utilization  of  Sugar  in  Arts  and  Industries.   Lecture  before 
the  Sugar  Association  and  Distillers  of  Alcohol  in  France  -9 
January  1912,  by  M.  A.  Vivien.  89-93 


Cost  of  Raising  beets  in  Russia;  report  of  Mons.  E.Saillard.  92-93 


Farm  Labor  in  Russia.  From  Emile  Saillard's  Report  Aug.- 
Sept.  1911.  94-95 


Withdrawal  of  Italy  from  the  Brussels  Convention,  Sept.  1, 1913.    95 


Russian  Sugar;  Remarks  by  Imperial  Councillor  Eoenig,  President 
of  the  German  Beet  Sugar  Industry.  Warns  Germany  of  Russia's  • 
position  in  strengthening  her  position  and  increasing  her  sugar 
output.  96-100 


Agreements  Relating  to  Beet  Prices.   Association  of  Sugar 
Factories  of  Prague  Makes  agreement  with  leaders  of  Beet 
Grower's  Association  in  relation  to  prices  of  beets  campaign 
1912-1913.  101-102 


Technology  of  the  Chemistry  of  Sugar*   Extraction  of  Sugar 
from  the  Beet;  By  L*  Wackernie.  103 


Economical  Filtration*   L.  Wackernie*   (Bone  Black)          104 
Rendement  in  the  Factory,  by  Bmile  SaillardU  105-106 


Purifying  Molasses*  Patent  Process  for  purifying  molasses, 
A.  Pollacsek*  107 


Sulficarbonatation.   (Boczeczki  Factory)  "by  J.F.Widawsky*   108-110 


Value  of  sugar  literature  and  the  need,  "by  farmers  of  a  good 
library  containing  translations  of  standard  works  on  sugar, 
such  as  Prinsen  Geerligs,  M.  Noel  Deerr,  etc.  Ill 


Beet  Balls,  Large  and  Small,  Which  are  the  Best?          112-114 


Prohibitive  Measures  lending  to  Stem  "the  Tide  of  Emigra- 
tion of  Russian  Peasants  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands*  115 


Lecture  before  the  Society  of  Civil  Engineers,  by  M.A.Gilbert , 
Engineer  of  Arts  and  Manufactures,  Acting  Director  of  the 
Central  Sugar  Factory  of  Cambria,  France. 

Contrasts  the  methods  of  making  sugar  by  the  early  experiment- 
ers and  those  in  vogue  today*  *  116-126 


Friedrich  Strohmer  -  Biographical  Sketch  of  - 
Councillor  of  State  of  the  Austro -Hungarian  Empire  and  Di- 
rector of  the  Experiment  Station  of  the  Central  Beet  Sugar 
Association  in  Austria.  127-128 


Chemistry  of  Sugar,  by  Smile  Saillard.  129-131 


Russia.   Production  of  Sugar,  1900-1911.  District  of 
Ziew,  Kharkow,  etc.,  132-135 


How  Continental  Countries  Calculate  the  percentage  of  sugar 
in  the  beet.  Mode  of  procedure.  How  they  get  the  tech- 
nical percentages.  156 


Page* 

Fertilizers  that  should  "be  used  for  beet  fields.     Influence 
of  Barn  Manure  and  Liming.       Rendement  in  Sugar  and  Quantity 
of  Sugar  per  Hectare;     European  countries.  137-139 


Meeting  of  Syndicate  Chamber,  Prance,   Oct.   11,   1912,  Account 
given  "by  Mons.  Einile   Saillard  of  his  visit  to  America  and 
factories  visited  while  in  the  United  States  awi  the  methods 
used  in  sugar-snaking.  140-144 


Monograph  by  Ritter  und  Kammerherr  Edler  Herr  zu  Pulitz  Gr. 

Pankow,  from  the  Year  Boot  of  the  "Imperial  National  Agri- 
cultural Society1*.       Urges  Germany  to  prevent  Russia  from 
gaining  the  supremacy  in  the  sugar  market  and  what  measures 
should  be  pursued  in  so  doing.  145-147 


Sugar  Factory  at  Hulin,  Bohemia;     Methods  in  Use  in  sugar- 
malcing  148-150 


Sugar  Factory  "Niemczyce1*  (Moravia).     Methods  in  Use  in  sugar- 
making.       Rendement.  151-153 


Sugar  Factory  "Czesliy  Brod"  (Bohemia).  Methods  in  Use  in  sugar- 
making.  154-155 


Sugar  Factory  HPecekH  (Bohemia).     Largest  Austrian  Factory. 


156 


Revue  of  Technological  and  Chemical  Work  Carried  on  in  the 
following  Factories:  (1)  Kruschwitz;   (2)  Czeski  Brod; 
(3)  Pecek;   (4)  Hulin;   (5)  Niemczyce.  157-159 


Hermann  Briem.  Director  of  Seed  Growers'  firm  of  Wohanka, 
Prague.   Obituary  of  - 


160 


Cost  of  Production  of  Refined  Sugar  (Native)  Austria. 


161-162 


Why  does  Beet  Culture  in  Germany  not  increase  more  rapidly. 
By  Councillor  of  State  Vibrans  Wendhausen.  163-164 


The  Influence  of  Phosphoric  Acid  Upon  the  Growth  and  Quality 
of  Sugar  Beets,  by  Dr.  Wimner.  165-166 


VI 


Monograph,  Sugar  Factory  Berry-au-Bac,  "by  Paul  Marcus.  167-170 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance**,     Review  of  Georges  Bureau,   in  the  Jour- 
nal des  Fabri cants  de  Sucre,  Dec.  4,  1912*  171-173 


Applied  Chemistry.  Crystallization  of  Saccharose  in  a  More 
or  Less  Impure  Medium,  by  A.  Aulard,  Chemical  Advisory  En- 
gineer for  Si^ar  Workii^  (Prance).  174-176 


Beet  Seed  Planting  and  Protection  Against  Parasitesfby  H. 
Wiese.  177 


German  Beet  Seed  Growers  Syndicate   (30  Growers)  Articles  of 
Agreement.  178 


Beet  Culture.       Selection  of  the  Best  Varieties  of  the  Sugar 
Beet.     Extract  taken  from  the  "Sugar  Beet".     Written  and 
edited  by  J.  B.   Puviez,  General  representative  of  Wohanka&Go.  179-183 


France.     Kind  of  Sugar  Used  in  France  in  Making  Preserves, 
Candies,   etc*  184 


Condition  of  the  Foreign  Labor  Market,  by  Freiherr  von  Busche 
Kessel,  Director  of  the  German  Labor  Bureau,  Berlin,  185-191 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance1*  -  Reviewed  by  Willett  &  Gray«  192 


••Sugar  at  a  Glance11.     Reviewed  in  Le  Bulletin  of  Stock  Ex- 
changes and  Markets"  Jan.   9,  1913.     Paris,  France  .  193 


How  Beets  are  Bought,  Sold,  Delivered  and  Paid  for  in  Germany. 
Factory  Beets  and  Shareholders1  beets.  194 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance*.       Reviewed  in  "LaSucrerie  Indigene  et 
Coloniale",  Paris,  France.     Jan.   15,  1913.  195-197 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance".     Data  on  High  Cost  of  Living.       Re- 
viewed in  Prager  ZUckermarkt,  Jan.   8,   1913.  198-201 


VII 


202 


Circular  of  Emile  Pluchet,  Agriculturist  &  Sugar  Manufacturer. 
President  of  the  Agricultural  Assn.  of  Prance.  Comparative 
prices,  beet  growers,  in  different  sections,  etc.,  etc.    203-207 


Azote  an  Essential  Element  in  the  Nutrition  of  Plants.      208-216 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance".  Reviewed  by  the  Wochenschrift,  Jan. 

22,  1913.  217-218 


Sugar  as  Food  for  Man  and  Animals.   Lecture  before  the  In- 
dustrial Association  of  Amiens,  by  M.  J.Crochetelle,  Di- 
rector of  Agronomic  Station,  Department  of  the  Somme.      219-227 


Effect  of  the  American  Tariff  on  French  Industries.  Month- 
ly Revue.  Paris,  France.  228 


What  is  the  Cost  of  Production  of  1  Pound  of  Cane  Sugar  in 
Cuba.  Excerpt  from  Die  Deutsche  Zucker Industrie  Jan.,     229-232 
1913. 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance1*.  Reviewed  by  the  Deutsche  Zuckerindus- 

trie,  Feb.  7,  1913.  233 


Cost  of  Production  per  Hectare  and  Double  Zentner  of  beets  in 
Austria-Hungary,  as  found  by  Stefan  Richter,  Central  Direct- 
or of  the  Domaines  (Estates  of  Rossitz-Eichhorn)  reported 
to  Sugar  Industry  at  Brunn,  Moravia.  234-235 


Province  of  Saxony.  Price  of  beets.  Diminution  of  acreage 
to  beets  in  Germany  not  likely.  235 


Uniform  Methods  of  Sugar  Analysis,   By  F.  Strohraer.        236-244 


Till 


The  Importance  of  Foreign  Laborers  in  Relation  to  Rural 
Economics  in  Germany.   German  Sugar  Industry  Threaten** 
ed  with  Stagnation  in  view  of  the  supply  of  Labor. 
Address  "by  Dr.  Cl.  Mayer,  Berlin,  before  the. Annual 
ing  of  East  German  Union  of  Sugar  Factories. 


245-250 


Patent  Beet  Hoeing  Device  of  Element  Lykom,  of  Rostock, 
Bohemia* 


251 


Beet  Sugar  Purchases,  Campaign  1913-1914.     Association  of 
Prague  Raw  Sugar  Factories, 


251 


The  Influence  of  Beet  Culture;     Article  by  Dr.  von  Rumker.  253-254 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance11  by  Truman  G.  Palmer.       Reviewed  in  the 
International  Sugar  Journal,  February  1913,  by  Sir  George 
Martineau,  C.   B.  255-256 


Hoeing  by  Hand  in  the  Beet  Fields.     Description  of  Patented 
Device,  of  Count  Lippe.  257-258 


Agricultural  Chemistry. 


259-261 


Baron  Alexander  v.  Hatvany  Deutsch.   Obituary  of  - 


262-265 


Beet  Product  in  England.     Cantley  Factory.     Reference  to 
clause  of  Brussels  Convention. 


266 


Use  of  Cellulose  as  a  Filtering  Material  in  the  Sugar  In- 
dustry and  Other  Industries.   By  A.  Aulard,  Advisory  En- 
gineer in  Chemistry,  Brussels,  Belgium.  267-269 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance1*.  Reviewed  by  Francois  Sachs,  in  "La 
Sucrerie  Beige  "f  Feb.  1913. 


270 


Beetgrowers  Associations  in  Germany. 


271-272 


Treating  Wounds  with  Sugar.  Dr.  Magnus  (Munchener  Medizi- 
nische  Wochenschrift)  273-274 


IX 


Negotiations  regarding  "beet  contracts,  etc.,  etc.,  in 
Austria.  Bohemia  -  Moravia.   Leading  article  "by  Georges 
Dureau,  editor,  Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre,  Paris,        275 
France. 


Hawaiian  Islands.   Wages,   1911*  276 

Price  of  Beets  in  Germany  and  the  Netherlands,  1913-14      277-278 


"Sugar  at  a  Glance".  Reviewed  "by  Georges  Dureau,  in  Jour- 
nal des  Fabricants  de  Sucre,  March  26,  1913.  279-284 


Techni co-Chemical  Preparation  of  Beet  Seed  Before  Planting. 
By  Friedrich  Strohmer,  K.  K.  Councillor.  285-287 


Labor  and  Wages,  by  Dr.  Albert  Bartens.   What  Influence  the 
labor  question  will  have  on  Production  of  Cane  and  Beet  Sugar. 

288-294 

Official  declaration  of  Minister  of  Finance,  Russia,  re- 
garding the   cost  of  production  per  poud  of  sugar.  295 


Beet  Growers  versus  Factories  in  Southern  Germany.  296 


New  Factories  erected  and  number  in  operation  in  Russia, 
1913-14.  297 


German  comment  on  Underwood  Tariff  Bill.  298-299 


Article  by  Lucien  Dureau,  Engineer  of  the  Arts  and  Man- 
ufactures (France)  describing  his  trip  to  American  beet 
sugar  factories,  etc.,  etc.  300-303 


Beet  Meal;     its  Use  for  Human  and  Animal  Food.       Manufact- 
ure of  a  Sweet  Flour  from  Sugar  Beets.       By  A.  Aulard.  304-309 


"Free  Sugar  in  the  United  States'*;  Interview  of  Glaus  A. 
Spreckels,  in  the  "Hamburger  Nachrichten"  Newspaper  ed- 
ited in  Hamburg,  Germany.  Ta^en  from  Pragsr  Zucker- 

,  May  28,  1913.Copied  by  Journal  of  Commerce ,N.Y.  310-311 


Page. 

Experiments  relating  to  beet  diseases  made  by  Dr.  Strohmer, 
Experiment  Station  of  the  Central  Association  of  the  Austro~ 
Hungarian  Sugar  Industry,  312-314 


Association  for  the  Welfare  of  the  Working  Classes  in  Germany.  316-317 
Cost  of  rooms  and  board* 


The  Development  of  the  Sugar  Industry  1888-1913.  Essay  ded- 
icated to  the  Kaiser  by  Prof.  Dr.  E.  0.  von  Lippmann,  Halle, 
a/S.  318-331 


Value  of  Slag  as  a  Fertilizer*  332-334 


Molasses  as  Cattle-Feed.  Experiments  by  Ferrucio  Faelli, 
Italian  Agronomist*  335 


Factory  Beets;  Shareholders*  Beets;  Purchase  and  Surplus 
Beets,  in  Germany.   Definitions,  336 


Utilization  of  by-products  and  so-called  Waste  in  Sugar  Facto- 
ries. 337-341 


Cost  of  Production  of  Raw  and  Cane  Sugar  in  Cuba.  Excerpt 
from  Prager  Zuckermarkt  June  25,  1913.  342-343 


Development  of  the  Sugar  Industry  1888-1913.  by  Prof.  Dr. 
E.  0.  von  Lippmann.  344-347 


Report  on  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry,  by  August  Aulard, 
April  9,  1913,  to  the  Technical  and  Chemical  Society  of 
the  Belgian  Sugar  Factories*  348-351 


Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  Italy.   Official  Government  Sta- 
tistics. Campaign  1912-13.  352 


Jubilee  Celebration  of  the  Dutch  Sugar  Industry  (100  years)    353-355 


Russia.   Regulation  in  Regard  to  Sugar  Prices  and  Produc- 
tion. (1913)  356 


List   of  Beet  Diseases.  357 


Reprint   in  Literary  "Digest  from  London  Times,  Confirming  Tru- 
man (?.   Palmer's  Arguments   on  American  agricultural  methods. 
August  2,   1913.  358-359 


Russia.     Release  of  Reserve  of  3,000,000  pouds  of  sugar, 
did  not  lower  price.  360-361 


The  Role  that  Minute  Chemical  Substances  Play  in  Agri- 
culture.      By  Gabriel  Bertrand.  362-364 


Sugar  Industry  -  Sweden,   1911-12.  365-366 


Trade  in  Sugar.     Address  of  Dr.   Bartens  before  the  German 
Sugar  Manufacturers,  Berlin,  at  their  Annual  Meeting, 
Sept.    1913.  367-378 


Destruction  of  the  Hematode.     Address  by  M.  Brunehant,  be- 
fore the  Association  of  French  Sugar  Manufacturers.  379-381 


"The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  in  the  United  States",  by  Truman 
G.  Palmer;  Reviewed  by  Georges  Dureau  in  leading  arti- 
cle in  Journal  des  Pabricants  de  Sucre,  Oct.  1,  1913.  382-384 


"The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States11,  by  Truman 
G.   Palmer.     Reviewed  in  Deutsche  Zucker Industrie, Oct. 
17,   1913,  by  Dr.  E.   0.  von  Lippmann.  385 


"The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  in  the  United  States1*,  by  Truman 
G.   Palmer.     Reviewed  in  Circulaire  Hebdomadaire,0ct.   12, 
1913,  by  Smile  Saillard.  386-387 


How  to  Remedy  the  Scarcity  of  Agricultural  Labor  in  Austria.         388 


"The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States",  by  Truman 

G.   Palmer.     Reviev/ed  in  the  Centralblatt,0ct.   25,   1913.  389 


Boumania's  Sugar  Industry.    1911-12.  390 


XII 


Page. 
Italy's  Sugar  Industry.   1910-1912.  391 


The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States*1,  ty  Truman 
G.  Palme r^  Reviewed  in  International  Sugar  Journal, 
October  1913.  392 


BEET  3DGAR  IN  FRANCE  FROM  1800  to  1900 . 
CULTIVATION  OF  THE  BEET 
-|fc- 

JULES  HELOT. 

HONORARY  SECRETARY-GENERAL  OF  THE  ASSOCIATION  OF  SUGAR  MANUFACTURERS 
OF  FRANCE;  VICE  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE  OF  CAMBBAI, 
1900. 

"It  should  be  stated,  moreover,  that  if  the  cultivation  of  the  beet 
contributes  in  an  indirect  but  undeniable  way  to  increase  the  richness 
of  the  soil  by  the  fertilizers  and  the  beneficial  means  of  cultivation 
which  it  necessitates,  in  contrast  with  every  other  crop,  it  does  not 
.take  from  the  soil  a  single  one  of  the  fertilizing  rudiments. 

"The  elements  that  go  to  make  up  the  sugar  of  the  beet  -  carbon, 
hydrogen  and  oxygen  -  are  not  taken  from  the  soil  but  from  the  air,  and 
those  are  the  only  elements  taken  from  it.   All  the  matter,  on  the  other 
hand,  which  enters  into  the  composition  of  the  beet,  the  vehicle  of  the 
sugar,  and  which  proceed  from  the  soil,  are  completely  restored  to  it 
either  in  that  they  are  left  immediately  upon  the  very  ground  where  the 
beet  has  grown,  as  in  the  case  of  beet  tops  (leaves),  or  in  that  they  are 
later  paid  back  indirectly  in  the  form  of  manure,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
dregs  from  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  or  in  that  they  serve  as  feed  for 
cattle  whose  dung  fertilizes  the  soil,  as  in  the  case  of  the  pulp  of  the 
beet." 


2  page  741 

DEUTSCHE  ZUCKERINDUSTRIE 

August  15,  1913. 
(As  published  in  1812,  in  the  "Allgeneine  Zeitung"  Augsburg) 

COST  OF  PRODUCTION  MD  PROFIT  IN  BEET  SUGAR 
FACTORIES  100  YEARS  AGO. 

Count  de  Chanteloup  in  a  report  to  Napoleon  (1812)  gives  a  summary  of  the 
cost  of  Production  of  sugar  beets,  and  profits  made  in  the  sugar  factory. 

"This  root  is  sown  in  March  and  April.  The  fields  where  beets  are  planted 
increase  in  fertility  when  other  cereals  are  planted.  Beets  can  be  planted  in 
fields  where  previously  grain  was  planted  by  which  the  lying  fallow  is  avoided. 

The  total  outlay  for  1  Morgen  (8.416  acres)  of  sugar  beets  is  estimated 
at  176  francs  ($33.96) 

The  average  yield  per  Morgen  is  200  centner  (11  short  tons)  beets. 
One  centner  at  1  franc  (19.3^)  and  the  profit  for  the  fanner  is  thus  greater 
than  that  which  he  could  get  from  the  same  field  if  planted  with  grain. 

Careful  observation  has  shown  that  beets  from  1  to  5  pounds  are  richer  in 
sugar  and  contain  less  water  than  those  of  a  greater  weight. 

One  centner  beets  (110  Ibs)  yield  3  poundsof  syrup,  market  price  50  ctms  (9.6^), 
2  Ibs  raw  sugar,  market  price  4  franca  (77.2^);  90  Ibs  by-products,  market  price 
1/2  ctms  or  45  cts  (3.7^),  so  that  the  products  from  200  centner  beets  (11  short  tons 
yield  of  one  morgen  amount  to  the  following; 

Syrup  6  Centner  (662  lbs)300  franco  ($57.90) 
Raw  sugar  4  n  (441  ")1600  "  (308.80) 
Residue  45  "  (3.68) 

Total  1945   "    ($375.38) 


3 

160  Centner  beets  worked  over,  average  3  centner  raw  sugar  daily;  machines, 
tools  and  other  equipments  for  this  purpose  total  25,000  francs  ($4825* ) 

Daily,  laborers  -  20  men 

20  women 
2  horses 
coal 

Freight  on  one  centner  beets      1*20  fr    23.16^ 
Daily  wages,  men  1*50      28. 

"    w    women  1.00      1 

Maintenance  of  horse  2.50      43.25;? 

Goal  per  day  4.00      77*204 

ft.96.0ty 

Interest  on  capital,  keeping  buildings 
in  repair  and  other  overhead  charges, 

90.00fr   $17o37 

Total  daily  outlay  361.00"    $69.67 

Daily  production  is  as  follows: 

450  Ibs  syrup 
300  *  raw  sugar 
6000  H  res  idue 

The  cost  of  production  of  syrup  is  25  centimes  equals  4.82^ 
"   "    "    raw  sugar  is  77    "      w   14.86^ 

We  therefore  conclude  that  if  there  were  only  enough  sugar  factories  in  the 
country,  competition  would  reduce  the  profits  of  the  manufacturer  tojt  normal 
percentage,  and  beet  sugar  would  not  get  dearer,  but  would,  perhaps,  get  cheaper 
than  cane  sugar  was  a  few  years  before  the  Revolution. 

Sugar  beetg  can  be  worked  over  during  180  days  every  year,  i.e.  from 
October  to  April.  < 


(Translation  from  French) 


Official  report  made  "by  the  undersigned  on  sugar-making  "by  M.  Grespe'l** 
Dellisse  at  Arras  and  Refining  Sugar  extracted  from  the  Sugar  Beet. 

We,  the  undersigned  having  been  requested  on  December  28,  1818  ,  by 
the  Baron  Simeon  Prefect  of  the  Department   of  Pas  de  Calais  to  verify  the  claim 
made  that  beets  are  the  only  vegetable  from  which  we  could  extract  sugar,  we 
herewith  transmit  samples  of  sugar  made  from  the  beet  by  Mr.  Qrespel  of  the 
city  of  Arras,  which  samples  are  to  be  presented  to  Ms  Royal  Highness  the 
Dukfl  of  Angoulime  and  to  his  Excellency  the  Minister  of  Interior. 

We  have>    attended  the  various  operations  which  M.  Grespel  has  completed 
In  our  presence  and  we  send  the  seven  samples  of  sugar  produced  in  our  pres- 
ence and  under  our  supervision.      We  saw  the  beets  reduced  to  pulp  -  the  juice 
separated  from  the  fibrous  substances  thereof  by  means  of  presses;     we  saw 
the  juice  placed  into  evaporators,   then  in  boilers  and  concentrators,  and 
then  in  suitable  vessels  for  crystallization;     when  the  crystals  are  formed  the 
remainder  -  a  liqui-d  called  molasses  -  is  run  off. 

This  first  crystallized  product  is  sample  No.l 

Sample  Ho.  2  is  a  loaf  made  out  of  sample  No.l 

Out  of  the  molasses   that  was  clarified  a  sample  No.   3  was  made   .       Out 
of  52  Kilog.   of  raw  sugar  44-3/8  Kilog.  refined  sugar  of  divers  grade  and 
6  Kilog.   of  molasses  was  produced.     Samples  4t   5,  6  and  7  of  different  grades 
accompanying  this  report.       Sugar  of  the  first  grade'  is  called  Royal  Sugar. 

Candy  la  the   7th  sample. 

The   last  syrup  is  manipulated  and  sold  to  ginger-bread  bakers. 

We  certify  that  these  7  samples  are   the  genuine  product  of  the  factory 


which  wa  inspected  and  superintended  the  operation  from/$L&e  the  beets 
reached  the  factory  to  "be  washed,  rasped,  pressed*  crystallized  and  refined, 
and  we  have  executed  this  report  in  quadruplicate  and  remitted  one  copy 
along  with  the  said  7  samples  of  sugar  to  Baron  Simeon,  Prefect  of  Pas  de 
Calais. 

Mr.  Crespel  has  likewise  attached  his  signature  to  this  report. 

Arras,  Saturday,  17th  April,  1819o 

(Signed)    Sigaud,  Chief  Engineer  Roads  and  Bridges. 
Terminek,  Councillor  City  Administration. 
Gamier,  Engineer  at  the  Royal  Mines. 
Letombe,  Architect  for  the  Department. 
Martin  and  Crespel  -  factory  owners. 

Mr.  Crespel  is  ready  from  patriotic  motives  to  give  freely  all  infor- 
mation tending  to  help  establish  factories  and  teach  them,  based  on  8  years 
experience,  how  to  extract  the  sugar  from  the  beet,  all  this  worthy  citizen 
wishes  is  to  see  factories  spring  up  in  large  numbers  so  as  to  call  the  atten- 
tion of  this  government  tot  the  vast  importance  of  beet  culture  and  sugar  produc- 
tion for  the  furtherance  of  our  national  prosperity. 


6 
(.Translation  from  the  French) 


EXCERPT  FROM  THE  HI3TCRIE  OEHTEHM&LE  DU  SU03E  de  BETTERS W. 

OLIVIER  de   SERRES     b.   1559  -  d.  1619. 

A  great  French  Agronomist,  called  the   father  of  Agriculture,  Olivier 
de  Serres  was  aisle   to  find  out  that  the  "beet-root   contained  sugar  long  before 
Mapggraf  set  about  to  extract  sugar  from  this  root.        Olivier  de  Serres  wrote: 

"The  beet  (mangold)  which  beiing  cooked  yield  a  syrup  of  sugar  v/hleh 
is  beautiful  to  look  at  on  account  of  its  vermilion  (ruby)   color". 

Olivier  de  Serres  was  born  at  Vllleneuve  de  Berg  in  the  Vlvarais. 
A  militant  Calvinist,  like  his  brother  John,  he  had  in  consequence  of  his 
studies  and  struggles  no  liking  for  agriculture;     it  was  rather  in  order  to 
forget  the  religions  wars  that  he  retired  on  his  estate  of  Pradel  near  Fri- 
vas,  that  he  devoted  himself  to  the  service  of  Agronomics. 

He  laid  down  rules  for  the  proper  treatment  of  the  soil,  drew  the 
attention  upon  pastures  and  artificial  meadows,  made  people  acquainted  with  the 
proper  planting  of  mulberry  trees  and  their  utilization  for   the  purposa  of 
raising  silk-worms. 

Responding  to  a  desire  expressed  by  Henry  IV,  he  wrote  in  1600, 
"Le  Theatre  df agriculture  le  mesnage  des  Champa"  from  which  the  above  quo- 
tation on  beets  is  an  excerpt. 

This  book  caused  a  great  stir  and  it  was  successively  published 
in  nineteen  editions  between  the  year  1600  and  1675. 


(Translation  from  the  French) 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  HISTOIRE  GEHTEMALE  da  SUCRE  da  BETTERAVE. 

ANDREAS  SIGISMUND  MARGGRAF. 
1709  -  1782, 

The  great  discovery  which  was  to  immortalize  Marggraf  was  not 
the  result  of  a  lucky  accident,  tout  the  fruit  of  patient  labor  and  scientific 
sagacity  as  well  as  a  methodical  mind  which  only  a  thorough  education  in 
chemistry  can  impart. 

Marggraf  was  "born  in  Berlin,  adopted  the  career  of  hid  father 
and  studied  pharmacy,  then  chemistry  in  Berlin,  Strassbourg,  etc.       He  made 
a  name  for  himself  by  his  firet  work  and  finally  procured  the  honor  to  become 
a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Science  of  Berlin,  where  later,,  in  1760,  he  was 
given  the   chair  of  Physics. 

For  his  research  work  in  1740,  on  the  formation  of  phosphoric  acid 
on  the  extraction  of  potassium  of  tartar  and  salt  of. sorrel,  on  formic  acid, 
etc.,  he  would  deserve  to  be  famous  in  the  annales  of  science;     but  his  writings 
and  research  work  whilst  at  the  Academy  of  Berlin  in  1747,  had  such  tremendous 
consequences  that  they  have  remained  as  monuments  of  the  characteristic  genius  of 
Marggraf. 

The  following  title  of  one  of  his  writings  does  not  by  any  means 
reveal  its  monumental  importance:   "Chemical  Experiments  made  with  the   object  to 

Extract  Real  Sugar  from  diverse  plants  that  are  growing  in  our  own  Country". 

7 
Marggraf  was,   in  11877,  appointed  corresponding  member  of  the  Academy 

of  Science,  France. 


((Translation  from  the  French) 

8 

EXCERPO!  FROM  THE  HISTOIRE  CENTEMALB  da  SUCRE  de  BETTERATE. 

PRAHOOIS  CHARLES  AGHARD. 
1754^1821  • 

The  scientific  career  of  Achard  waa  exclusively  devoted  to 
apply  the   discovery  of  Marggraf  (about  the  beet)   to  industrial  useso 

Born  in  Berlin,  of  French  descent,  Achard  In  his  early  manhood 
carried  on  bis  cultural  and  industrial  experiments  at  Caulsdorf  -  then  at 
Bachholz,  near  Berlin,  and  finally  at  Ounem,  near  Steinau,  lower  Silesia, 
where  he  founded  in  1802,  the  first  sugar  factory;     he  founded  in  1806  the 
Krayn  factory  near  Strehlnen,  Silesia,  a  factory  which  belonged-  to  Mayor 
Koppi . 

Achard  was  encouraged  first  fey  Frederic  the  Great,  then  by  King 
Friaderich  Wilheln  III*  to  whom  in  1799,  he  presented  Sugar  loaves  that 
were  in  every  respect  comparable  to  the  best  cane  sugar* 

The  King  granted  him  9000  Thaler,  then  in  1803,  he  loaned  him  50,000 
thaler  without  interest,  taking  a  mortgage  for  it  on         Achard' s  Cunern 
property,  and  afterwards  released  him  entirely  of  this  obligation,  donating 
to  him  the  said  50,000  Thaler. 

Notwithstanding  these  subsidies  Achard  had  to  incur,   in  connection 
with  his  work.factory  and  fields,   expenses  that  handicappe  d  him  in  his  efforts 

to  success.         From  England,  Achard  received  an  offer  of  200,000 
thaler  if  he  would  repudiate  his  process  of  making  sugar,  but  his  noble  patriofc- 
ism  made  him  indignantly  refuse  the  English  offer* 

Achard  wrote  a  treatis     on    beet  sugar  \?hich  appeared  at  Leipsic,  and 
later  was  translated  into  French  by  Copin,  Desertine  and  by  Angar,   in  1812. 


(Translation  from  the  French) 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  HISTOIRE  CENTEKKfeLS  du  SUCRE  de  BETTERAVE. 

C.  J.  A.  MATHIEU  de  DQMBASTE 

Inventor  of  the  Process  of  Maceration  -  Diffusion, 
b.  1777  -  d.  1845. 

Until  1832  the  industrial  extraction  of  beet  sugar  was  effected 
exclusively  by  pressing  the  Juice  out  of  the  beet,  but  in  1820,  Matthieu  de 
Dombaste  (Facts  and  Observations)  pointed  out  the  defects  of  this  system  by 
presses  which  only  yielded  80$  of  juice  when  the  beet  contained  96  to  97$. 
Dumas  advised  to  heat  the  beet  slices  in  water  spiked  with  sulphuric  acid  before 
submitting  them  to  pressure. 

In  1832  Dombaste  published  his  first  pamphlet  "Bulletin  de 
Maceration"  in  which  he  describes  his  process  called  "Maceration*  the  success 
of  which  depends  on  two  conditions:   Deduction  by  heat  of  the  principle  of 
•vitality  50%  60°  or  better  80*  Reamur,  and  that  macerating  action  should  coi>- 
tinue  for  a  time  sufficient  to  make  it  effective. 

His  battery  had  six  double  bottomed  vats  heated  by  a  serpentine 
or  a  specially  constructed  furnace.   The  contact  in  each  vat  lasted  half  an 
hour,  then  the  juice  drawn  off  was  poured  into  the  second  vat.   The  beet  slices 
were  6  millimeter  thick. 

In  1833  Beanjeu  describes  thie  "Maceration"  by  a  continuous 
process  carried  on  at  his  factory  at  Arce,  near  Angers  * 

In  his  battery  of  8  vats  the  juice  passes  from  one  into  the 
other  by  gravity,  the  communicating  tubes  are  filled  automatically  and  a 
serpentine  heater  supplies  direct  steam. 


10 


(TRANSLATION  FROM  THE  FRENCH)  Page  144 


E&CERPT  FROM  THE  HISTOIRE  CENTENNIAL  du  3UCRE  de  BETTERAVE. 

1812   -   1912. 


Mr*  J»  B.  Dureau,  founder  of  the  Journal  dea  Fab ri cants  de 
Sucre  in  his  earlier  years  was  at  the  head  of  a  sugar  refinery  in  Nantes, 
France;  was  a  srgar  planter  in  Louisiana,  was  also  successively  manager 
of  sugar  factories  in  Arras,  Bourdon.  Sarlieve  and  Roye  (France)  •   He  is 
not  only  a  practical  sugar  manufacturer,  but  also  a  "brilliant  writer  on 
sugar  questions* 

Being  a  man  of  impartial  views  and  of  an  independent  turn 
of  mind,  he  has  only  one  object  in  view  and  that  is  the  advancement  of 
the  sugar  industry* 

If  the  law  of  1884  was  finally  passed  by  the  French  Government 
and  improved  processes  of  sugar  extraction  were  introduced  in  the  French 
factories,  and  if  a  complete  transformation  in  sugar  beet  culture  in  France 
took  place,  all  this  is  mainly  due  to  the  vigorous  and  brilliant  campaign 
initiated  and  carried  On  for  a  period  of  years  by 

Mr.  J.  B.  Bureau. 


11 

BRUSSELS  GOKYJSHTIOK. 

CONCERNING  TEE  PROLONGATION  OF  TEE  INTERNATIONAL  UNION  CONSTITUTED  BY  THE 
SUGAR  PRODUCERS. 

5th  of  Mar. 1902. 

Germany,  Austria-Hungary ,  Belgium,  Prance,  Luxembourg,  Netherlands, 
Peru,  Russia,  Sweden,  Switzerland,  having  decided  to  continue  after  1913 
the  International  Union  have  come  to  the  following  agreement* 

ARTICLE  I. 

The  above  contracting  states  agree  to  prolong  for  a  term  of  five 
years  beginning  1st,  September  1913,  the  Convention  relative  to  the  regu- 
lation of  sugar  of  March  5th,  1902,  as  amended  and  completed  by  the  Pro- 
tocol of  June  26th,  1906,  relative  to  the  adhesion  of  Switzerland  by  the 
additional  act  to  the  said  Convention  of  August  28th,  1907,  and  by  the 
Protocol  of  December  1907,  relative  to  the  adhesion  of  Russia  with  reser- 
vation to  the  attribute  to  Switzerland  of  the  right  to  vote  .which  the  Pro- 
tocol of  June  26,  1906,  had  not  accorded  to  her  and  with  the  reservation 
also  of  the  provision  forming  the  object  of  Article  2,  following. 

The  said  high  contracting  parties  (nations  aforesaid)  renounce 
in  consequence  the  exercise  of  their  option  conceded  to  them  by  Article  10 
of  the  Convention  of  March  5th,  1902,  regarding  the  renunciation  of  this 
diplomatic  act.  . 

ARTICLE  II, 

The  quota  of  exportation  of  200^000  tons  accorded  to  Russia  by 
Article  1,  of  the  Protocol  of  December  1907,  for  each  of  the  four  yeara 
included  between  September  lst»  1909  and  August  31,  1913,  is  maintained 
for  each  annual  campaign  of  the  said  five  years.   i.e.  between  September 
1st.  1913  and  August  31st.,  1918. 

Taking  into  onslderation  the  fact  that  in  consequence  of  exceptional 


12 


circumstances  a  scarcity  of  sugar  exists  in  1911^12,  simultaneously  with  a 
considerable  increase  of  the  price  in  the  world's  marketj,  the  contracting 
governments  consent  that  Russia  be  benefited  by  a  supplementary  quota  which 

will  be  divided  as  follows:- 

Tona. 
Tear  1911  -  12  supplementary 150,000 

1912  -  13  50,000 

1913  -  14  50,000 

ARTICLE  III. 

The  present  protocol  will  be  ratified  and  the  ratification  deposited 
at  Brussels  at  the  Ministry  of  foreign  affairs  as  soon  as  possible  and  in 
any  case  before  April  1912* 

It  will  take  full  effect  on  this  date  if  it  will  have  been  ratified 
by  Germany,  Austria-Hungary,  Belgium,  France,  Netherlands  and  Russia. 

The  contingency  arising,  the  other  States  signatory  to  the  present 
protocol  that  shall  not  have  ratified  it  before  September  1st.  of  the  same 
year  be  part  of  the  International  Union. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

In  the  session  which  precedes  September  1st, 1907,  the  permanent 
Commission  will  enact  by  a  unanimous  vote  the  course  to  be  followed  by  Rus- 
sia in  case  she  should  be  disposed  to  continue  her  participation  in  the 
Convention  after  September  1st.  1913* 

In  case  the  Commission  cannot  come  to  an  agreement,  Russia  will  be 
considered  to  have  denounced  the  Convention  to  take  effect  after  September 
1st.  1918. 

ARTICLE  V. 

Each  contracting  party  will  be  allowed  to  withdraw  from  the  Union 
after  September  1st.  1918,  by  giving  notice  one  year  in  advance.   Prom  that 


13 


time  provisions  of  Article  10  of  the  Convention  of  March  5th,  concerning 
the  denunciation  and  tacit  continuance  will  again  become  applicable. 

IN  TESTIMONY  WHEREOF,  the  undersigned  plenipotentiaries  of  the 
respective  States  have  signed  the  present  protocol. 

Done  at  Brussels  March  17,  1912,  in  a  single  copy  of  which  a 
conformable  copy  will  be  delivered  to  each  of  the  signatory  governments. 
Signed  for  Germany von  Flotow,  Mehlhorn,  Kempf f . 

"   tf  Austria Count  Clary  et  Aldringen. 

11   M  Hungary    Telesky  Janos ,  Leopold  Joas . 

"   "  Belgium Capelle. 

"   "  France     , A.  Klobukowsky;  A.  Delat our. 

H   "  Luxembourg Count  Dausenbury. 

11   "  Netherlands « 0.  D.  van  der  Staal. 

"   "  Peru » Teleraaco  Orchuela. 

11   "  Russia Koudacheff. 

"   M  Sweden F.  D.  Klercker. 

"   v  Switzerland.. Jules  Borel. 


14 

(Translation  from  the  German) 

EXCERPT  FROM  HAKDBUGH  PER  2UGKERFABRIKATIOM  -  SIMPLER .  (Published  1906) 

— —  oOo- 

In  1573,  Patrician  Leonhard  Roth  built  a  sugar  Refinery t 
In  1580.  "      Konrad  Roth         "         "     "  «        at  Augburg. 

The  first  Russian  Refinery  was  built  in  1702  in  St.  Petersburg.     Later 
on  one  was  built  at  Kaluga,   still  later,  another  one  was  .built  at  Moslcau.  • 
Frederick  the  Great  was  firmly  convinced  that  the  best  way  to  advance 
national  prosperity  was  to  keep  the  money  in  the   country  and  to  tax  all  colonial 
or  other  merchandise  imported  from  abroad  (wages  constituted  even  then  about 
5Q/£  of  the  manufactured  product) 

Achard  was  born  April  28,  1753,   died  20  April  1821. 
Marggraf  was  born  March  3,  1709  and  died  August  7,  1782. 

Marggraf  wrote  in  1747  for  the  Berlin  Academy  of  Sciences,  of  which 

7 
he  was  made  a  member  in  18,38 •       A  treatise  "Experiences  Chymiques  faites  dans  le 

dessein  de  tirer  un  veritable  sucre  de  di verses  plants  qui  croissant  dans  nos 
contrees"( Chemical  experiments  made  with  the  object  of  extracting  real  sugar 
from  various  plants  that  grow  in  our   country) . 

Only  128  years  afterward  (1875)  this  was  translated  by  Scneibler. 
52  years  elapsed  between  Marggraf  is  discovery  and  Achard's  activity  in  sugar 
extraction  of  the  beet* 

Marggraf  wrote  in  1747$ 

"As  sugar  ia  a  salt  that  is  soluble  in  Alcohol,  I  concluded  that  this 
liquid  -  spirits  of  wine  highly  rectified  -  could  be  utilized  in  separating 
dry  sugar  that  a  plant  may  contain.       But  in  order  to  see  how  much  sugar  was 
dissolved  by  absolutely  rectified  alcohol  I  put  2  drachms  (J  ounce)   of  the 


15 

of  the  purest  whitest  and  carefully  powdered  sugar  in  a  glass,  mixed  it  with 
4  ounces  of  purest  alcohol  and  subjected  this  mixture  to  a  continued  digestion 
until  it  reached  the  boiling  point;  in  this  way  the  sugar  was  thoroughly  dis- 
solved.  I  filtered  this  solution  before  it  cooled  -  poured  it  into  a  glass 
receptacle,  closed  it  hermetically  with  a  cork  stopper  and  noticed  that  after 
a  lapse  of  eight  days  the  sugar  was  thrown  off  the  alcohol  in  beautiful  crystals. 
But  -it  must  be  borna  in  mind  that  only  good  rectified  alcohol  must  be  used  and  that 
the  glass  receptacle  as  well  as  the  sugar  must  be  in  an  absolutely  dry  state  and 
that  only  absolutely  pure  and  highly  rectified  alcohol  be  used,  otherwise  no 
crystallization  will  take  place. 

"After  having  carried  out  this  experiment,  I  took  round  slices 
of  the  white  beet,  dried  them  carefully,  so  that  no  burning  odor  adhered  to  them, 
then  I  pulverized  them  coarsely.  This  powder  I  again  dried  to  prevent  it  from  . 
getting  moist.  After  being  dried  and  whilst  still  in  a  warm  state,  1  put  eight 
(8)  ounces  of  this  powder  in  a  glass  receptacle  and  poured  to  it  sixteen  ounces 
of  alcohol  rectified  to  a  degree  where  it  would  easily  ignite  gunpowder*  this 
glass  receptacle  was  thus  half  filled  .   I  closed  it  lightly  with  a  cork  stopper, 
placed  it  for  digestion  purposes  in  a  sand  bath  which  1  treated  until  the  alcohol 
began  to  boil  and  from  time  to  time  I  stirred  that  portion  of  the  beet  powder  that 
settled  at  the  bottom  of  the  vessel.   As  soon  as  the  alcohol  commenced  to  boil, 
1  took  the  glass  from  the  fire  and  the  sand  bath,  poured  the  mixture  quickly  into 
a  linnen  bag,  expressed  the  liquid  contained  therein,  filtered  it  whilst  still 
warm  and  poured  the  filttrsd  liquid  into  a  flat  bottomed  glass  receptacle,  closed 
it  with  a  cork  stopped  and  placed  it  in  a  moderately  warm  place.   The  liquid 
assumed  a  cloudy  appearance  and  in  the  course  of  several  weeks  a  crystalline 
pure  salt  was  formed  consisting  of  hard  crystals  which  had  all  the  characteristics 
of  sugar.   These  crystals  I  again  dissolved  in  alcohol  which  I  fully  described 


16 

in  S.  IV.       This  is   therefore  the  fundamental  experiment  by  which  sugar  content 
of  any  plants   (that  are  supposed  to  contain  sugar)   can  be  verified." 

(See  also  Sheibler,  Aktenstuecke  zur  geschichta  der  Rnbenzuckerfabrikation  in 
Deutschland  wahrend  inrer  ersten  Entwickelung.        Festschrift  zur  Peier  -  Berlin, 
1875} 

(Also  Friedrich  Wilhelm  III.  and  Achard  see  page  18) . 


Rumpler's  Handbuch  der  Zuokerfabrikation.     Excerpts  from  Archival 
He  cords ,  Pruss la • 

After  having  made  considerable  sacrifices  in  time  and  money,  Aohard 
was  enabled  on  11  January  1799 ,  to  present  to  his  Kigg,  the  first  sample  of 
beet   sugar  weighing  ten  pounds  and  at  the  same  time  he  petitioned  the  King  to 
grant  him,  for  his  services  to  be  rendered,  the  exclusive  privilege  of  manufactur- 
ing beet  sugar  for  a  period  of  10  years  and  the  grant  of  an  area  of  land  sufficient 
for  his  purposes.      Achard  also  requested  the  Ministry  should  set  aside  some  land 
8,264  square  morgens  (5213  square  acres)   for  the  culture  of  beets  under  the   super- 
vision and  guidance  of  Aohard  and  to  make  experiments  in  making  sugar  with  beets 
harvests  a. 

Achard  was  promised  a  royal  reward  for  his  Important  discovery  -  but 
the  King  declined  to  grant  him  the  exclusive  privilege  of  manufacturing  sugar 
for  a  period  of  ten  years  as  this  might  have  brought  about  the  ruin  of  the  then 
existing  sugar  refineries*         On  the  19th  of  January,  1799,  the  King  ordered  the 
Director-General  of  Industries  to  negotiate  with  Achard  and  see  whe thejgVA chard) 
would  be  in  a  position  to  make  a  proposition  for  manufacturing  sugar  on  a  large 
scale,  convincing  the  Director-General  that  the  manufacture  of  sugar  on  a  large 
scale  would  be  such  as  to  produce  all  the  sugar  that  the    country  would  need  for 


17 


consumption.       In  this  case  the  King  was  ready  to  place  at  the  disposal  of  Achard 
an  estate  to  the  value  of  100,000  Thalers  (   one  thaler  equal  in  size  to  our 
silver  dollar  and  compared  to  our  present  gold  standard  -  worth  more        About 
10,000  acres  of  land  could  be  purchased  with  100,000  Thalers)   for  the  purpose  of 
beet  culture  to  be  carried  on  under  proper  goveriwent  supervision. 

The  Director-General  is  to  expedite  these  negotiations  and  make  a  fair 
and  impartial  report  to  the  King. 

Based  on  this  Royal  command,   the  Director-General  appointed  a 
commission  consisting  of  Privy  Councillor  Gerhardt,  von  Borgstede,  von  Sohietz, 
Eschmann  and  Chief  Health  Councillor  Klaproth,  under  whose  supervision  the  ne- 
cessary experiments  were   to  be  carried  on* 

On  the  26th  of  January,  Achard  bought  seeds  from  a  Mr.  Sobe  of  Halber- 
stadt  who  had  planted  beets  in  accordance  with  Achard's  method.        At  the  same 
time  Achard  bought  beets  in  Halberstadt  but  they  arrived  in  a  frozen  condition  In 
Berlin.     Nevertheless,  Aohard  was  able  on  March  26,  1799,  to  make  a  favorable  re- 
port to  the  Director-General  about  the  sugar  manufacture,  but  he  pointed  out  that 
the  successful  manufacturing  of  it  depended  entirely  upon  right  method  of  beet 
culture,  and  as  he   (Achard),     wanted  to  see  beet  culture  extended  in  the  country, 
he  offered  to  make  his  experiments  known  free  of  charge,  and  requested  that   they 
be  officially  published  so  that  the  results  of  these  experiences  should  be   im- 
mediately available ;     by  a  Royal  decree  of  April  1st,   these  experiments  were  pub- 
lished. 

The  commission  above  referred  to  made  a  favorable  report  to  the  King 
(23  November  1799),  who  expressed  his  pleasure  at  the  thoroughness  with  which  this 

Important  matter  was  handled  by  the  Commission,  adding  that  in  view  of  the  great 

< 
advantages  that  were  to  accrue  xor  the  State  from  beet  culture  and  sugar  and 


18 


manufacture,   it   is  advisable   to  extend  "beet  culture  as  much  as  possible. 

Achard  did  not  get  the  exclusive  privilege   of  manufacturing  sugar  and 
syrup,  as  "by  Royal  coimiand,  manufacturing  was  made  fred  to  all. 

The  King  contemplated  establishing  a  small  factory  of  his  own  in  order 
to  be  able   to  appreciate  more  fully  the  discovery  of  A  chard  and  find  out  for  hii»- 
self  what  were  its  practical  advantages  for  the   State  as  a  whole.        Achard  was 
to  get  an  adequate  compensation  for  his  services  and  a  proper  increase  in  his 
salary. 

The  projected  Royal  factory  was  not  built,  but  during  the  winter  1799  - 
1800,  Achard  came  to  Berlin,  made  more  extensive  experiments,  producing  a  total 
of  1600  pounds  of  raw  sugar  -  and  instead  of  4  pounds  of  sugar  produced  6  pounds 
per  100  Berlin  pounds  of  beets* 

For  the  services  which  Achard  had  hitherto  rendered,   the   King  gave  him 
a  reward  of  120,000  Thalers,  which  he  used  for  a  payment  Oh  account  for  an  estate 
Upper  and  Nider  Crmern.District  Wohlau,  Silesia,  where  he  immediately  started  to 
plant  beets  and  to  build  a  factory,  and  in  April  1802,.  he  commenced  the   first 
beet  campaign,  and  with  it,  the  first  world  campaign. 

However,  Achard  soon  got  into  financial  difficulties.     By  reason  of 
fire,  but  mostly  in  consequence  of  costly  experiments  extending  over  many  years, 
he  drifted  deeply  into  debt.       The  agricultural  department  of  Cunern  demanded  con- 
siderable outlay;     the  sugar  factory  experienced  some  losses  in  consequence  of 
frozen  and  rotten  beets,  and  soon  Achard  was  so  heavily  involved  that  he  could 
only  be  saved  by  the  King,  coming  to  his  rescue*      At  Achard1  B  request,  the  King 
investigated  hie  financial  affairs,  assumed  the  mortgage  of  50,000  Thalers  on  Cunern 
himself,   in  his  own  Royal  name,  renounced  all  interest,  and  ordered  that  no  attach* 

ment  on  A  chard1  a  salary  be  made     for  floating  debts.       This  was  made  possible 


19 


by  Achard  becoming  Academy  Director  and  ipso  facto    an  employee  of  the  State 
drawing  a  fixed  salary.         Thus  Acbard  was  relieved  of  monetary  worry  and  could 
devote  hiraself  energetically  to  his  life  object. 

But  in  1607,  a  naw  misfortune  befell  him.       On  the  21  st  of  March 
between  10  and  11  A.  M.  his  factory  was  totally  destroyed  by  fire.       In  1810,  the 
King  again  came  to  the  rescue  and  annulled  the  mortgage  of  50,000  Thaler s  on  condi- 
tion that  a  plant  be  erected  at  Cunern  for  the  instruction  of  sugar  manufacturing. 
Consequently,  the  "Sugar  Manufacturing  Institute**  was  opened  on  January  12,  1912* 
this  Institute  has  been  a  great  factor  in  the  advancement  of  the  Sugar  Industry 
for  not  only  did  native  students  attend  but  many  students  came  from  abroad* 

If  the  King,  who  in  ordinary  matters  was  usually  very  economical  did 
spend  sums  of  money  considered  very  large  for  those  times,   it  was  due  entirely 
to  favorable  reports  that  reached  him  about  Achard's  personality  and  his  activity; 
the  authorities  of  Strehlin  (Strehlen)   Silesia,  confirming  this  good  opinion,  when 
they  saw  the  good  results  in  the  sugar  factory  of  Mayor  von  Koppy  at  Krain.,  Streh- 
len,  Silesia,  which  had  been  erected  in  1805,  according  to  Achard's  plans  and 
specifications* 

A  chard  died  on  the  20th  of  April  1821,  at  the  age  of  69,  soon  to  be  for- 
gotten by  his  contemporaries.     Germany,  whilst  in  the  throes  of  Napoleonic  wars  seem- 
ed to  have  given  up  the  industry  called  into  existence  by  Aohard  and  to  which  he 
had  devoted  his  whole  life* 

Only  ten  years  later  what  A  chard  had  sown  seemed  to  bear  fruit,  and  his 
King,  who  had  done  so  much  for  him  and  for  the  Sugar  Industry  bad  the  satisfaction 
before  the  end  of  his  reign,  to  see  the  sugar  industry  come  bade  to  life  again. 


20 

(Translation  from  the  French) 

BXGERPT  FROM  THE  JQUHMAIdes  FABRIGAflgS  da    SUCKS.  FEBRUARY  12.    1913 

EXmca-S  FROM  OLD  BOOKS  AND  DOCUMENTS. 

One   of  our  friends  who  constantly  makes   investigations  in  Li- 
braries, nas   found  a  copy  of  the"lfKstafette",  which  was  reproduced  in  the 
"National"  30  January,    1840   (he  resuscitates  Olivier  de   Sarre   and  makes  him 
live   again  under  the  Duke  of  Orleans).  Such  as   it  is,  reproduced,  we  give    it  here 
for  the  edification  6f  our   readers. 


In  one   of  the    large  salons,   one  day,   after  the  royal  supper  was 
over  JUmis  XVI.  was  standing  "before   a  marble   table  upon  which  a  porcelain 
sugar  bowl  was  placed;     he  took  two  pieces  of  sugar  which  he  dropped  into  a 
cu# --of  foiling  coffee  and  amused  himself  by  watching  the    tiny  yellowish  bubbles 
that   rdse    te  the   surface,   as   the    sugar  melted  and  made  the   gases  generated  es- 
cape.   .,,- 

>£,v.  Monsieur  de  Maurepas  approached  the  King  and  asked  him,  how  ao 

.you  like  your  coffee  this  evening?         Fine,    said  the  King,       Does  your 
majesty  find  some    strange  taste  about  it,  has  the  sugar  sweetened  the  coffee 
^properly?  What  do  you  mean?         Do  you  know  of  any  better  coffee   than  that 

served  on  this  table?       No, Sire.  But  your  Majesty  has  put  two  lumps  of 

sugar  intS  the  coffee?         How  much  do  you  think  that   these   two  lumps   cost? 

The  King  said;       Well, the   sugar  costs  4  livre  6  sous  six  deniers  at 
Paris . 

I   suppose   in  a  pound  of  sugar  there  are   80   lumps,    similar  to  those 
which  are   in  my  cup,   which  makes  the  price   come   to   a  little  more  than  one    sou 


21 


a  lump,  but  as  I  am  King  of  France,  and  as  such  I  am  likely  to  pay  more  than 
my  subjects,  ray  two  limps  of  sugar  used  in  this  cup  of  Mooa  will  cost  me  a  nax- 
imura  of  8   sous. 

Those  two  lumps  of  sugar  cost  you,  your  Majesty,  nothing;     the 
sugar  of  which  these  two  lumps  are  a  portion  were  presented  to  your  Majesty 
aa  a  token  of  esteem  from  one   of  your  subjects  -  to  whom  the  cost  of  production 
was  about  24  francs  a  lump. 

You  are  jolting,  Monsieur  de  Maure pas, said  the  Kingf     why    that  would 
be  80  louis   (1600  frs.)   a  pound  -  if  we  are  eating  sugar  at  that  price  I 
would  soon  have  to   sell  the   Oastle   of  Rambouillet  so  as  to  get  enough  sugar 
for  the  food  of  our  Baby  Dauphin.  Please  explain  —  ?      With  pleasure ,   Sire , 

said  Monsieur  de  Maure  pas  «  and  counting  the   lumps  contained  in  the    sugar 
bowl  found  that  there  were  43  —  if  you  add  the   £  lumps   consumed  in  your  cup 
of  coffee,  ,there  will  be  45  lumps  which  will  bring  the  value  up  to  1080  francs. 
Please  look  at  this  sugar;     how  sparkling!    how  light  I    What  exquisite  taste  I 
How  sweet  I     How  it  melts  in  the  mouth  I 

Very  well,   said  the  King,  who  respecting  the  gray  hair  of  M.  de  Mau- 
repas  did  not  wish  to  get  mad  at  him  -   ,  I  admit     that  this  sugar  is   sweet  - 
what  do  you  think  should  it  be  bitter  like  aloes  powder? 

•M   •    f  *"  -. 

Your  Majesty  would  never  guess  how  this  sugar  was  made. 
Well,   said  the  King,   this  sugar  was  made   from  Ganej  —  but,M.  de 
Maurepas,let  us  speak  of  something  else  -  Parlement,for  instance, 
Sire  -—       this   is  Beet  Sugar, 

•  •'     I:.          '         '" 

Beet  .sugar I. 

What   does  a  beet   look  like? 

•  •        »'•  • 
Sire,  remarked  a  little  Duchess  who  had  listened  to  the  converaation, 

beets  are  roots,  which  my  servants   slice, and  mixed  with  vinegar  eat  as  a  salad. 


The  King  laughed. 

Sire,  .said  M.  de  Maurepas,   the  beet  is  a  root,  grown  in  France, 
and  stigar  is  made  out  of  it. 

The  attention  of  all  present  was  attracted  to  the  lively  discussion 
going  on  "between  the  King  and  M.   de  Maurepas.       They  had  seen  the  Minister  pour 
out  the  sugar  and  carefully  examine  it,  whereupon  a  courtier,  hastily  told 
the  Queen  that   the  King  had  "been  poisoned. 

Marie  Antoinette   rose  hurriedly  from  the  card  table  and  went  to  see 
the  King. 

Sirel       Sirel 

The  captain  of  the  guard  came  and  whispered  to  the  King  that  all 
doors  were  locked  and  the  guilty  party  has  already  been  arrested. 

They  are  bringing  Mm  in,  -  8  to  10  guards  brought  before  the  King 
a  man  dressed  in  a  suit  of  brown  cloth,  his  coarse  leather  shoes  were  orna- 
mented with  silver  buckles;  his  plain  dress  and  his  face  showing  signs  of 
fright  contrasted  strongly  with  the  surroundings  of  gold  embroidery  and  diamonds 
that  sparkled  everywhere* 

M.  de  Maurepas  told  the  guard  to  leave  the  man  alone,  andpresented 
him  to  the  King.    Sire,  this  i-s  the  man  who  filled  your  sugar  bowl  this  eve- 
ning.  He  is  the  man  who  makes  sugar  out  of  vegetables* 

The  King  entered  into  conversation  with  the  man.   The  Queen  asked 
M.  de  Maurepas  what  it  was  all  about.   What  kind  of  sugar  is  this?   Madame, 
said  the  Minister,  a  learned  man  by  the  name  of  Olivier  de  Serres  -  who 
experimented  with  retorts  and  stills  until  one  day  after  trying  to  make  wine  out 
of  the  red  beet,  he  found  at  the  bottom  of  one  of  his  condensers,  some  sugar. 

At  that  time  Madam,  we  were  rich;  we  owned  the  shores  of  the  Mississippi? 


23 


we  got   sugar  from  abroad  and  we  did  not  trouble  ourselves  about  making 

sugar  and  Olivier  de  Serres  died  after  making  a  memorandum  about  his  discovery. 

A  Prussian  chemist,.  Achard,  alvays  on  the  lookout  for  new  things, 
got  wind  of  the  discovery  and  according  to  the   indications  given  by  M.  de  Serres 
made  sugar  from  the  Beet,  and  today,   the  .man  -whom  you  see  talking  to  the 
King  has  made  new  experiments  and  you  see  the  sugar  he  lias  produced. 

Marie,  took  a  lump  of  the  sugar  and  ate  it.      $he  ladies-in-waiting 
each  took  &  lump  and  in  a  twinkling  all  the  beet  sugar  was  gone. 

Monsieur  de  Maura  pas  called  out:         'Jake  care,  gentlemen  and  ladies, 
each  lump  costs  £4  francs.       It  is  ruinous  luxury  to  eat  such  sugar.          True, 
your  Majesty,   said  the  Minister,  this  sample   is   dear,  but  if  you  give  the  in- 
ventor enough  money  to  enable  him  to  make   sugar  by  the  ton,  he  could  furnish 
it  at  ten  sous  (about  10  cents)  a  pound* 

The  King  asked  the  manufacturer  to  accept  in  token  of  his  Royal 
appreciation,  a  gold  snuff  box,  -  our  coffee  was  well  sweetened  by  your  Beet 
Sugar  -  but  the  2  million  francs  you  ask  to  establish  your  factory  is  too  much 
money  -  for  the  State   is  too  deep  in  debt  already.       Sire,   said  the  manufacturer, 
sooner  or  later,   the  Beet  Sugar  will  come  into  its  own* 


24 

E    X    Ji    1    H    Z    1    .§• 

/From  von  Lippraani  • 

The  only  four  names  at  that   time  recorded  that    came    into  public 
notice  were;         Vilmorin  1775  (Made  the   beet   sugar  known) 

Abbe     Eozier,   178E( introduced  methodical   culture) 

Commercalle,     1784( experimented) 

Delessert,         1801( experimented  and  e  stablished  a  factory) 

but  we  are  not  certain,  however,  which  one  of  these  knew  Maurepas,  Minister 

-*-  - 

to  Louis  XVI. 


Page  336   Frederick  the  Great  made  efforts  to  promote  the  sugar  industry  in 
Prussia. 


In  Vienna  and  Klosterneuburg  sugar  refineries  were  built  under  Joseph 
II. 


11   389   In  1S60  Madame  the  Seveigne  advised  her  daughter  to  use  sugar  in  her 
coffee. 


w   403   'Olivier  de  Serres  (A.  D.  1600)  says  "The  beet  has  come  lately  from  Italy, 
is  large,  red,  has  many  leaves  and  has  a  pleasant  taste;  -  it  requires 
a  soil  well  plowed,  so  that  its  root  can  reach  deep  down-  in  the  soil, 
the  root  has  a  tender  meat  and  yields  a  juice  that  tastes  like  sugar 
syrup.   It  is  beautiful  in  appearance. 


25 


Page  4G4     The  beet  root,  originally  called  beets  of  Burgundy,  was  brought  by 
emigrants  into  Saxony,  Silesia,  the  Pfalz,  and  the  rest  of  Germany. 


The  sweetness  of  the  beet  juice  induced  Marggraf  (1709)  (1782)  to 
experiment  with  it  and  not  only  the  "red  mangold"  but  also  in  the 
"white  mangold"  did  he  find  sugar  and  produced  in  a  solid  state. 


404     Riem  of  Dresden  (in  1775)  prepared  a  beet  syrup  which  he  used 

for  feeding  bees;  and  soon  after,  Achard  (1786),  solved  the  question 
of  making  sugar  from  beets  which  he  himself  planted  in  Caullsdorf,  near 
Berlin. 


Vilmorin  made  (in  1775)  the  sugar  beet  loiown  in  Prance,  but  Abbe  Ro- 
zier.  was  the  first  who  cultivated  the  sugar  beet  regularly  for  food 
purposes,  but  Achard  in  1798,  was  the  first  who  made  the  first  raw 
sugar  out  of  the  beet  and  sold  it  to  the  Havelberger  Sugar  Refinery 
Co*  of  Berlin,  who  made  Eandies,  powdered  sugar  and  syrup. 


Page  405     Later,  the  Silesian  Mountain  Refinery  of  Hirschberg  got  about  1600 
pounds  of  raw  sugar  f-ron  Achard  which  they  refined. 


In  1800,  the  Hisrchberg  Refinery  presented  to  Frederick  William  III, 
a  loaf  of  excellently  refined  beet  sugar  which  so  pleased  him  that  he 
bestowed  the  great  Art  &  Industry  gold  medal  on  tha  Sirachberg  firm. 


26 

of  100  pounds  of  beets  4  pounds  of  white  sugar  in  the  shape  of  loaves 
eight  inches  high,  which  he  presented  to  the  Elector  Prince  of  Saxony  ~ 
and  later  Lampadius  -  extracted  from  100  centners  of  beets  200  pounds 
of  raw  sugar  which  he  refined  into  180  pounds  of  white  crystallized 

sugar. 

sugar 

The  first  real  beet/factory  was  built  by  Achard  in  Ounern  Si- 
lesia.      The  King  financed  htm  and  started  operations  in  1802;     the  Zing     , 
likewise  interested  himself  in  the   factories  of  Hermstadt  and  Freyer,  Borg- 
stede,  von  Grothe,  von  Karmer  and  von  Koppy,   and  these  enjoyed  the  royal 
patronage   in  every  way* 

A  commission  composed  of  eminent  chemists  was  appointed  in 
Prance  and  investigated  Achard fs  data  about  planting  of  "beets  and  sugar 
extraction,   and  as  a  result,   two  factories  were  erected  in  Ghelles  and 
St.  Ouen  which,  however,  were  not  coming  up  to  expectations  because  of 
lack  of  technical  knowledge  in  the  matter  of  treating  the  juice,  and 
only  in  1808,  Delessert   (who  had  established  a  factory  in  1801)   applied 
himself  diligently  to  beet  sugar  making  and  by  following  the  method  of 
Bommatiu  (who  had  received  the  Government  prize  for  extracting  sugar 
from  the  beet)   and  using  extensively  charcoal  for  clarifying  purposes, 
he  at  last  met  with  success,   (Bonmatin  adopted  the  method  of  clarifying 
the  juice  by  liming  and  to  neutralize  the   excess  by  sulfurous  acid)  •— 


Ohaptal  made  a  report  to  Napoleon    who  in  1812  paid  that  historic 
visit   to  the  Passy  factory  which  had  such  an  important  bearing  on  the 
future  of  the  French  beet   sugar  industry -during  that  visit  "Napoleon 

pleased  with  Deltssert's  success  commissioned  him  to  build  ten  new  facto- 
ries.      See"Bloge  Hlstorique  de  Benj.   Delessert"       Flourans  Memoir es  de 


l»Acaderaie  1850  -  119,   145. 


England  made  it  a  point  to  prevent  the  establishment  of  Beet 
Sugar  ,  as  beet  sugar  was  to  be   taxed  as  heavily  as  Indian  sugar. 

But  also  in  other  countries  the  beet   sugar  industry  had  to 
struggle  against  opposition  as  even  the  great  Liebig  did  not  attach 
any  importance  to  it, and  the  struggle  for  existence  continued  against 
colonial  and  fiscal  interests*     and  as  late  as  1642,   the  French  govern- 
ment asked  the  Chamber  of  Deputies  for  a  credit   of  50  million  francs 
with  which  to  buy  in  the  389  existing  factories  with  a  view  of  stopping 
the  manufacture  of  beet  sugar,   and  in  1850,   Schulze  proposed  the  buying 
in  of  tha  213   German  factories  by  the  German  government,  Tor  which 
purpose  a  credit  of  10  million  Thalers   (dollars)  was  asked  to  indemnify 
factory  owners  and  the  workmen  engaged  therein* 


PLINY  400.      The  Romans  consumed  beets  boiled,  preserved  and  baked,  Aquila-  Ve- 
rona and  Norikinn  beets  were  favorites. 

Page  401.        Dioskorides  declares  the  white  beet  to  be  good  for  digestion 
and  the  raw  and  the  boiled  juice  as  being  used  for  medicinal  purposes. 
(Mat.  Med.  II.  149) 

X 

Arab  doctors  used  to  prescribe  beet  juice. 


Page  81 

The  word  Sakchari  which  is  the  equivalent  to  the  Sanskrit 

Carkara  means  sugar  in  grains  found  on  and  in  reeds,  cane  and  rushes. 


28 


Page  81  Plinius  the  elder  mentions  (XII.  17)   Sakcharon  comes  from 

Arabia  but  the  Indian  Sakcharon  is  preferable  which  is  honey  hardened 
of  the  size  of  filberts,  gathered  from  cane,  is  white,  like  gum,  and 
easily  breaks  when  taken  between  the  teeth. 


Seneca  1  -  65  A.  D.  in  his  84  letters  says  we  are  creditably 
informed  that  in  India  there  grows  a  reed  rush  which  exudes  a  kind  of 
curdled  honey,  which  is  formed  either  by  the  dew  of  heaven  or  by  the 
thickened  sweet  juice  of  the  cane* 


Page  402*          Gil  Vincente  a  Portuguese  poet  saings  (in  1500  A.  D) 

Oh,  if  he  only  his  head  were  rich  in  brains 
As  in  Sugar  is  the  top  of  a  Boat  I 


Page  287      158.8  Tabernamontanus  of  Berzzabern  composed  New  Plant  book. 

1498  -  1554  his  teacher  Hieronymus  Bock  2500  Illustrations,  5800  plants 
describing  sugar  contents  of  plants. 


355  Duhamiel  de  Moiiceau  1754     I1  art  de  raf finer  le   Sucre 


Page  201.  Megasthenes  Nearohos  and  Onesekritos,  generals  of  Alexander  the 

Great  327  B.  0.  reported  that  in  India  there  grew  reeds  producing  without 

the  aid  of  bees,   a  honey  like  substance.       In  many  languages  about   the 


29 

the  same: 

Sokkar,  Zocra, 

Zuckor,  Zucara 

Chuchra  Ssachar 

Syoara  Oukiar 

Sacarlum  Cukorus 

Sucrum  Czukor 

Zaehara  Sohiker 

ochakara 

Schaker 

Scheker 

Schukar . 
With  Arabs,  Egyptians,  the  cradle  of  sugar  making:   Persians 


Page  399 

#125          Herodrotus  mentions  the  beet  as  the  plant  given  to  workers 

on  the  pyramids  as  being  found  fit  to  keep  up  the  energy  of  hard  work. 
(Coupling  this  information  with  the  reports  of  recent  experiments  made 
with  soldiers  rations  in  Federal  and  German  armies) 
Hannibal  in  218  B»  (/•  gave  up  the  siege  of  Casilium  because  the  in- 
habitants kept  large  fields  planted  with  edible  sweet  beets  supplying  them  with 
ample  food.  See  Hannibal  "Alpen  ubergang"  by  J.  Fuchs. 

Hannibal,  Carthaginian  general  and  statesman,  son  of  Hamilicar  Baria 
born  249  B.  0. 

North  Africa* Carthage  was  founded  in  822  B.  C.  by  the  Phoenicians 
and  destroyed  by  the  Romans. 


30 

Translation  from  French) 


RUSSIA. 


SOURCES  OP   INFORMATION: 


Mr.  E.   Saillard,   Professor  at  the  National  School  of  Agriculture, 
President  of  the   Conznission  of  Inquiry  on  Sugar  Beet  Culture 
in  Russia.       August  -  September  1911. 

Josef  Natanson,  Warsaw,   Russia* 
Ministry  of  Agriculture,  Russia- 

Mr.  Frankfourth,  Director  of  Agricultural  Research;      Government 
of  Russia- 

Shoultz,  Moreau,   and  Fudakowsky,       Beet  Experts,  Russia. 


The   sugar  beet  farms  of  Russia,   especially  those   in  the 
southwest  and  Trans-Dnieper  districts,  have,  many  of  them,  an  acreage  of 
(600),    (1000),    (5,000),    (12,000),    (25,000),   and  even   (120,000)  hectares  - 
(a  farm  of  120,000  hectares  means  a  35  kilometer  diameter  of  a  Circle) 

Please  bear  in  mind: 

1  verst  equals   ..••». 1,067  metres     . 

1  Sagene     M 2  me  tre  s  13 

1  Deciatine          •« 1,09  Hectares 

1  Poud         M , 36.113  Pds. 

1  Berkowetz 10  Pouds. 

1  Rouble, 51  cents. 

1  Copec .about    1/2  cent. 

When  we  speak  of  Russia  proper,  let  us  remember  that  Russian 
Poland  belongs  to  it  -  having  been  partitioned  in  1773  -  1793  and  1795,  be- 


31 


tween  Prussia,  Russia  and  Austria- 

When  the  Tsar  publishes  a  Ukas  he  does  so   as  Emperor  and  Autocrat 
of  Russia,   Tsar  of  Moscow,  Kiew,  Vladimir  and  of  Poland.  The  Polish 

manufacturers  are  members  of  the  Central  Association  of  Russian  Sugar  Manufactu-7 
rers  who  in. 1908  -  9,  produced  1,200,000  tons;     and  in  1910  -  11,   2,100,000 
tons,  having  surpassed  the  most   sanguine  expectation. 

GEOGRAPHICAL  ZONE; 

The  Russian  sugar  beet  zone   lies  between  54  to  48  degrees  of  latitude 
and  19     and  38  degrees  of  longitude  ;     from  west  to  east  it  extends  for  about 
2,200  kilometres'. 

Kiew  is,   so  to  speak,    the   center  of  the  Russian  sugar  industry. 
Kiew  lies  in  the  same   degree  of  latitude  as  Brussels  and  Amsterdam.       An 
annual  congress  is  held  there  in  about  February  or  March,  when  contracts  for 
the  ensuing  year  are  made,  not  only  "for  the  supply  of  beets  by  the  farmers 
but' also  for  coal,  limestone,  coke,   installation  of  new  machinery,  building 
construction,  etc. 

The   sugar  beet  region  is  divided  into  four  districts! 

1)  .     Kingdom  of  Poland,  49  Factories, 

2)  Southwest  of  Russia  (Dnieper),  144  fl 

3)  Trans  Dnieper  District,  67  " 

4)  Central  Russia.  16  " 

Total  in  1910  •,...'•..       276  " 

The  two  ports  that  are  mainly  utilized  by  the  Russian  Sugar  In- 
dustry are  the   port  of  Libau  on  the  Baltic,   and  Odessa  on  the  Black  Sea. 


The  two  following  comparative  tables  will   show  the   importance  of  the 
Russian  Sugar  Industry. 
19Q8-1909 


Area 
Sown. 

No.  of          : 
Factories* 

Raw  Sugar     :   BagB.ipri  Av.Kg#    j 
Tons.         :  Factory*  per  Heci 
:                  :     Beets  . 
:                   :  Harvest 

Raw  Sugar 
(Extracted 

per  100  Kg. 
Beets. 

Raw  Sugar 
Extracted 
Kilograms 
per  Hec." 

France 

214,780 

• 
• 

251 

*                                   • 
•                                   * 

775,100  :   31.000  :   28,181 

12.84 

3,611 

:                  : 

Germany 

434,886 

358 

2,080,000  :   58,000  *   29,670 

15.49 

4,577 

Austria- 
Hungary 
Belgium 

330,230 
57,250 

204 
81     : 

1,390,000       68,000  i   24,206 
257,000       37,000   *  30,340 

15.02 
13.97 

,3,638 
4,228 

1 

* 

Holland 

48,450 

27     : 

211,500       78,000  »   26,499 

14.47 

3,830 

: 

1 

Russia 

556,200 

277     : 

1,262,250  ;   45,000  j  14,465 
:                  : 

14.00 

2,025 

PR  0-2 

DUCT, 

I  0  ][» 

COMPARISON: 

No.   of 

Area  Culti- 

Beets in 

Beets 

:SUGAR. 

: 

Factories. 

vated. 

Million 

Kgs  .  pr  • 

Raw. 

sper 

:per  J£ec« 

1901-2 

Hectares. 

Kgs. 

Hectare 

:100  KR. 

:     Ke. 

1901-2 
1910-11 

274 

276 

545,150 
667,400 

6,406 
13,083 

11,750 

19,600 

893,500 
2,108,760 

l 

J  13.95 

I 

:   16.11 

i 
:   1,639 

* 

j    3,159 

Beets  are   grown  "by  three  classes  of  people: 

By  the  factories  themselves,  by  landowners,  and  by  peasants. 


Landowners 


Peasants 


Poland.         Southwest  Trans  Central 

Russia.  Dnieper  Russia, 

in  in  in  in 

Hectare  e      Hectares  Hectares Hectare  s< 


Sugar  Factories  3.1 


61.1 


55.8 


25.4 


51.9 


22..7 


52.8 


31.3 


15.9 


57*7 


28.7 


15*6 


II  0  T  B« 


(Out  of 
(130,000,000 
(Russian  in- 
(habitants, 
(100,000,000 
(make  a  living 
(in  agricultural 
(pursuits* 


100 


100 


100 


33 


In  1906,   the  Russian  Government  made: 
A  grant  of- land  of  4,000,000  hectares. 
Crown  lands* 

Lands  of  the  Russian  Emperor.     These  lands  are  granted  to  an  agricultural 
bank  which  sells  and  leases  it  to  peasants  at  a  very  low  figure,    to  be  paid  in 
annual  installments.       A  local  commission  fixes  the  price  and  the  number  of 
years  for  life   of  mortgage  on  land  granted  to  .communities,   and,  by  request, 
an  individual  peasant  can  get  title   so  that  he   can  leave  it   to  his  heirs. 
On  large  estates,   the  wages  pa-id  are: 
To  men,   50  copecs,  (about  25  cents) 

11  women  SO       " 
They  bring  their  lunches  with  them. 


Value  of  land  for  sugar  beet  culture  $200,   to  $250.00;     1000  to  1250  francs 
per  oe*>e;     Rental $9.   to  $10*00  per  awe, 'per  annum- 


COST  PRICE  OF  100  KG3.   OF  SUGAR. 
1906  -  7« 
(Average  of       ) 

51  Factories. l.Cost  of  Beets 17.29 

2.  -Cost  of  Manufacturing  same  • 6 .25 

3*  General  Expenses 4.86 

4     Commercial  Eipenses 0*48 

"  Francs. 28. 88 
1909-10          1.   Including  cost  of  transportation  , 

2.   Wages,   Salaries,  Lighting,   Bags,  Lime,   packing, 

etc. 
Z-  Administration,  Schools,  Hospital,  Buildings, 

Machinery, Insurance.  • 

4.   Sending  Sugar  to  Railroad, Insurance,   Brokerage  "         24.54 

1910-11  ditto,   ditto,         Cost  of  Production  22  FT.  30 

(about  2<k  a  pound) 


100  Kg.    Average  price  paid  for  pulp  in  Suss  ia 4  f r .  50 

11      "    tf   "Molasses   "     .....3  M  50 

In  addition  to  paying  them  the  market  price  for  the  beets,  each 
farmer  gets  free  of  charge,  450  Kg.  of  pulp  for  every  ton  of  beets  delivered, 
also,  he  gets  free  of  charge ,  8  to  10  Kgs-  Molasses. 


LEGISLATION  BY  RUSSIA  RELATING  TO  HEB  DOMESTIC  SUGAR. 

The  Russian  government  does  not  give  an  export  bounty,  but  the 
Industry  is  put  under  a  regime  of  rules  which  permit  it  to  enjoy  the  advantages 
equivalent  to  bounties.   Each  year,  the  Minister  of  Finance  determines  (fixesj 
the  quantity  of  sugar  to  be  supplied  to  the  domestic  markets,  or  after  paying 
an  excise  duty  of  1.75  rouble,  about  80  cents  per  poud  —  this  is  what  is 
called  the  "Interior  Contingent"* 
9  The  limit  of  prices  Is  also  fixed  by  the  Minister  of  Finance. 

There  are  two  rates:   One  from  1st. September  to  31st  December, 
the  second  a  little  higher  for  the  period  of  1st.  January  to  31  August.  -   These 
prices  have  a  double  purpose:  to  insure  the  manufacturer  regular  and  reaumera- 
tive  prices  -  and  the  protection  to  the  consumer. 

if  the  market  prices  exceed  during  a  certain  time  those  fixed 
by  the  Minister  of  Finance,  he  in  that  case  liberates  part  of  the  stoolc  held 
by  factories  and  brokers • 

To  make  these  prices  Independent  from  foreign  markets  an  almost 

prohibitive  import  duty  Is  put  on  the  sugar.—  4.50  roubles  per  poud  of  sand  sugar 

and   6   "     "    "    "  refined. 

The  Government  practically  rules  the  prices. 


35 


In  1909  successively  setting  free  certain  stocks  did  not  suffice 
to  bring  back  the  prices  to  their  normal  level  and  import  duties  had  to  be 
lowered  in  order  to  facilitate  the  import. 

The  Government'TJormirofka"  is  a  sort  of  ideal  Government  Trust 
guarantee",  and  to  the  manufacturer  all  the  advantages  of  a  private  organization, 
stable  high  prices,  suppression  of  outsiders,  etc.  is  given.   The.  consumer 
cannot  say  that  the  factories  are  exploiting  them. 

The  dividends  paid  by  Russian  factories  prove  how  advantageous 
this.  Government  "Normirofka"  is. 

1)  Interior  Contingent, 

2)  Exportation    "    Convention  Brussels 

3)  "          "    to  Persia. 

Each  individual  factory,  has  a  right  to  contribute  its  quota  to  any 
of  these  three  contingents* 

If  a  factory  is  not  favorably  located  for  export  purposes  then 
she  can  exchange  her  export  quota  for  equivalent  Interior  Trade  quota. 

The  foregoing  are  the  principal  outlines  of  the  basis  for  the 
Russian  Sugar  Industry. 


36 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  GERMAN  BEET  SUGAR  INDUSTRY.  BERLIN.  OCT.  20. 1911.,       p.789 

The  American  beet  sugar  industry  in  its  Infancy,  had  to  undergo 
the  same  trials  as  did  the  German  beet  sugar  industry.    However,  since 
the  year  1896,  the  American  industry  has  grown  in  importance.   Fifty 
years  after  the  German  industry  had  taken  a  firm  foothold,  the  American 
industry  became  a  great  factor  in  the  Agricultural  as  well  as  the  economic 
world,  and  due  credit  must  be  given  to  it.   It  is  fostered  under  peculiar 
conditions.   It  is  built  up  by  leaning  on  protective  duties  in  which  the 
Government  aids  it,  Just  as  the  German  inaustry,  but  the  American  industry 
has  had  to  carry  on  the  struggle  under  widely  different  conditions.   It 
does  not  forge  ahead  like  the  European  Beet  Sugar  Industry  in  striving 
to  become  equal  to  the  Cane  Sugar  Industry,  but  is  destined,  as  far  as 
can  be  seen,  to  make  the  American  consumer  independent  of  foreign  countries* 

The  beet  sugar  industry  will  be  developed  and  will  be  based  upon 
the  political  and  commercial  relations  between  the  United  States  and  Cuba, 
which  are  constantly  becoming  closer*    Whatever  Hawaii,  Porto  Rico,  the 
Philippines  and  the  cane  growing  states  of  the  Union  do  not  produce  for 
consumption,  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry  can  fully  supply. 

Whereas,  at  present,  the  beet  sugar  industry  supplies  one-eighth 
of  the  total  consumption  and  'the  per  capita  consumption  is  about  eighty 
pounds,  the  normal  development  of  the  beet  sugar  industry  in  the  United 
States  cannot  attain  the  position  which  the  German  Industry  holds  in  the 
economic  life 'of  the  nation*   Although  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the 
United -States  is  consigned  to  a  second  place,  it  does  not  mean  that  it 
is  not  to  be  regarded  as  an  important  branch  of  American  rural  economy. 
Many  are  clamoring  for  a  reduction  in  sugar  duties.   Should  this  take 
place,  European  competition  would  appear  in  the  field,  the  Refiners' 


37 

Sugar  Trust  would  get  cheap  cane  sugar  and  the  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry 
would  become  the  victim  of  the  Trust's  allied  interests.   They  would  try 
to  counteract,  all  efforts  for  the  maintenance  of  the  beet  sugar  industry 
and  would  not  make  any  attempt  to  fight  competition  from  abroad  which  the 
beet  sugar  industry  would  certainly  do  if  they  were  as  strong  as  the  Trust* 

OoO 


SXCKRPT  FROM  WOCHEN3GHRIFT  DBS  ZENTRAL  VEREIHS.  p.  364 

MAY  15.  1912. 


Two  kinds  of  molasses  fodder  have  lately  appeared  on  the  market. 

Both  are  protected  by  patents  and  are  manufactured  in  Holland. 

Kfeinheer  B<erthels  mixes  in  certain  proportions  hay,  oats,  beans, 
linseed  and  molasses,  which  mixture  is  heated  to  110  degress  C.  for  a 
certain  period,  and  is  during  the  heating  process  mixed  with  linseed  oil* 
This  mixture  will  make  up  a  fodder  that  will  keep  indefinitely.   The  lin- 
seed oil  used  counteracts  any  tendency  to  hygroscopicity. 

Meinheer  Bloch  produces  a  fodder  that  is  specially  suitable  for 

calves;  it  consists  of  45$  sesam  oil 

30$  water 

14$  sugar 

4$  albumen 

2y>  sodiuraphosphate 

2^  calciumphosphate 

One  per  cent  of  Tragant  is  added  to  this  mixture  and  is  heated  with  the 
sugar  in  a  solution  of  sugar  satiated  at  first  before  the  totality  of  the 
30$  water  is  added;  the  oil  is  first  thoroughly  mixed  with  these  ingre- 
dients before  water  is  added  during  the  heating  process.   In  cooling  this 
mixture  will  become  consistent  and  is  an  excellent  calves'  fodder. 


oOo- 


38 
(Translation  from  the  German)  By  Vice-President  Dr.  Emanuel  Ritter  v.  Proskowetz. 

BXCEBPO?  FROM.  DIE  OESTERRSICHISCH-UNGARISHE  'ZEITSCHRIFT  EER  ZUCKERINJXTSI'RIE 

UND  LAKDWIRTSGEAFT. 

Annual  Meeting  of  the  Central  Association  of  the  Sugar  Industry.  May  25. 

1910.  (ABAZZIA) 

In  the  year  1891,  I  received  from  the  Botanical  Garden  of  Trieste, 
a  Beta  Maritiraa  and  a  Beta  vulgaris,  and  in  1093  I  received  from  Dr.  v.  Marchfl- 
settl,  Director  of  the  Municipal  Museum,   seed  of  the  wild  Beta;     he  had  made  a 
journey  to  Istria  in  order  to  explore  the  seashore  where  he  had  been  told 
the  plant  could  be  found  growing. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Rovigno  on  the   Island  S.  Andrea  he  found  the  wild 
beet  and  from  this  he  gathered  some   seed  vfrich,  as  above  mentioned,  he  was 
kind  enough  to  send  me  and  with  which  I  started  my  experiments. 

The  principle  that  guided  me  was  this:       I  left   some  seeds  to  them- 
selves to  grow  wild,    with  others,  I  made  an  effort  to  domesticate,  to 
tame,  as  it  were,  and  by  numerous  Isolated  experiments,  weighing,  measuring, 
analysing,  etc.*  bring  the  specimens  to  a  high  degree  of  culture.       I  likewise 
went  to  Abazzia  (near  Piume)   every  Spring,  Summer  and  Fall  for  several  weeks 
at  a  time,  having  the  good  fortune  while  there,   to  get  an  insight   flaily,   into  the 
life  of  the  wild  Beta  plants  growing  there  so  spontaneously. 

I  could,  therefore,  suudy  thoroughly  the  same  plants  in  the  same  lo- 
cality growing  in  different  classes  of  soil,   in  different  years  during  different 
seasons,  and  at  different  stages  of  their  development . 

I  kept  a  careful  record  from  1894  to  1910  of  my  continued  studies 
and  uniform  manner  of  observation  of  the  wild  Beta  plant  growing  spontaneously 
in  its -natural  soil  and,  by  so  doing,  and  comparing  the  results   of  my  observa- 
tions, was  enabled  to  make  such  experiments  as  would  domesticate  and  improve  it. 


39 


I  found  that  our  present  sugar  beet  and  the  wild  Beta  plant  on  the 
seashore  were  of  one  and  the    same  family.         I  would  like  to  call  your  attention 
to  tlie  wonderful  variegated  formation  of  the  foliage,  to  the  root  formation,   the 
Epi  and  Hypo-Kosylus,  the  gradual  assumption  of  a  reddish  hue,  the  downy  cov- 
ering of  portions  of  the  skin,   the  felt-like  development  of  the  leaves,  the 
continuous  flowering  and  running  into  seed,  which  is  a  characteristic  feature 
of  the  Chenopodiaceous.  plant.     If  I  supply  you  with  data  regarding  the  plant 
as  I  found  it  at  Abazzia  and  vicinity,  it  will  only  be  to  refer-  you  to  the 
past,  when  the  constructive  activity  had  not  yet  progressed    nor  the  spontaneous 
flora  highly  developed,  and  I  will  limit  myself  in  giving  you  only  a  few 
details  characteristic  of  this  plant* 

On  the  seashore,   in  the  clefts  of  rocks,  on  fhe  roadside  near  the 
sea,  between  masses  of  loose  stone  detached  and  carried  down  from  the  rocks 
and  between  the  gaps  of  .weatherbeaten  limestone,  I  found  specimens  that  had 
all  the  ezpected  characteristics  of  the  accepted  type  of  the  Beta  Maritimaf 
some  growing  isolated  from  other  plants ,   others  growing  in  bunches  as  if  wedged 
In  clefts  of  rocks,  some  peeping  out  from  deep  crevices  sharing  their  narrow 
abode  with  the  Artiplex  and  other  plants,  and  frequently  with  appropriate  family 
dignity  associating  intimately  with  other  Chenopodiaceous  plants;     but  in  spite 
of  their  proximity  to  the  sea,  a  healthful  resort,  I  found  some  of  them  gnawed  by 
insects  over- run  with  leaf  parasites  and  parasitic  mushrooms  preying  on»  them. 
However,   I  never  found  Nematodes  on  any  of  them. 

I  arrived  about   the  middle  of  September  1903,   on  the  southempart  of 
the  coast  near  Lovrana  and  found  almost  at  the  edge  of  the  cliff  (26  feet  above 
sea  level),  a  whole  c.olo'ny  of  small  dwarfish,   interlaced  and  ramified  specimens 
creeping  over  the  surface   of  the   rocks,   appearing  to  the  eye  like  a  green  lace 
curtain  in  the   shape   of  a  lawn,  and  now  in  1910,   I   found  on  a  slope  near  the 


40 


villa  Klein,  at  Lovrana,  a  whole  colony  of  the   spontaneous  Beta  Maritima  in 
different  stages  of  development  -  some  just  peeping  out  from  the  ground,   some 
further  advanced^  with  5  to  6  tuft- shaped  leaves,   some  leaves  of  a  dark  green 
and  some  of  a  reddish  hue* 

I  found  one  specimen  30  Cm.  high  (1  foot)  with  big  strong  peculiarly 
ear-shaped  curley- edged  leaves;     right  near  it,  another  splendid  erect  specimen, 
with  strong-ribbe d  leaves  of  reddish  hue  towering  1-1/2  meter  -  4-1/21  above 
its  dwarf  like  fellow  plants;     this  reddish  hue  of  leaves  may  be  ascribed  not  to  in- 
tensive light  but  rather  to  the  lack  of  nitrogenous  nutrition*      Again,  not 
far  from  this  about  a  dozen  stunted  specimens  with  drooping  stems  and  leaves, 
showing  an  effort  towards  developing  blooms. 

In  fact,   the  most  wonderful  variety  of  beet  plants  within  -the  small 
area  of  5*m2  (15  ft*  set*)    so  varied  in  appearance,  color,  size  and  shape,  that 
my  fellow  students  who  accompanied  me  on  these  exploring  expeditions  would  not 
believe  that  they  belonged  to  one  and  the   same  family* 

I  found  very  close  to  the    sea  amidst  pebbles  and  disintegrated 

limestone  from  time  to  time  lapped  by  briny  laden  waves  at  the  entrance  of  a  small 
bay,  some  luxurious,  richly  foliaged  specimens  with  stems  shooting  proudly  up 
into  space  as  high  as  thirty  inches,  and  not  far  from  this  splendid  specimen 
a  colony  of  variegated  specimens  barely  vegetating  in  company  with  miniature 
thistles  and  an  endless  variety  of  plantlets  studding  the  ground  like  millions 
of  inverted  commas;     and  side  by  side,  I  found  on  the  12th  of  September,  a 
young  plant  along  with  blooms  and  sead  ripening  in  various  stages,  but  every 
one's  physiognomy  sharply  outlined  so  as  to  be  easily  recognized  (especially 
by  the  leaves)   as  belonging  to  the  Beta  Maritima. 

On  the   loth  of  May,  1910,  I  found,   in  presence  of  one  of  my  colleagues, 


41 


at  Lussin  piccolo,  on  a  declivity  sloping  towards  the -sea,  growing  out  of  a 
heap  of  rubbish,  a  fine  specimen,  tapering  into  strong  and  rigid  roota;  1 
presented  this  specimen  to  our  esteemed  guest  Prof.  Dr.«  Herzfeld. 

Close  to  the  sea  near  Volosca,  in  red  earth  mixed  with  dead  seaweed 
and  down  sand  brought  over  by  flat  freight  boats,  I  found  on  an  agglomerated 
rubbish  heap,  sturdy  specimens  growing  in  company  with  other  cosmopolitan 
plants'-  as  the  Beta  seems  to  be  -  a  sociable  plant. 

•J 

As  I  came  to  Abbazzia  with  the  preconceived  notion  to  find  there 
well  defined  types. of  Beta  vulgaris  Maritima  Koch  and  Beta  Maritlma,   I  was 
soon  undeceived,  as  I  found  that  there  was  only  one  species  and  that  all  va- 
rieties    were  only  the  varied  expression  of  climatic,   biological  ani  topographi 
cal  conditions. 

As  a  genuine  Halophyte  (saltophyte)  we  can  now  affirm  that  the 
Beta  can  draw  its  nutritive  needs   and  water  supply  from  concentrated  salt 
solutions. 

Marchesetti  has  established  the   fact  that  Halophyte s  are  to  be  found 
growing  where  the  soil  contains  0.027$  salt,  but  where  the   salt  percentage  is 
nil,  far  away  from  the   sea,   they  will  only  vegetate;     nearer  the  sea  where 
the  salt  percentage  of  the   soil  reaches  0.052  to  2.066  is   the  home   of  the   so- 
called  "herbaceous  Halophyte s". 

Theophraste  speaks  of  a  Teutlion  (beet)    that  had  elongated  thick 
straight  sweet  tasting  meat.     The  old  Greeks  called  the  beet  Teutlion  in 
contradistinction  with  the   "AgrionV  the  wild  beet,    the  Melan  black'  or  dark 
red  beet  an  Leukon     the  white  beet. 

Mangold  «=  Greek  rapus, 

Latin  rapa, 
Slav  Re pa, 
French  rave, 
Beet  -  Betterave       .       Russian  Sveklo,   Beet  Albanian, 


42 


the   leaves  were  used  like   cabbage  leaves,   later  the  roots  were   cooked 
as  a  "dish  for  slaves". 

The  Egyptians  must  have  "known  the   strengthgiving  qualities  of  the 
beet   (Tsenoanchasar   )   with  which  they  abundantly  fed  the   pyramid  builders 
(slaves  engaged  in  building  the  pyramids) » 

We  could  branch  off  into  an  interminable  philological  and  histori- 
cal discussion,  but  we  wish  only  briefly  to   state  that    the  beet  caua   from  the 
South,  was  brought  by  the  Romans  to  Gallia  Ciealpina  (Burgundy)   for  culinary 

purposes;     thence  to  the  Pfalz  and  Scliwabia   (WurttembBrg,  etc.),  and  finally 
to  Silesia. 

The  Cradle  of  our  present  beet-root   or  Sugar  Beet.         Olivier  de  Serres 
already  in  the  year  1600  in  his  celebrated  "Theitre  df agriculture"  speaks 
of  the  large*  red,  many-leaved,  beet,  with  a  pleasant  taste,  the   juice  of .  which 
is  of  a  beautiful  red  that  charms  the  eye* 


(Translation  from  the  French) 


E&OERPT  FROM  LE  SUCRE  de  BETTSRAVE  en  FRANCE.  1800  -  1900.  BY  JULES  HELOT,  p.  187, 

THE  USE  OF  SUGAR  IK  KUMAIT  AND  ANIKAL  FOOD. 
oOo— — 

Sugar,  a  hydro-carbon  food  is  one  of  the  best  force  producers  in  the 
human  system.    It  repairs  muscle-waste  and  is  a  valuable  substitute  for  al- 
cohol, wfti  oh  at  best,  is  only  a  passing  excitant  and  injurious  In  its  effect 
to  the  well  being  of  the  body.    The  fact  has  been  established  that  abstainers 
from  alcoholic  liquids  are  very  fond  of  sugar* 

Experiments  were  made  by  an  English  physiologist,  Mr.  Waughan  Huxley* 
on  individuals  to  vshora  a  quantity  of  food,  with  and  without  sugar,  was  alter-' 
nately  given  with  the  result  that  the  working  capacity  of  those  *dio  used  sugar 
mixed  with  their  food,  increased  from  8$  to  40%,  and  in  eating  nothing  but 
sugar  individuals  can  perform  an  amount  of  work  equal  to  that  done  by  persons 
using  ordinary  food.   If  one  pound  of  sugar  is  consumed  by  an  individual  In 
the  course  of  a  working  day,  61  to  71%  more  work  can  be  done. 

If  50  graioraes  (1.76/100  ounces)  of  stigar  were  consumed  by  a  workman 
in  the  course  of  an  afternoon,  it  would  do  away  with  the  predisposition  to  oc- 
casion fatigue  which  otherwise  would  ensue  at  about  5  P.  M. 

As  far  back  as  1898,  experiments  were  made  by  the  German  Army  by 
giving  soldiers  .sugar  rations.   Ten  men  from  among  the  weakest  of  the  Company 
were  chosen,  and  ten  others  selected  at  random  so  as  to  make  a  comparative  test. 
At  the  start,  the  first  batch  received  7  lumps  of  sugar,  but  gradually,  the  number 
of  lumpa  were  increased  to  10  and  12.    During  army  manouevrec.  it  was  noticed 
that  the  weight  of  these  men  increased,  whereas,  the  weight  of  those  chosen  at 


44 


random  remained  stationary;  the  physical  condition  and  the  appearance  of  their 
faces  showed  a  marked  improvement ;   on  the  march,  soldiers  quenched  their 
thirst  by  sticking  lumps  of  sugar. 

During  the  period  when  they  are  handling  the  sugar  cane  in  the  West 
Indies,  the  negroes  consume  a  great  deal  of  sugar  at  a  time  when  they  are  doing 
the  hardest  work* 

These  experiments  "bear  out  all  the  physiological  theories  advanced 
on  this  subject* 

The  liver,  "by  means  of  glucogene  elaborates  sugar;  glucose  is  a  sub- 
stance which  is  formed  in  the  cells  by  means  of  amylaceous  elements  and  of 
albumenoid  substances  resulting  from  digestion  of  food* 

When  in  the  blood  of  a  tired  or  fasting  animal  no  sugar  is  found 
and  there  is  oao  trace  of  glucogene  in  its  liver,  it  proves  that  glucose  furnishes 
the  muscular  Machinery,  with  its  material  for  combustion* 

We  therefore  can  make  this  deduction:   That  in  sugar  mixed  with 
food,  the  liver  gets  a  substance  that  has  merely  to  undergo  a  very  simple  chemi- 
cal trans formatltfrn  in  order  to  become  the  "glucose-carbon"  of  muscular  combust- 
ion* 

We  may  therefore  maintain  without  fear  of  contradiction,  that  in  sugar 
a  valuable  substitute  for  alcohol  has  been  fottnd.  With  this  difference,  however: 
That  whereas  alcohol  has  a  corrosive  action  on  the  stomach  bringing  about  fatty 
degeneracy  of  the  liver  and  cerebral  atrophy,  sugar  supplies  food  to  the  system 
and  invigorates  the  muscles. 

By  gradually  increasing  the  quantity  of  sugar  in  the  rations  of  a  soldier 
he  will  get  in  the  habit  of  absorbing  it  in  place  of  alcohol  after  he  leaves  the 
army  and  returns  to  his  home* 


45 


For  several  years  past,  fodder  given  to  animals  has  been  raixtsd  with 
sugar  with  satisfactory  results;  molasses  sugar  is  mixed  with  water,  oil  cakes, 
malted  barley,  and  even  with  substances  of  no  nutritive  value,  such  as  peat. 
Excellent  results  were  achieved;  animals  fattened  in  this  way  showed  remaricablo 
increase  in  weight.    For  this  reason,  there  ought  be  a  considerable  use  for 
sugar  in  this  direction. 

For  the  purpose  .of  advancing  the  interests  of  French  Agriculture  our 
legislators  ought  to  protect  our  agricultural  population  by  inducing  them  to 
remain  on  the  farms  and  prevent  their  exodus  to  the  city  to  a  certain  extent, 
by  framing  laws  which  will  benefit  beet  sugar  growers  and  those  dependent  on 
them,  thus  enabling  our  rural  population  to  maice  a  living  from  the  soil  so 
that  they  will  continue  to  cherish  their  homesteads  and  will  not  be  lured  by 
promises  for  happiness  to  be  found  in  the  cities,  but  by  remaining  on  their- 
farms  help  to  safeguard  the  prosperity  of  France  «•»  our  dear  Fatherland. 


46 

ENGLAND  Page   129 

(OOPY) 

LISTE  GEHERALE  DES  FABRIQUES  de  SPORE.   CAMPAIGN  1911-12. 


Raw  sugar  is  treated  on  tha  basis  established  by  the  Sugar  Associa- 
tion of  London,   an  association  comprising  sellers  and  buyers  of  sugar,   the  head- 
quarters of  which  are   (7-8  Idol  Lane,  London  £.  G.)  . 

We  make   an  extract  from  their  Eules  and  Rgeulations* 

SUGAR  1st*  PRODUCT;       Sugar  will  be  packed  in  bags  made  of  good  material  weighing 
not  less  than  800  grammes   (about  28  ounces)    and  not  more  than  35  ounces  when 
empty.       Weight  of  sugar  will  be  delivered  such  as  it  is  at  the     point  of  un- 
loading with  a  margin  of  2  pounds  per  bag  -  the  bags  will  be  weighed  in  lots 
of  not  less  than  5  at  one   time. 

The  net  analysis  will  be   obtained  in  deducting  from  crystallizable 
sugar  5  times  the  weight  of  the   ashes  and  three  times  the  weight  of  non~srystalliz- 
able  if  this  does  not  exceed  0.253&  or  5  times  the  weight  if  this  exceeds  0.25$ 
for  the   first  product  (for  the  after  products  the  coefficient  is  3  if  the  npn- 
crystallizable  sugar  does  not  exceed  0.50/S  and  will  be  5  if  that  exceeds  0.50). 
If  the  analysis  of  the  sugar  differs  from  that  of  the  seller  by  less  than  1/2 

degree  for  the^irst  Product  or  less  than  one  degree  for  the  after  product,   the 

is 

average  of  the  two  analyses /taken  as  a  basis.       But  if  the  Secretary  or  the  As- 
sociation finds  a  greater  difference,   the  analysis  of  one  of  the   sealed -samples 
is  made  on  the.  spot  by  the  chemist  of  tne  Association  -  at  the  port  of  destina- 
tion,  or  if  absent,  by  the  chemist  of  the  London  Association  and  the  average 
of  the   two  results  that   come  nearest  each  other,   is  taken  as  a  basis. 

If  the  analysis  of  the  vendor  and  the  buyer  of  the  Association 

showthe  same  difference,  the  average  of  the  3  analyses  or  the  foreign  analysis  ex- 
ceeds the  maximum  limit  of  analysis  called  for  by  the  contract,  the  first  shall  be 
considered  equal  to  the  last  so  as  to  determine  prices. 

Payment  will  take   placa  in  London  in  exchange   for  ail  documents 


47 


duly  signed,  bill  of  lading,   insurance  policy,   carrying  freight  and  insuranoe- 
vessel  lost  or  not.     Payment  to  be  the  amount   of  invoice  less  2}£,  the 
balance  is  paid  as  soon  as  the  weighing  and  analysis  have  been  made  after 
unloading  a  shipment. 

The  sugar  must  not  titrate  less  than  86°  net,   foreign  analysis, 
except  in  the   case  as  mentioned  below;     nothing  will  be  paid  for  degrees  above 
92°.       The  sugar  which  proves  to  be  titrating  at  the  firct  analysis  86° 
or  more,  may  be  offered  again  as  a  delivery  even  if  the  new  analysis  does 
not  reach  86",  but  not  less  thaai  84  degrees,  in  which  case  the   degrees  below 
86  are  deducted  at  the   rate  of  3  pence  per  degree,   if  the   foreign  analysis   is 
not  of  recant  date,  but  only  a  half  penny  is  deducted  per  degree   if  a  com- 
parative analysis  is  effected  with  the  buyers.       The  sugar  is  kept   in  readiness 
at  the  port  of  shipment   (         rconth)    in  equal  quantities  (number  of  bags) 

The  regulations,  usages,   statutes  mentioned  above  are  consider- 
ed to  be  integrally  as  part  of  the  present   contract  as  if  they  were  integrally 
embodied  therein. 

The  directors  of  the  Sugar  Association  of  London  are  the 

arbitrators  upon  whom  devolves  the  duty  to  settle  all  controversies.       Beet 
sugar  after  products  basis  75$:         For  these  the  net  analysis   is  made  by  deduct- 
ing from  crystallizable    sugar  5  times  the  weight  of  ashes  and  3  times  the 
weight   on  non~ crystallizable   if  the  proportion  of  this  latter  does  not  exceed 
0.50.       If  it    is   above  0.50  the  coefficient  is  brought  to  5.         If  the  analysis 
of  the    sugar  buyer  made  with   the    first  sealed  sample  differs  from  that  of  the 
seller  by  less  than  one  degree,  the  average  of  the   two  analyses  is   taken 
as  a  basis* 


48 


In  case   the   difference  is  greater  than  one   degree   the   same 
rule  holds  good  as  with  sugar  of  the    I.  Product.        Sugar  (after  Products) 
are    treated  on  the   basis   of  75%  f.   o.   b.   or  c.   i.    f.       Each  degree   ox 
fraction  of  degree  above   and  below  75$  net  analysis  is   credited  to  the   vendor 
or  deducted  at   the   rate  of  1-1/2  penny  per  degree.       The   degrees  below  76 
are   deducted  at  the   rate  of  4-|-  pence  per  degree.        The   contracts  are  also 
subject   to  all   the  rules  and  regulations  as   stipulated  by  the   Sugar  Association 
of  London. 

Refined  Sugar, all  kinds  of  refined  sugar  receive^  from  anywhere 
are    treated  in  harmony  with  the  usages   established  by  the   Refined  Sugar  Asso- 
ciation,   the  members   of  which  are  London  buyers' and  sellers  of   foreign  refined 
sugar.        (See  Rules  and  Contract  conditions  of  th€  Refined  Sugar  Association 
Chesterfield  House  98  Great  Tower  Street,  £•  G. 


49 

PRICE  OF  RAW  BEET  SUGAR. 

RATHKE'S  Adressbuch  der  Zuckerindustrie.   Page  217  -   1911~1912. 

Paragraph  5-  Prices  are  understood  to  be  in  marks  for  50  kg.  net,  F.O.B. 

Hamburg,  including  "bags,  basis  88$  Rendement,  each  degree  or  part  of 
degree  over  or  under  88  is  to  be  calculated  at  the  rate  of  12  1/2  pfennig 
for  the  degree. 

Paragraph  4.   The  rendement  is  ascertained  by  deducting  from  the  Polarization  the  con- 

I  tainment  of  ashes  5  tines  and  any  eventual  non  crys tall i sable  sugar 

3  times,  if  the  weight  thereof  does  not  exceed  0.25  and  five  times  it  it 
exceeds  this  up  to  0»50 

II  The  rendement  ought  to  be  between  92  to  96°  and  should  be  ac- 
companied by  a  certificate  signed  by  an  official  German  Chemist  or  an 
official  Chemist  of  the  country  of  origin,  said  certificate  to  be  furnished 
by  the  vendor;  if  the  sugar  is  over  92°  further  degrees  over  92  are  not 
taken  into  consideration  and  for  the  fixing  of  prices  92°  is  the  equivalent 
standard. 

Sugar  that  only  tritrates  86  to  84°  and  that  ultimately  proved 


between  86  and  84  will  be  fixed  at  25  pfennig  per  degree. 

In  the  case  of  deliveries  of  sugar  that  tstrate  under  84  degrees, 
as  well  as  that  having  an  invert  containment  -  the  Exchange  Arbitration 
Court  will  determine  the  price. 

Ill  The  certificates  of  analysis  must  show  that  the  sugar  has  been 

tested  relatively  to  non  crystallizable  sugar  and  water.   Invert  sugar 
under  0.05  is  to  be  indicated  in  the  certificate  as  if  non  existing  and  to 
be  noted  by  a  sign  thus:  0.0. 


50 

Paragraph  5.  The  certificates  of  analysis  must  be  of  recent  date  -  not  older 

than  eight  months  -  dated  from  the  first  day  of  being  used  along  with  1st 
bona  fide  delivery. 

Samples  which  fora  the  basis  of  certificates  of  analysis  must  not 
be  older  than  three  months,  from  the  day  th3y  were  sampled  from  the  bulk 
of  sugar  contemplated  for  delivery* 


EXCERPT  FROM  DR.  RttMPLER'3  HAKDBUOH  PER  ZUOKERFABRIKATION 
pages  401-402* 


Sugar  coming  from  the  Centrifugal  Apparatus  is  hoisted 
to  a  more  elevated  portion  of  the  building  (sugar  room)  where  it  is 
prepared  for  sale. 

Let  us  imagine  this  sugar  to  be  composed  of  pure  sugar  and 
molasses  (100  per  cent  pure)    for  in  the  Refinery  this  sugar  is  divided 
into  ''Sugar"  and.  Molasses  -  the  more  syrup  this  sugar  contained  the 
more  molasses  it  will  yield  on  being  refined. 

Although  molasses  possesses  a  fixed  relatively  high  market- 
able value  it  is  not  taken  into  account  nor  is  it  paid  for  as  long  as 
it   ia  mixed  with  sugar.       We  know  that  the  beet  molasses  contains  on  an  av- 
erage,  five  times  as  much  sugar  as  it  does  molasses. 

Theoretically,   the  trading  people  will  only  pay  for  chemically 
pure  sugar  and  they  therefore  deduct  from  the  sugar   content  of  raw  sugar 
five  times  the  amount  of  ashes  contained  which  corresponds  to  the  quantity 
of  sugar  contained  in  the  shape  of  molasses. 

Formerly,  when  the  export  bounty  was  refunded  by  Excise  authori- 
ties twice  or  three  times  as  high  as  the  price  of  molasses,  traders  found 
it  advantageous  to  leave  as  much  as  possible  of  the  molasses  in  the    sugar, 
today,   if  any  molasses  is  left  in  the  sugar,   it   is  practically  donated  to 
the  refineries. 

Sugar  obtained  from  the   original  massecuite  is  called  1st. 
product;     sugar  obtained  from  the  syrup  is  called  after-product  and  so 
on,  2nd  and  3rd  product. 


52 


As  mentioned  before,   the  refinery  as  well  as  the  middle-man 
when  they  buy  raw  sugar  pay  only  for  that  quantity  of  sugar  which  they 
consider  as  obtainable  in  a  chemically  pure  state  and  deduct  from  the 
sugar  content  that  had  been  ascertained  by  polarization,  five  times  the 
quantity  ofashes  contained  in  the    sugar;     the  figure  that  remains  is  des- 
ignated as  Rendement. 

This  Rendement  fluctuates  naturally  between  certain  limits; 
all  sugar  people  therefore  have  agreed  to  take  as  a  basis  for  the  calcula- 
tion of  prices  for  the  two  most  important  classes  of  sugar  -  an  average 
of  rendement  and  to  pay  a  basic  price  for  it« 

For  a"plus  or  minus11  a  "special"  rebate  of  12J-  Pfg.  for 
each  per  cent  pee  50  Kg.  is  allowed  (2.97  cents  for  every  110  Ibs)   equal 
to  2.7  cents  for  every  100  Ibs. 

This  mean  rendement  is  fixed  on  the  basis  of  88  per  cent 
for  the  1st.  product  and  on  the  basis  of  75  per  cent  for  after  products. 

These  figures  form  the  basis  for  price  calculations;     it  is 
therefore  commonly  said,  we  trade  for  1st.  product  on  the  basis  of  88; 

"       2nd.       "  "       "         "       "  75; 

For  instance  a  I.  product  has  95  per  cent  of  sugar  and  0«84  per  cent  ashes  - 
its  rendement  is  therefore  95  minus  5  x  0*84  *  90 •  8  and  let  us  suppose 
the  basic  price  for  50  Kg.  agreed  on  is  10.85M(|2.58)  the  price  would  be 
calculated  as  follows:- 
Basic  price 10.85 

Add  90.3  -  88  »  2*80  plus  Rendement  at  12.5 ».  0*55 

11.20     =  $3.09  per  110 


53 


For  sugar  traded  in.  on  the  basis  of  88,  no  payment  (unless  the 
buyer  chooses)   can  be  demanded  if  it  has  a  lower  renderaent  than  86  - 
sometimes  sugar  of  a  high  percentage  is  traded  in  on  the   basis  of  92 
but  must  not  be  delivered  below  91s 
Example; 

% 

Basic  price  (basis)   92 11.30 

Rendemant  93.6  =  1.6  plus  Rend,  at  20 Q.g2 

11.62  Mk.=   ($2.76) 

Invert  sugar  and  alkalinity  have  to  be  considered.       Sugar  that  contains 
0.05$  or  more  Invert  Sugar  is  not  to  be  considered  as  being  normally  marts  table* 
The  buyer  has  the  right  to  accept  delivery  of  such  sugar;     should  he,  how- 
ever, consent  to  accept  it  he  must  be  credited  with  five  times  the  amount,  i.e. 
five  times  the  amount 'of  Invert  Sugar  has  to  be  deducted. 

5  z  0*05  =  0.25$  to  be  deducted  from  the  Rendemant. 

Sugar  that  under  such  conditions  has  been  refused  has  to  be  made 
good  by  the  seller  in  making  delivery  of  sugar  that  comes  up  to  the  required 
standard. 

Now  let  us  consider  its  external  qualities  that  may  influence  the 
price  and  that  may  be  due  to  the  method  employed  in  its  manufacture.  The 
grain  of  the  sugar  ought  to  be  sharply  defined,  glistening  -  and  to  be  as 
uniform  as  possible. 

1)  Mealy  particles  adhering  to  the  crystal  and  dull  grain  are  liable  to 
render  the   sugar  entirely  unfit  for  the  refiners  use. 

2)  Its  color  should  be  light  and  merge  into  a  yellowish  tint  -  a  reddish, 
reddish  brown  or  grey  tint,  indicates  iron  in  the  sugar  and  a  faulty  saturation. 

3)  Good  sugar  must  be   dry  to  the  touch  and  not   sticky.     Viscosity  to  the 


54 


touch  indicates  an  unfavorable  composition  of  its  non-sugary  elements. 
(  A  lot  of  sugar  ia  called.  500  bags  at  100  Kg.  a  bag) 

Two  lots  of  equal  rendement  may  each  have  a  different  value  for  the 
refiners  according  to  tha  contents  of  organic  non-sugar  -  and  the  composition 
of  tha  latter  ~  and  this  may  influence  the   oasic  prices, 

L  refinery  will  grant  a  higher  basic  price  for  bright  glistening  dry 
sugar  than  for  grey,  dull  and  viscous  sugar. 

The  usual  difference  between  I.  &  II.  Product  is  as  follows: 
Basis  88 1         If  I.  Product  is  11  marks,  then  II.  Product  (basis  75) 
will  cost  9  Marks,  or  a  II.  product  basis  68,  will  be  M. 10. 625  =  ($2.53) 

The  quality  of  sugar  that   is  kept  in  stock  for  a  long  time  diminishes 
until  finally  it  will  contain  an  appreciable  quantity  of  Invert  Sugar. 

Ehenolyphtalei'nio    alkalinity  diminishes  in  sugar  kept  in  stock, 
as  long  as  phenolphtalale'inic  Alkalinity  is  present  in  the  sugar,  little 
Invert  sugar  will  be  found;     but  as  soon  as  an  acid  reaction  occurs,  the  ca- 
pacity for  reduction  increases.       The  diminution  of  Alkalinity  and  the 
phenomena  of  disintegration  and  decomposition  are  due  to  the  presence  of 
Micro-organisms  which  are   found  in  sugar  and  are  able   to  resist  a  low  degree 
of  alkalinity. 

It  is  therefore  important,   if  we  wish  that  sugar  should  keep  - 
to  takfi  care  whilst  manufacturing  to  impart  to  it  a  sufficient  degree  of  al- 
kalinity seeing  tfiat  the   sugar  possesses  a  sterility  that  will  prevent  the 
development  of  ever  present  fungi.         This  is  in  a  large  measure  attained 
by  keeping  the  sugar  store-room  clean  also  by  letting  the   freshly  made  sugar 
cool  rapidly.       Experience  has  taught  us  that  sugar  will  keep  better  In  baga 


55 


that  stored  in  loose  heaps;     it   should  be  "bagged  as  soon  as  feasible  and 
stored  in  a  warehouse   that   is  well  ventilated,  and  it  will  keep  better  if 
stored  in  this  way,  "because   the  rapidly  changing  temperature  prevents   the 
development   of  fungi.       In  wooden  warehouses  it  does  not  keep  so  well  and 
it  is  worse  when  stored  in  stone  buildings 


(Translation  from  the  Italian) 

EXCERPT  raOM  ^miARIO  STATISTICO  ITALIANO  1911.  PAGE  102. 


Why  do  statisticians  differ  about  acreage  quantities  of  beets? 
Because  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture  reports  the  number  of  acres  planted 
to  beets;      then  the   acreage  harvested  and  beets  weighed  in  the   field,  then 
the  sugar  factory  weighs  the  beets  again,   and  then  the  Minister  of  Finance 
gets  them  weighed  so  as  to  calculate  the  excise  tax.       But   if  you  take 
the  two  reports  and  take  the  average,   you  will  be  correct. 


56 


EXCSRPT  FROM  BLOTTER  FOR  ZUGKBHRtfeEITBAU.   FEBRUARY  28.    1911.  p. 61, 

IS  BBBT  CULTURS  THREATENED  AND  BY 
WHAT? 

By 

Dr.  von  Eiiraker. 

The  labor  question  is  one  of  the  elements  endangering  beet  culture, 
Laborers  who  used  to  live  near  the  beet  -fields  have  gone  in  large  numbers 
to  the  cities  to  worlc  in  the  various  industries  and  this  \vas  the  main  cause 
that  forced  us  to  bring  laborers  from  a  distance  for  the  season,  also,  as 
beet  culture  was  extended,  we  had  to  get  large  numbers  from  abroad.   Ever- 
increasing  wages  had  to  be  paid  to  "season  laborers"  and  could  not  be  -with- 
held from  native  laborers  working  by  the  year  and  even  in  that  case  they 
could  not  be  induced  to  stay  permanently  on  the  farm. 

It  is  getting  more  and  more  difficult  to  get  laborers  -  breaches 
of  contract  occur  more  frequently  •*  and  the  cost  of  procuring  labor  becomes 
more  and  more  exdrbitant,  and  it  is  therefore  out  of  the  question  to  reduce 
the  expenditure  in  connection  with  cultivating  oeets  by  approved  methods* 
What  should  worry  us  most  is  the  fact  that  we  are  becoming  more  dependent 
on  foreign  countries  for  our  labor  supply  -  and  at  that,  we  have  serious 
competition  to  contend  with.   If  our  neighboring  countries  should,  for 
some  reason  or  another,  decide  to  close  their  frontiers  preventing  immigra- 
tion to  our  beet  fields,  disastrous  consequences  would  ensue  not  only  for 
German  beet  culture  but  for  German  agriculture  in  general,  and  our  whole 
economic  life  would  be  subjected  to  a  great  upheaval. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  important  and  weightiest  questions  which  con- 
fronts not  only  German  agriculture,  but  the  whole  nation  and  forms  an  im- 


57 


portant  item  in  National  social  problems.   Another  danger  threatens  the 
Beet  Sugar  Industry,  arid  that  is  the  difficulty  of  raarketing  the  sugar. 

This  is  the  situation:   We  produce  far  more  sugar  than  we  consume 
and  foreign  countries  take  little  of  our  sugar,  it  being  dislodged  by  com- 
petition,  On  account  of  material  losses  and  interest  on  capital  invested, 
we  cannot  indefinitely  store  our  sugar,  and  the  question  naturally  arises: 
Can  we  effect  a  decrease  in  our  beet  acreage?    It  is  not  desirable  that 
this  be  done,  for  the  revenue  for  the  government  would  be  diminished  and 
agriculture  in  general  would  be  prejudiced  by  a  decrease  of  other  crops  - 
to  prove  this  we  must  ask:  "Why  is  beet  culture  an  important  factor  to 
Agriculture? 

Not  only  was  the  fear  that  the  extension  of  the  area  for  beet  cul- 
ture would  diminish  our  chances  to  feed  our  population  with  home  grown  ce- 
reals, without  foundation,  but  the  introduction  of  beet  culture  has  even 
contributed  to  increase  the  yield  of  the  following  cereal  crops:-* 

Increase  over  Normal. 

(per  acre  1764  to  2,425  pounds  Wheat,   800  Kgs 1100  Kg.  per  ha« 

(  "   "    1322  to  1,764   "    Rye,     600  M   800  "   "   H 

(  »   »    2204  to  3,036   "    Barley,  1000  "   1400  H   "   '• 

{  "   "    1322  to  1,764   "    Oats,   .600  "   800  "   "   " 

This  has  proved  to  be  the  case  on  the  average  of  numerous  farms 
investigated.   This  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  beets  require  a  great 
deal  of  care,  diligent  work,  fertilizer  and  constant  attention;  also  by 
the  fact  that  with  beet  culture,  nothing  but  the  hydrates  of  carbon,  sugar 
starch,  etc.,  all  consisting  of  carbon,  hydrogen  and  oxygen,  are  oarried 
away  from  the  farm,  all  of  which  are  drawn  from  the  atmosphere.   Whereas, 
the  nutritive  mineral  elements  absorbed  by  the  plant  from  the  soil  in  the 
shape  of  by-products  and  residue  from  agricultural  and  industrial  estab- 
lishments who  manufacture  sugar,  alcohol  and  starch,  are  returned  to  the 


58 


soil  and  the  grower  gets  also  the  benefit  of  the  residue  fron  slices,  mo- 
lasses, scum,  beet  leaves,  tops,  pulp,  etc.    This  static  element  leads 
to  a  permanent  improvement  of  the  soil  preventing  its  exhaustion  and  in- 
directly enriching  it;  all  the  fodder  obtained  from  by-products  being  rich 
in  nutritive  substances  it  enables  the  beet  grower  to  keep  live-stock  and 
get  an  abundant  supply  of  manure.    Hot  only  the  acreage  planted  to  beets, 
but  also  the  acreage  planted  to  cereals,  could  thus  be  fertilized  with  more 
and  better  manure.    By  adopting  a  rotation  of  hoed  crops  with  cereals  the 
soil  became  more  fertile  and  yielded  cereals  more  abundantly. 

Hoed  crops,  especially  beets,  required  deeper  ploughing  and  were  the 
cause  of  steam  ploughs  being  introduced,  causing  a  flourishing  industry  for 
a  special  class  of  agricultural  machinery  to  grow  up.   Beet  culture  has  not 
only  industrialized  agricultural  estates  on  which  it  is  carried  on,  but  as 
said  before,  it  has  been  the  main  factor  and  nucleus  for  manufacturing  ag- 
ricultural machinery. 

In  consequence  of  deep  plowing  for  beet  culture  a  richer  fertilizer 
was  needed  so  as  to  prevent  the  subsoil  from  being  starved,  and  this  was 
not  only  beneficial  to  the  beet,  but  to  all  cereals  planted  in  rotation  so 
that  when  the  turn  of  the  beet  came  again,  a  vigorous  soil  and  not  an  ex- 
hausted one  was  there  to  receive  it. 

Thus,  in  fertilizing  richly  for  the  beet,  other  crops  benefited 
by  it  in  rotation.   The  many  improvements  introduced  into  the  technique 
of  agricultural  production  put  nature  in  the  background  and  brought  the 
other  two  productive  factors,  namely,  work  and  capital,  prominently  forward. 
To  this  preponderence  of  labor,  aided  by  capital  over  Nature,  was  due  a 
higher  anrt  more  uniform,  also  a  surer  harvest  of  all  cereals  and  to  an  in- 


59 


crease  in  the  general- yield.   But  not  only  agriculture  was  furthered,  cattle 
raising,  owing  to  the  vast  quantities  of  fodder  furnished,  increased  in 
number* 

The  extraordinary  demand  for  draught  horses  and  oxen  brought  a.bout 
the  raising  of  powerful  oxen  and  horses  that  had  to  be  procured  from  a 
distance. 

Thus  the  influence  of  beet  culture  was  very  far  reaching,  prompt- 
ing stock  raising,  increasing  meat  production;  beet  culture  helped  to  in- 
crease freights  in  coal,  beet  slices,  molasses,  sugar  lime  fertilizers  of 
different  kinds,  machinery,  seedo,  meat  and  cattle* 

Organized  farm  management  and  new  methods  of  agriculture  have  been 
favorably  influenced  by  beet  culture. 

Capital  and  labor  went  hand  in  hand,  resulting  in  astonishingly 
high  yields  which  in  favorable  beet  and  sugar  campaigns  brought  in  respect- 
able net  profits.   A  beet  farm  assumed  the  character  of  a  busines  or  an 
industrial  establishment. 

A  complicated  method  of  book-keeping  had  to  be  adopted  by  agricul- 
turists in  connection  with  the  principal  branches  of  farming*   Farmers 
learned  to  take  advantage  of  favoraoie  markets,  errors  of  the  past  were 
recognized;  they  learned  to  avoid  losses  and  grasp  profits,  in  fact,  farmers 
became  alert,  versatile,  and  got  rid  of  old-fashioned  methods  to  which  they 
had  been  clinging  so  long  with  bucolic  tenacity. 

Germany  made  vast  strides  in  beet  culture,  for  whereas,  in  the 
beginning  18  to  20  centners  of  beets  were  required  to  produce  one  centner 
of  sugar,  only  5  to  6  centners  are  now  necessary  to  produce  the  same  amount 
of  sugar;  that  is  to  say,  the  sugar  content  of  beets  were  in  the  beginning 


60 


5  to  6$,  whereas,  now,  in  consequence  of  scientific  culture,  they  nave 

been  so  developed  that  they  contain  20  to  25%  sugar  and  nearly  every  factory 

asks  for  beets  of  16$. 

Side  by  aide  with  beet  culture  on  a  scientific  basis,  technical 
improvements  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar  make  it  possible  to  vastly  increase 
the  amount  of  sugar  extracted  from  the  raw  material. 

If  we  take  all  this  into  consideration  we  find  that  sugar  beet 
culture  was  doubtless  one  of  the  most  important  levers  in  bringing  about 
a  tremendous  progress  of  German  agriculture  as  a  whole»  and  even  now,  sugar 
beet  culture  is,  as  it  were,  the  high  school  of  intensive  agriculture,  or 
rather  beet  culture  is  an  agricultural  industry  and  is.  the  foundation  and 
strongest  support  for  cultivating  heavy  soils. 

For  lighter  soils,  potato  culture  is  one  of  the  same  importance. 
Whosoever  therefore  attempts  to  put  the  ax  to  our  hoed  crops  endangers  our 
whole  agricultural  production  and  the  possibility  to  supply  at  home  our 
need  in  bread  and  meat* 

Shall  we  allow  this  to  be  done?   Ko,  and  emphatically  no*   The 
Government  cannot  allow  the  successful  cultivation  of  beets  and  hoed  crops 
to  be  interfered  with,  for  not  only  would  a  respectable  amount  of  taxes  be 
lost  for  the  Government  -  but  a  general  depression  in  the  receipts  of  the 
total  production  of  agricultural  (raw)  material  necessary  for  clothing  and 
feeding  people  would  take  place;  a  consequent  diminishing  of  railroad 
freights,  and  small  farmers  and  owners  of  large  estates  all  over  Germany  would 
feel  the  effects  of  an  attack  on  beet  culture  and  hoed  crops* 


oOo 


61 

BEET  ma  VEST 

-  By- 

X.  BUHGTORF. 


TXCERPT  FROM  BLOTTER  Ftfe  ZUCKERR^BElfBAU.  JUNE  15th.  1911. 

Raw  sugar  faccories  require  at  the  out  set  .{the  beginning  of  the  cam- 
paign) that  sufficient  beets  be  delivered  so  as  to  have  a  continuous  supply 
on  hand* 

Whether  they  be  factories  that  use  beets  exclusively  that  are  planted 
by  themselves,  or  use  shareholders'  beets,  or  as  the  case  may  be,  operate  with 
purchase  beets,  in  any  case  the  beet  planter  has  to  start  pulling  the  beete 
whether  the  proper  stage  of  maturity  has  been  reached  or  not. 

There  are  many  reasons  why  the  beet  sugar  factory  cannot  delay  the 
campaign  until  all  the  beets  have  reached  maturity  because  climatic  conditions 
have  preponderating  influences  on  the  ripening  of  the  beets  -  which  the  factory 
cannot  take  into  account  so  as  to  work  over  the  quantity  at  hand  at  the  proper 
time.   On  the  other  hand,  planters  are  compelled  to  start  pulling  beets  early 
so  that  if  bad  weather  sets  in  they  may  finish  the  work  before  winter.  Often, 
the  rotation  of  crops,  clearing  up  of  the  fields  for  work  on  the  following  crop, 
the  gathering  of  leaves  and  topping,  are  items  which  induce  the  planter  to  start 
the  pulling  of  beets  regardless  of  the  stage  of  maturity  which  has  been  reached. 
Of  course,  weight  of  beets  will  be  naturally  reduced;  if  harvested  too  soon 
and  if  the  weather  during  the  suraaer  was  unfavorable. 

The  beet,  by  reason  of  its  luxuriant  foliage  absorbs  during  mid- 
summer, vast  quantities  of  water;  if  this  is  lacking,  then  many  nutritive  elements 
will  remain  in  the  soil  that  otherwise  would  be  utilised  by  the  roots;  nutrition 
of  .the  beet  through  the  root  becomes  more  active  towards  the  Fall  in  conse- 


62 


quence  of  an  abundance  of  humidity.and  a  vigorous  growth  sets  in  at  a  time  when 

pulling  is  in  full  swing. 

The  increase  in  the  size  of  the  beet  "between  the  middle  of  September 

and  the  end  of  October,  is  very  noticeable- 
Professor  Gerlaoh  shows  in  the  following  table  the  development  of 

the  beet  between  the  17th  of  September  and  the  end  of  October. 

Sugar  Per  Cent.  Dz.  Sugar. 

Harvest  17th  Sept. 

A       318.8  Dz.  Beets  per  Ha.  17.4 

B       314.1     "       "  "       "  18.1 

C       319.5     "       "  "       "  18*4 

D       358.1     "       "  "       "  15.6 

Harvest  7th  October. 

A       391.0  Dz.  Beets  per  Ha.  16.6  64'. 9. 

B       373.1     "       "  I1       "  17.2  64.0 

0       359.1     "       "  "       "  18.5  66.3 

D       420.8     "       «  »       «  15.4  64.8 

Harvest  End  of  October. 

A      424.6  Dz.  Beets  per  Ha.  17*5  74.1 

B       422.2     "       «'  «       "  17.9  75.4 

C       399.9     w       "  »       n  18.8  74.9 

D       430.2     «       "  "       »  15.4  66.3 


Thus,  an  average  of  17.8  per  cent  beets  and  14.7  per  cent  sugar  is 
obtained  between  17th  September  and  7th  of  October. 

27.9$  Beets  and  282$  sugar     between  17th  Sept.   (end  Oct.) 
8.6$     w  "     11.8$     »  *  7th  Oct.   to  end  Oct. 

These  are  figures  which  require  careful  consideration. 

The  majority  of  the  raw  sugar  factories  in  Central  Germany  start  ope- 
rations with  beets  about  the  middle  of  September  or  beginning'  of  October.     Al- 
though beet  pulling  has  started,  yet  it  is  in  the  power  of  the  Overseer  or  Mana- 
ger to 'so  arrange  the  pulling  that  only  the  quantity  necessary  for  immediate 
purposes  is  pulled  and  to  enmloy  his  laboring   staff  on  other  farm  work,  with  the 


63 


view  of  putting  all  his  available  laborers  to  work  later  on  in  the  beet  fields 

" 
and  use  them  exclusively  in  this  direction. 

The  pulling  of  beets  is  considered  as  one  of  the  most  laborious  tasks 
to  be  done  in  the  filed;  -  by  reason  of  the  frequent  changes  of  weather  this  task 
is  rendered  still  more  difficult,  so  that  a  fair  and  adequate  remuneration  has 
to  be  given  to  them  (the  laborer).   Moat  of  the  time,  this  work  is  done  by  contract; 
the  men  are  employed  in  groups  of  3  and  5,  and  they  are  of  about  the  same  build 
and  equal  in  physical  capacity,  it  is  not  advisable  to  let  stronger  and  weaker 
laborers  work  together,  as  the  stronger  ones  will  not  exert  themselves  to  the 
fullest  extent,  and  the  weaker  ones,  may,  through  over-exertion,  become  sick  or 
incapacitated  for  a  considerable  time. 

Where  whole  families'  are  employed  in  pulling  beets,  it  would  be  well 
to  let  them  work  toge.ther  as  there  is  a  possibility  to  utili2e  the  children  for 
some  of  the  lighter  work.  With  a  little  experience,  larger  children  may  attend 
to  the  topping,  help  in  the  slloeing,  collecting  leaves,  etc. 

Beet  pulling  has  been  done  most  satisfactorily  by  women  and  girls;  even 
men  experienced  in  other  branches  of  agriculture  do  not  reach  the  degree  of  effi- 
ciency as  manifested  by  girls,  so  that  a  goodly  number  of  strong  able-bodied 
young  women  are  valuable  assistants  to  a  farm  manager  who  has  a  considerable  area 
under  beet  cultivation* 

It  is  very 'important  that  good  seed  should  be  used  so  as  to  insure 
a  satisfactory  harvest;  there  is  no  other  crop  in  which  greater  care  is  re- 
quired in  the  purchase  of  seed  than  the  sugar  beet.   Beet  growers  should  insist 
upon  getting  the  seed  of  the  last  preceding  season  accompanied  by  a  custonary 
certificate  of  seed  testing  station  and  always  inquire  into  the  reputation  and 
otanding  of  the  house  from  which  you  Intend  to  buy  the  seedo 


64 

(translation  from  the  German)  Page  211. 

EXCERPT  FROM  BLATTER  JTOR  ZUCKERRUBENBAU.  JULY  14  &  15.   1911. 

« 

LECTURE  BY 

•  X.  Stoermer,   Saxonia-Thuringia 
Association  of  the  German  Sugar 
Industry Halle . 

MEASURES  010  BE  TAKEN  TO  SECURE  TTEAT.THY  BEETS  AHD  A  GOOD  HELD  PER  HECTARE. 

Gent  lemon  ?- 

We  all  know  that  we  follow  with  great  anxiety  the  development  of 
beet  culture  not  only  because  the  Industry  is  intimately  connected  with  any 
success  that  may  attend  it,  but  because  of  oonrolaints  made  on  all  sides  regarding 
decreased  yield  and  the  fear  of  that  great  bugbear,  beet  fatigue* 

Formerly,  a  great  deal  more  than  200  Ctr.  per  hectare  was  produced, 
but  at  present,  180  Ctr*'  is  the  average,  and  22046  pounds  per  acre  is  seldom 
reached.   This  is  true  in  many  regions,  and  it  will  be  interesting  to  analyze 
the  causes  of  the  diminished  yield* 

We  must  consider  three  stages  in  beet  culture.    In  starting  to 
plant  beets  on  virgin  soil  the  yield  during  the  first  year  will  not  be  very  high, 
but  as  soon  as  the  soil  is  properly  prepared,  the  yield  increases  and  remains 
on  a  level  during  a  number  of  years.  Sooner  or  later,  however,  an  altitude  of 
production  is  reached,  and  then  the  yield  decreases  notwithstanding  that  no  change 
was  made  in  manuring  and  fertilizing  the  fields. 

A  striking  example  is  furnished  by  Hungary.    I  had  an  opportunity 
to  compare  the  yields  obtained  there  during  a  period  of  20  years  and  found 
that  the  first  10  to  15  years  enormous  yields  were  obtained  from  virgin  soil, 


65 


without  the  aid  of  manure  or  fertilizer  (over  200  Ctr.  per  Ha.),  but  lately, 
Shis  yield  has  decreased  and  the  farmers  there  feared  the  occurrence  of  beet 
fatigue.  But  this  fear  is  not  well  founded  because  the  diminished  yield  is 
dus  to  exhaustion  and  if  the  beet  cannot  draw  from  the  soil  nutritive  elements 
the  yield  will  naturally  be  low.  However,  this  does  not  affect  the  yield  of 
other  rotatory  crops. 

My  conclusions  are,  and  I  may  say  I  am  almost  convinced,  that,  three 
periods  are  easily  noticed  in  all  beet  districts. 
1)    The  rapid  rise  in  yield  to  the  highest  point; 
2) )   A  relative  short  period  for  the  highest  yield  reached:  and 
3)    A  gradual  decrease  in  yield. 

We  must  however,  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  within  the  last 
15  or  20  years  we  have  made  considerable  progress  in  improving  the  beet  and 
getting  it  richer  in  sugar  content  from  year  to  year.    By  the  introduction 
of  new  methods  in  culture  and  by  careful  .selection,  we  have  been  enabled  to 
produce  a  beet  with  16%  to  1Q%  sugar  as  against  13  to  15$  in  1890. 

It  must  be  pointed  out  that  there  is  a  possibility  that  a  periodical 
increase  and  decrease  of  the  yield  may  occur.  This  fact  has  been  established  in 
connection  with  other  hoed  plants  and  we  may  safely  assume  that  this  would  be  the 
case  with  beets.  It  all  depends  on  periodical  climatic  conditions,  especially 
in  relation  to  the  amount  of  rain- fall. 

Every  30  to  35  years,  there  occurs  a  maximum  and  a  minimum  rain- 
fall, and  if  we  were  to  construct  a  5-yearly  chart,  we  would  find  that  the  sugar 
beet  yield  would  move  within  this  curve.   There  is  a  well  founded  "reason  for 
attributing  this  periodical  fluctuation  in  climatic  conditions  to  a  simultaneous 
periodical  recurrence  of  spots  in  the  sun.    It  is  therefore  likely  that  we  may 


66 


just  have  passed  a  period  of  the  minimum  yield  and  that  we  shall  have  "better 
harvests  in  the  near  future,  if  it  ia  true  that  w?  are  to  have  a  period  of  greater 
humidity  from  1918  on. 

Each  experiment  station  is  making  efforts  to  raise  a  beet  that 

Quicker 
would  attain  its  maturity  easily;  but  it  has  been  found  out  that  the/  the  beet 

matures  the  richer  it  will  be  in  sugar.   My  own  experiments  have  proved  that 
beets  raised  under  different  climatic  conditions  such  as  are  grown  in  Hungary, 
and  southern  Russia,  will  have  differing  stages  of  growth. 

Now  let  us  turn  to  the  quality  and  characteristics  of  the  Beet  seed. 
What  are  the  latest  results  obtained  in  relation  to  the  healthy  condition  of  the 
seed  and  the  yield  of  sugar  beets  to  be  obtaired  therefrom? 

It  is  well  Known  that  the  sugar  beet  harvest  depends  largely  upon 
the  qualities  inherent  in  the  seed.   I  have  been  able  to  prove  this  point  in 
the  case  of  potatoes;  in  the  case  of  sugar  beets  we  have  not  been  able  as  yet 
to  give  exact  proofs,  but  we  have  no  doubt  about  being  able  to  furnish  them 
in  the  near  future*   A  healthy  beet  seed  is  equivalent  to  half  the  harvest, 
especially  when  its  germination  is  rapid,  vigorous  and  healthy.   It  has  also 
been  pointed  out  that  the  beet  balls  are  afflicted  with  parasites  and  that  it 
would  be  advisable  to  kill  these  parasites  before  sowing  the  seed. 

It  has  been  established  long  ago,  that  there  are  germs  of-  certain 
fungi  on  beet  balls  that  later  produce  diseases  in  the  beet  *  we  have  learned 
recently,  however,  that  there  are  millions  of  germs  of  the  Phoma  Betac  fungus 
on  the  healthiest  beet  balls.   If  conditions  in  regard  to  soil,  fertilizer, 
water  and  nutritition  in  general,  and  the  weather, are  favorable,  the  presence 
of  a  fungus  on  beet  balls  is  of  no  consequence,  but  If  these  conditions  are  un- 
favorable, then  there  are  in  every  soil,  enough  parasitical  germs  so  as  to 
discount  the  number  of  fungi  that  may  exist  on  the  beet  ball.     Consequently, 


67 

we  consider  the  question  of  disinfecting  the  beet  balls  or  the  shelling  thereof 
more  from  a  physiological  point  of  view  than  on  account  of  its  value  as  a  germ- 
destroying  means* 

Kuhle  Gunsleben  were  the  first  to  shell  the  seeds,  but  of  late,  sev  ** 
eral  firms  have  done  it.   It  is  well  known  that  a  beet  ball  contains  several 
germ  producing  units  that  are  intimately  grown  together  with  its  pericarp  and 
are  surrounded  by  a  cork-like  cover;  the  layers  of  cork  have  a  physiological 
importance,  for  they  serve  during  the  germinating  period  as  water- at oting  organs, 
and  are  not  essential  to  the  life  of  the  seed  and  may  be  removed  without  danger  to 
the  germ,  it  self*    This  removal  takes  place  mechanically  by  means  of  a  set  of 
wire  burshes  or  crushers,  or  chemically,  by  means  of  concentrated  sulfuric  acid. 
But  I,  for.  myself ,  doubt  whether  the  absolute  germinating  capacity  of  seeds  can 
be  improved  thereby. 

It  is  true  that  seed  thus  treated  will  germinate  more  rapidly,  es- 
pecially in  dry  ground,  but  few  of  the  growers  have  as  yet  used  shelled  seed. 
Our  own  experiments  have  shown  us  that  we  contribute  likewise  towards  a  rapid 
germination,  if, before  sowing, the  beet  balls  are  allowed  to  soak  in  water  say 
from  12  to  20  hours.    For  prevention  of  root  blight,  the  seed  is  often  treated 
with  a  1/2%  solution  of  carbolic  acid.    We  found  that  seed  thus  treated  snowed 
better  results  than  an  equal  quantity  of  seed  that  had  not  been  so  treated,  but 
we  proved  at  the  same  time,  that  the  health  and  the  development  of  the  plant 
was  still  better  if  the  seed  was  soaked  in  pore  water  only* 

If,  as  is  often  the  case  in  Saxony,  the  soil  is  dry,  then  seed  that  had  a 
preliminary  soaking  in  water  is  to  be  recommended. 

Professor  Hollrung,  characterizes  the  importance  we  may  attach  to 
root  blight  as  an  infantile  disease  peculiar  to  beet  culture,  and  that  we  find 
it  more  frequently  in  the  early  stages  than  after  a  certain  development.  In 


68 

some  books  we  find  assertions  that  root  "blight  occurs  exclusively  in  a  soil 
poor  in  lime,  and  that  it  disappears  as  soon  as  the  necessary  amount  of  line 
is  introduced;  "but  this  assertion  has  only  partly  been  verified  by  experience. 
It  is  absolutely  necessary  to  fight  off  this  disease,  and  I  will  give 
you  a  practical  example  so  as  to  show  you  how  to  proceed.   A  beet  grower, 
having  land  with  a  clayey  soil,  at  Eisdorf,  near  Lutzen,  had  hitherto  fertilized 
as  was  customary  -  with  stable  manure,  Chilean  Nitrate  and  Hypophosphate • 
potash  and  lime  were  not  considered.    He  was  successful  in  raising  crops  on 
all  his  land  -  only  his  beet  fields  were  attacked  by  root  blight*   Although 
the  beets  germinated  well,  the  young  beetlets  were  almost  decimated  by  root 
blight  and  the  development  of  such  plants  as  were  not  attacked  was  defective. 
Dr.  Euchinger,  at  present  scientific  assistant  of  the  Biological  Institute  at 
Amani,  German  East  Africa,  has  helped  greatly  in  carrying  on  these  experiments 
which  proved  that  when  &  plot  of  ground  only  yielded  74  Eg.  without  lime  and 
potash  -  on  a  neighboring  plot  of  the  same  dimensions  and  similar  soil  with 
lime  and  potash.  193  Kg.  of  beets  were  obtained;  but  in  addition  to  lime  and 
potash,  phosphoric  acid  and  nitrogen  was  necessary. 

We  therefore  conclude  that  the  lack  of  any  element  of  nutrition  per- 
mits the  occurrence  of  root  blight  and  that  this  is  entirely  neutralized  by  the 
mixing  of  potassium  and.  lime  with  other  fertilizer  and  a  good  supply  Of  all 
elements  of  nutrition  are  necessary  to  eliminate  this  blight  and  that  lime  also 
eliminates  soil  acids  that  would  be  favorable  to  root  blight.  Where  in  addi- 
tion about  600  pounds  of  kitchen  salt  per  acre  was  used  it  has  been  found  that 
the  yield  increased  by  3,967  Ibs  of  beets  per  acre. 

Another  impor.tant  fact  must  be  mentioned,  that  on  a  given  plot  of 
ground  8800  beetlets  came  up.   Where  kitchen  salt  was  omitted,  only  6  -  7000 
plants  came  up.     The  effect  of  kitchen  salt  is  explained  by  the  fact  that 


69 

the  beet  in  its  wild  state  is  a  saline  plant  and  one  that  prospers  at 

a  short  distance  from  the  sea  shore  and  develops  into  a  healthy  beet  if  sur- 
rounded by  salts  in  solution  or  floating  in  atmospheric  vapor.   The  beet  re- 
quires salt  for  its  normal  vitality  and  this  physiological  need  for  salt  must 
be  considered  when  fertilizing  beet  fields  along  with  its  need  of  potassium, 
phosphoric  acid,  nitrogen,  etc. 

The  effect  of  lime  may  be  explained  in  two  ways;   On  the  one  hand, 
gypsum  is  contained  in  sea  water  and  therefore  necessary  for  the  development 
of  saline  plants,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  gypsum  introduced  into  the  soil  will 
help  to  eliminate  pernicious,  noxious,  alkaline  effects.   I  pall  carbonic 
acid,  lime  and  gypsum,  the  health  regulators  of  the  soil  and  wish  to  indicate 
thereby  that  lime  containing  carbonic  acid  counteracts  noxious  soil  acids,  and 
that  gypsiaa  eliminates  pernicious  soil  alkali.   The  pernicious  effect  of  soil 
acid  -  lack  of  lime  -  is  well  known,  but  the  noxious  effect  of  soil  alkali 
has  been  fully  demonstrated  by  the  Bernburger  experiments  and  we  ourselves 
have  this  year  observed  tne  same  thing. 

Therefore,  as  far  as  the  beet  is  concerned  the  gypsum  fertilization 
takes  place  from  a  phyto- physiological  point  of  view  and  in  consideration  of  this 
fact  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  .beet,  apart  from  its  ordinary  need  of  nutri- 
tious substances  characteristic  of  each  plant,  has  a  well  pronounced  craving 
for  potash,  natron,  magnesia  and  lime  in  its  sulphurous  and  chlorine  combina- 
tions.  Chemically  speaking,  we  may  say  that  the  beet  primarily  needs  electra- 
positive  ions  of  natron,  kali,  mahnesia,  lime,  in  abundant  quantities,  for  the 
purpose  of  showing  a  healthy  growth,  if  one  of  these  substances  is  lacking 
in  the  beet,  the  law  of  minima  asserts  itself. 

The  yield  therefore  is  regulated  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
mjtritive  substances  that  the  beet  needs  and  where  these  are  lacking,  the 
plant  becomes  strongly  receptive  to  disease. 


70 


EXCERPT  FROM  BLOTTER  Ffa  ZUCmfflgBBNBAU.  JUHE  ISth.   1911. 
NITROGENOUS  FERTILIZATION  OF  THS  SUGAR  BEET. 

JOHAM  MILLER. 


It  is  well  known  that  the  sugar  beet  belongs  GO  a  family  of 
plants  that  are  very  exacting  in  their  requirements  for  nutrition  to  "be  as- 
similated from  the  soil* 

Nitrogen,  Phosphate  and  Phosphoric  Acid  are  indispensable  sub- 
stances for  nutrition  of  the  beet;  lime  also  plays  an  important  part  in 
connection  with  beet  culture. 

We  extract  from  the  well  known  Agricultural  Calendar  of  0.  Montzel 
and  A.  v.  Lengercke  (1911),  the  following  data  on  the  needs  of  a  sugar  beet 
for  its  nutrition. 

The  beet  absorbs  from  the  soil: 

"Nitrogen.  Potash*  Phosphoric  Lime 

Acid. 

1000  Kg.  sugar  beet  roots 
2204  pounds  1.8%  2.3%          0.8$  0.6% 

1000  Kg.  beet  leaves  with  tops 

2204  Pounds  4.0^  3.5#  1.0&  1.5% 

Total  Eg  ......  ....     5.8  5.8  1-8  2.1 

Pounds   ............   12--  12--  3.96  4.6 


We  may  mention  that  all  kinds  of  artielfial  fertilizers  may  be 
utilized  in  beet  culture,  .but  the  most  useful  is  the  nitrogenous  fertilizer} 
in  other  words,  no  lucrative  beet  culture  without  an  abundance  of  "Nitrogen. 
This  does  not  mean  that  Nitrogen  should  form  the  main  nutrition  for  the  beet. 

In  order  to  obtain  a  satisfactory  beet  harvest  in  quantity  and 
quality,  an  adequate  supply  of  all  the  elements  of  nutrition  is  necessary* 
AB  far  as  nitrogen  in  fertilizing  is  concerned,  too  little  or  too  much  of  it 
is  prejudicial  to  the  development  of  the  beet.   If  there  is  a  lack  of  nitrogen 
the  formation  of  Plasma  and  Chlorophil  is  retarded  and  the  growth  of  the  beet 
will  be  stunted  and  a  lowyield  of  beets  will  be  the  result.    On  "the  other 
hand,  an  excess  of  nitrogen  affects  the  continuous  formation  at  harvest  time 
of  new  Plasma  cells  and  instead  of  maturing,  the  beet  does  not  complete  its 
growth,  and  the  result  will  be  a  beet  unfavorable  for  use  in  the  srjgar  factory, 
that  is.  to  say,,  a  beet  with  less  sugar  and  more  non-sugar  substances. 


71 


All  efforts  of  farmers  who  cultivate  boots  should  tend  towards 
fertilizing  their  fields  with  nitrogenous  substances  in  such  a  way  that, 
until  harvest  time,  no  lack  of  nitrogen  should  be  noticed,  and  on  the  other 
hand,  no  excess  of  nitrogen  should  make  the  leaves  wither  prematurely  and 
thereby  retard  the  maturing  of  the  beet. 

The  usual  nitrogenous  substances  for  beet  fields  are:  stable- 
manure,  green  fertilizers,  sulphate  of  Ammonia  and  Chilian  nitrates.   Stable 
manure  is  rich  in  nitrogen,  and  lately,  more  importance  has  been  attached 
to  it  than  formerly,  when  people  thought  they  could  dispense  with  it  entirely 
by  substituting  an  artifioal  fertilizer. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact,  that  stable  manure  puts  the  soil  in 
good  condition  for  beet  culture  and  that  if  along  with  other  fertilizer  it 
is  put  in  the  fields  in  the  fall,  it  will  benefit  the  following  yield  of 
beets.   Stable  manure  in  beet  fields  must  not  be  too  deeply  ploughed  under, 
in  order  not  to  hinder  decomposition.   We  may  however,  mention  that  stable 
manure  helps  to  increase  the  Quantity,  but  is  somewhat  prejudicial  to  the 
increase  in  sugar,  content.  Of  great  importance  is  green  fertilizer  for 
sugar  beete,  especially  in  sandy  soil,  but  in  addition,  fertilizing  with 
nitrogen,  potash  and  phosphoric  acid  is  indispensable.   Without  doubt,  ni- 
trate is  important  as  a  nitrogenous  fertilizer,  but  the  same  importance  may 
be  attached  to  sulphate  of  Ammonia. 

It  is  well  known  that  the  principal  form  in  which  nitrogenous 
nutrition  is  given  to  the  sugar  beet  is  nitric  acid,  which  is  directly  and 
easily  assimilated. 

Many  comparative  experiments  with  sulphate  of  Ammonia  and  Ni- 
trate, respectively,  have  shown  that  the  first  did  not  give  as  good  results 
because  it  was  spread  out  too  late.   We  have  to  bear  in  mind  that  fertilis- 
ing with  sulphate  of  Ammonia  should  be  done  earlier  than  that  with  nitrate. 
Agriculturists  everywhere, have  gained  the  conviction  that  sulphate  of  Am- 
monia can  hold  its  own  in  competition  with  other  nitrogenous  fertilizers  in 
the  beet  fields.   Numerous  fertilizing  experiments  made  in  Hanover,  Saxony, 
and  the  Duchy  of  Brunswick,  have  established  this  fact.   We  will  herewith 
mention  a  few  experiments,  especially  as  our  object  is  to  keep  the  proper 
time  of  fertilization  in  view. 

CLAYEY  SOIL. 
EJQSERIMENT  3ULTMAN  ROHRBERG. 

I. Plot. 
1/4  Hectare. 

Stable  Manure;  &  200  Kg.  (441  Ibs.)  Kainite, 
Thomas  Meal     150  "   (330  IbeU) 

YIELD;  197.2  Otr.(43,474  Ibs.)  Beets.  Sugar  Content  18.4$ 

Sugar  Obtained  23.28  Ctr.  «  7,997  Ibs. 


72 


II  Plot, 
1/4  Hectare. 

Stable  Manure  &  60  Kg.   (132  Ibs.)    Sulphate  of  Ammonia, 
to  be  applied  in  January. 

200  Kg.   (440   Ibs.)   Kainite, 
150  "       (330  Ibs.)    Thomas  meal. 

YIELD:  224.4  Ctr.  Beets  =  49,471  Ibs.      Sugar  content  17.6$ 

Sugar  obtained  39.49  Ctr.   *  8,705  Ib9. 

III  Plot. 

Stable  Manure  and  93  Kg.   (205  Iba.)   Chilean  Hitrate  applied  at  in- 
tervals from  Fall  to  Spring; 

200  Kg.   (440  Ibs.)   Kainite, 
150  Kg.  (350  Iba.)   Thomas  Meal. 

YIELD:  211.7  Otr.   (46,671  Ibs.)    *=  16.8$  sugar  content. 

Sugar  obtained  35.57  Ctr. =7, 840  Ibs. 


EXPERIMENT  JAROAU  -  GARTSDORF. 

Clayey  Sandy  Soil. 

I. Plot  ^  Heo» 

Fertilizser  250  Kg.  «  (551  Ibs.)   Kainite, 

150  Kg.   =  (330  Ibs.)    Thomas  Meal. 

YIELD:  204.75  Ctr.   *  22^-  Short  tons.     Sugar  in  beets   ....   18.9$ 

Sugar  obtained       38.70  Ctr.   =  8.532  Iba. 

II  Plot.  ±  Heo. 

100  Kg.   (220  Ibs.)    Sulphate  pf  Ammonia  Applied  in  January. 
250  Kg.   (551  Ibs.)   Kainite, 
150  Kg.   (330  Ibs.)    Thomas  Meal. 

YIELD:  205.35  Ctr.  =  (45,271  Ibs.)         Sugar  content   ...  18.6$ 

Sugar  Obtained  38.2       Ctr,-       6,420  Ibs. 


73 


YIELD: 


YIELD; 


YIELD; 


YIELD; 


EXPERIMENT  JARGAU  -GABTSDORF  (Con'td) 
III  Plot. I  Hec> 

100  Kg.  (220  11) a.) Sulphate  of  Ammonia  partly  Jan.partly  "before 

tilling, 

250  Kg.    (551  Iba.)   Kainite, 
150  Kg.    (330  Its.)    (Hhomas  Meal. 


209.55  Otr.   =  (46,197  Ibs.) 


Sugar  Content 17.9$ 

Sugar  obtained  35.64  Ctr.  *  7,856 

Ibs. 


IV.  Plot  T  Heo. 

125  Kg.   (275  Ibs.)   Chilean  Nitrate  applied  gradually  during  winter, 
250  "       (551  Ibs.)  Kainite, 
150  "       (330  Ibs.)    Thomas  Meal. 

208.55  Ctr.  «  (45,976  Iba.)          Sugar  content    18.3$ 

Sugar  obtained  38.16  Cfer.  =  8,389 

Ibs. 

EXPERIMENT  HAGELBERG-TiTENDORF 

Clayey  Soil. 
Plot  I.  \  Hectare. 

50  Kg.   (110  Ibs.)    Sulphate  -Ammonia, 
75     "     (165  Ibs.)   Potassium  Salts, 
100     "      (220  Ibs.)   Hypophosphate. 

171.6  Ctr.  «   (37,830  Ibs.)        Sugar  Content   .... 

Sugar  Obtained  29.17  Ctr. =6, 430  Ibs. 

Plot  II.  •£•  Hectare. 

65  Kg.   (145  Ibs.)   Chilean  Nitrate, 
75  jCg.   (3.65  Ibs.)   Potassium  Salts   (40$) 
100  Kg.    (220  Ibs.)   Hypophosphate       (18$) 

168.3  Ctr.   =  (37,103  Ibs.)        Sugar  Content 16.8$ 

Sx»gar  Obtained  28.27  Ctr.   =6,232  Ibs. 


74 


EXPERIMENT  SHULTZE  WITTINGEN. 

Clayey  Soil. 
Plot  I.   1/4  Heotare. 

150  Kg.    (530  Its.)   Kainite, 
100  Kg.   {220  Its.)   Thomas  Meal. 

YIELD;  185.99  Ctr.   =  {41,003  Ibs.)        Sugar  Content   ........  16.5$ 

Sugar  Obtained  30-69  Ctr.  =  6  ,765  Ibs, 

Plot  II. 

80  Kg.  {176  Ibs.)  Sulphate  Ammonia, 
150  Kg.  {330  Ibs.)  Kainite, 
100  Kg.  {220  Ibs.)  Thomas  Meal. 


YIELD:  216.5  Ctr.  =  (47,730  Ibs.)          Sugar  Content   .........  16.9 

Sugar  Obtained  36.59  Ctr.   «  8,065  Ibe. 

Plot  III. 

100  Kg.   (220  Ibs.)    Chilean  Hit  rate, 
150  Kg.   (330  Ibs.)   Kainite, 
100  Kg.   (220  Ibs.)   Thomas  Meal. 

YIELD;  209  Ctr.  =  (46,076  Ibs)       Sugar  Content   ...........  17.6$ 

Sugar  Obtained  36.78  Ctr.  =  8,107  Ibs. 


EXPERIMENT  LINDLOFF  HAMMERSTORFF 

Sandy  Clayey  Soil. 

Plot  I.. 1/4  Hec. 

100  Kg.  Guano  (202  Ibs.)  and  Stable  Manure, 
160  Kg. Kainite (353  Ibs.) 

15.0  Ctr.  •  (33,069  Ibs.)   Sugar  Content 18.6$ 

Sugar  Obtained  27.9  Ctr.  =6,150  .Ibs, 

Plot  II. 

Stable  Manure, 

80  Kg.  (176  Ibs.)  Sulphate  of  Ammonia, 
100  "  (220  Ibs.)  Guano, 
160  "  (353  Iba.)  Kainite. 

YIELD:      201  Ctr.  *  (44,312  Ibs.)    Sugar  Content  16.4$ 

Sugar  Obtained  37.04  Ctr.  =  8,165  Ibs. 
Sulphate  of  Atsnonia  to  be  applied  four  (4)  weeks  before  sowing. 


75 


EXPERIMENT  LIUDLOFF  HAMMERSTORPF     ( Con'  td) 

Plot  III. 
Stable  Manure, 
100  Kg.  (220  Ibs.)  Guano, 

100  Kg.  (220  11)3.)  Chilean  Nitrate  in  several  doses, 
160  Kg.  (352  Ibs.)  Kainite. 

YIELD:      197.5  Ctr.  Beets  »  (43,540  Ibs)  Sugar  Content  18$ 

Sugar  Obtained  35.65  Ctr.=*7,792  Ibft, 


EXPERIMENT  REINECKB  AEERSTEDT. 

Humus  Clay. 
Plot  I.  4:  Hectare 

Stable  Manure, 
50  Kg.  (110  Ibs.)  Kainite, 
100  Kg.  (220  Ibs.)  16%  Hypophoaphates. 

187.2  Ctr.  Beets  -  41,280  Ibe.  Sugar  Content  ....... ,.18.6$ 

Sugar  Obtained  54.62  Ctr.=  7,675  Ibe. 

Plot  II. 

Stable  Manure, 

125  Kg.   (275  Ibs.)   Sulphate  of  Araaonia  4  weeks  before  sowing, 
50  Kg.   (110  Iba.j  Kainite, 
100  Kg.   (220  Ibs.)   18$  Hypophosphate. 

YIELD:  202  Ctr.  Beets  *  (44,532  Ibs.)     Sugar  Content  17.9$ 

Sugar  Obtained  36.16  Ctr.=  7,971  Ibs, 


Stable  Manure* 

150  Kg.  Chilean  Nitrate  (330  iba.) 
150  Kg.  18$  Hypophosphate  "       "     ) 

192.9  Ctr.  Beets  =  (42.526  Ibs.)   Sugar  Content  ....... .17.4$ 

Sugar  Obtained  33.56  Ctr. =7, 397  Ibs. 


76 


EXPERIMENT  SH^TTE  XLEINLIEDERN. 

Sandy  Soil. 
Plot  I.  -J:  Hectare, 

100  Kg.  (220  Ibs.)  Guano, 

100  Kg.  (220  Its.)  40$  Potassium  salts. 

YIELD:      147,98  Ctr.  =  (32,623  Ibs.)    Sugar  Content  19.4$ 

Sugar  Obtained  28.71  Ctr.  =  6,329  Ibs. 

Plot  II. 

75  Kg.   (165  Ibs.)   Sulphate  of  Ammonia  before  tilling, 
100  Kg.   (230  Ibs.)    Guano, 
100  Kg.   (220  Ibs.)   40$  Potassium  salts. 

YIELD;  156.33  Ctr. beets   (34,464  Ibs.)    Sugar  Content   18.8$ 

Sugar  Obtained  29.39  Ctr.=  6,479  Ibs. 

Plot  III. 

100  Kg.   (220  Ibs.)   Guano, 

100  Kg.   (220  Iba.)    Chilean  Nitrate, 

100  Kg.    (220  Ibs.)   40$  Potassium  Salts. 

YIELD:  149,06  Ctr.  Beets  =  (32,861  Ibs.)  Sugar  Content 18.0$ 

Sugar  Obtained  27.73  Ctr. =6, 213  Ibs". 

Chilean  Nitrate  is  applied  in  several  doses  at  intervals  during 
the  winter. 


77 


This  data  shows  that  sulphate  of  Ammonia  if  applied  in  the  fall 
and  winter  spread  out  and  harrowed  in.  a  few  weeks  at  least  before  sowing, 
will  give  good  results. 

On  the  cloister  lands  of  Hadnesleben  for  years  past,  sulphate  of 
Ammonia  has  been  used  applied  in  the  Fall  and  has  given  excellent  results. 

Potassium  should  be  applied  in  the  shape  of  Kainite  as  Its  high 
percentage  of  chlorination  favorably  influences  the  development  of  the  sugar 
beet  and  in  combination  with  sulphate  of  Aiamonia  excellent  results  both  as  to 
quantity  in  weight  of  beets  and  sugar  content  is  obtained. 

As  garden  truck,  cereals  and  hoed  plants  have  been  manifestly  ben- 
efited by  sulphate  of  Ammonia  which  is  now  used  universally  for  these,  it  is 
hoped  that  beet  growers  will  in  the  future  look  upon  sulphate  of  Ammonia  as 
a  good  nitrogenous  fertilizer. 


— — -oOo 


78 


(Translation  from  the  French.) 

Excerpt  from  La  Sucrerie  Indigene  et  Goloniale,  October  3,  1911.   Page  3E2 

A vantage  Indireotes  de  la  Culture  de  la  Betterave  a  Sucre. 

INDIRECT  BENEFITS  OF  SUGAR  BEET  CULTURE. 

By  Truman  G.  Palmer. 

Last  year  the  author  of  this  pamphlet  as  Secretary  of  the 
American  Beet  Sugar  Association  came  to  Europe  to  visit  the  sugar  beet 
districts  with  a  view  of  studying  the  economic  conditions  relating  to  beet 
culture  and  the  manufacture  of  sugar.    On  his  return  to  Washington, 
he  sent  a  communication  to  the  United  States  Senate  in  which  he  pointed  out 
the  indirect  benefits  derived  from  be«t  culture  and  sugar  manufacturing. 

The  author  cited  in  a  convincing  manner  the  decrees  of  Napoleon 
I.,  by  which  the  first  French  Beet  Growers  were  granted  extraordinary  pri- 
vileges.  In  his  brochure,  he  goes  on  to  prove  that  the  increased  yield 
in  cereals  in  Germany  was  entirely  due  to  beet  culture. 


79 


LAW  AGAINST  BEET  SUGAR  CORNERS. 
EXCERPT  FROM  JOURNAL  des  FABRI CANTS  de  SUCRE,  NOVMBER  22,1911. 


We  will  give  here  the  comments  made  "by  M.  Boverat  and  "hfoutarn  on 
this  subject  published  in  the  Temps  on  17th  of  November,  supplemented  by 
personal  statements  made  to  us  by  Mr.  Boverat,  President  of  the  syndicate  of 
grain,  seeds,  flour,  oil,  sugar  and  alcohol. 

Speculation  is  not  a  form  of  transaction  which  should  escape 
all  criticism,  but  whether  people  are  in  its  favor  or  not  it  is  an  indispens- 
able element  to  the  life  of  a  market.   When,  for  instance,  an  agriculturist 
sows  the  beets,  what  is  from  that  moment  going  on  in  his  mind?    To  get  in 
touch  with  some  buyers,  distillers  or  sugar  factories,  to  whon  he  sells  his 
production  at  a  time  when  such  production  is  only  prospective  and  is  still 
under  ground. 

In  doing  this  the  farmer  gets  rid  of  his  "commercial  risk" 
in  sugar  beet  and  beet  sugar.   Having  sold  his  crop  at  a,  price  considered 
remunerative  he  is  no  longer  anxious  -  except  as  regards  the  agricultural 
risk,  namely:   Will  the  harvest  be  good  in  quantity  as  well  as  in  quality? 

What  does  the  buyer  do  as  soon  as  his  trade  is  closed  with  the 
farmer?   He  also  tries  to  insure  himself  against  commercial  risk,  and  thus 
after  having  calculated  the  cost  of  production  of  sugar  or  the  TROIS  -  SIX 
{proof  spirits)  to  be  extracted  from  the  beet,  after  adding  cost  of  storage. 
he  makes,  in  his  turn,  a  trade  with  the  speculator. 

In  the  long  run  this  last  factor  appears  to  be  the  most  impor- 
tant one  as  to  him  the  credit  is  due  that  each  could  work,  produce,  and. 
get  remunerated.   Well,  it  is  the  speculator  who  would  get  his  head  cut 
off  for  good  by  the  Minister  of  Justice,  if  this  bill  became  law  -  for 
Article  420,  amended  as  it  is  by  Mr.  Cruppi,  is  equivalent  to  abolishing 
speculation. 

The  execution  of  the  speculator  -  there  is  not  the  slightest 
doubt  -  will  be  profitable  neither  to  the  producer  nor  to  the  consumer;  it 
would  simply  bring  about  a  scarcity  of  money,  would  destroy  the  market  - 
where  transactions  would  no  longer  take  place. 

Mr.  Boverat,  says  in  a  tone  of  irony,  that  it  would  be  useless 
to  put  a  new  tax  upon  the  Bourse  transations  if  they  were  to  be  prohibited. 
VTas  it  not  said  that  when  Mr.  Klotz  put  a  tax  of  five  centimes  per  1000 
on  all  transactions,  that  this  tax  was  to  fall  on  the  speculator  and  not  on 
real  bona  fide  transactions.   But  then,  if  Mr.  Cruppi  abolishes  speculation, 
the  tax  of  five  centimes  can  only  fall  on  real  transactions? 


80 


The  project  Cruppi  strides  is  a  "blow  only  at  speculation;  if  his 
bill  becomes  law,  then  good-bye  to  commercial  and  industrial  liberty. 

Mr.  Boverat  then  explains  that  all  commercial  a-nd  Industrial 
houses  and  corporations  would,  by  this  law,  be  exposed  to  prose  cut  i  on, a.nd  he 
concludes  by  stating  that  with  the  help  of  Article  420,  amended  as  the  Ministry 
wants  it  to  be,  the  arbitrary  nature  of  it  would  enable  any  Minister  to  ruin 
and  imprison  any  merchant  who  might  have  incurred  hia  displeasure. 

Mr.  Montard,  President  of  the  general  sugar  syndicate,  considers 
Article  420  may  be  all  right  in  theory  but  not  in  practice.   An  extra  parlie- 
aentary  commission  was  appointed  to  frame  a  law  that  would  prevent  illicit 
transactions  that  are  equivalent  to  cornering,  that  this  commission  in  harmony 
with  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  had  sent  in  its  report  several  months  ago;  and 
we  are  not  surprised  to  see  suddenly  a  bill  crop  up,  the  tendency  of  which  is 
absolutely  the  opposite  of  that  vtfiioh  the  extra  parliamentary  commission  bad 
prepared  after  a  long  inquiry  concurrent  with  that  of  the  Minister  of  Finance 
and  Minister  of  Commerce.   "M".  Moutard  has  documentary  evidence  -  he  does  not 
act  lightly,  but  submits  the  articles  of  the  report  of  the  Commission  pointing 
oat  that  article  which  corresponds  with  Article  420,  proposed  by  the  Ministry. 

The  following  ia  the  text  of  the  article:   There  will  be  pun- 
ished whosoever  will  have  been  convicted  of  having  cornered,  accumulated  by 
purchase,  or  who  shall  refuse  to  sell  quantities  of  the  same  commodity  or  mer- 
chandise in  excessive  proportions  to  the  actual  state  of  the  market. 

The  President  of  the  Sugar  Syndicate  emphasizes  the  difference 
that  exists  between  Article  420  and  the  corresponding  article  of  the  Commission. 
The  words  cornered  and  accumulated  by  purchase,  or  refusal  to  sell,  specify 
nicely  the  cornering  and  its  consequences. 

The  Commission  has  for  the  purpose  of  determining  this  accumula- 
tion of  the  sane  merchandise  or  commodity  a.  real  starting  point  -  which  is 
the  normal  state  of  the  market;  those  operations  are  punishable  by  Iwr  if 
their  proportion  exceeds  in  an  exaggerated  form  the  normal  state  of  the  market. 

It  is  evident  that  a  speculator  enjoying  considerable  credit  or 
having  an  enormous  capital  can  buy  or  sell  by  himself  as  many  bags  of  sugar 
as  there  are  offered  in  the  market.    By  this  fact,  he  might  produce  a  dis- 
proportionate influence  which  might  become  dangerous  for  the  production  and 
consumption  of  this  commodity  -  he  would  in  this  way  havef  brought  about  a  cer- 
tain monopoly. 

M.  Montard,  would  like  to  see  the  bill  as  prepared  by  the  Coo- 
mission  pass  into  law  for  certain  speculators  that  are  neither  producers  nor 
merchants  who  could  become  a  real  hindrance  and  danger  to  a  normal  market. 


81 


But  with  Article  420,  which  the  Minister  of  Justice  proposes  to  get  passed 

as  a  law  -  the  line  of  demarcation  would  be  missing  and  arbitrary  rulings  would 

be  dominating  our  markets. 

The  application  of  this  article  would  paralyze  all  speculation, 
if  the  most  lawful,  and  would  damage  natural  exchanges  of  commodities,  espe- 
cially transactions  made  from  one  market  to  another.   It  would  even  facilitate 
a  real  monopoly,  such  as  it  existed,  before  speculation  brought  about  the 
multiplicity  of  commercial  transactions. 

The  President  of  the  Sugar  Syndicate  is  of  opinion  that  the  law 
taxing  Bourse  operations  'is  not  leas  prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  the 
general  public  than  the  law  against  monopolizing.  The  reporter  of  the  "Temps", 
after  branding  the  new  article  420  as  equivocal  and  as  opening  the  door  to  the 
most  erroneous  interpretations  concludes:  that  according  to  Article  420  a  uni- 
versal toll  in  the  business  world  will  be  levied.   it  is  true  that  the  text 
proposed  by  the  Minister  of  Justice,  before  definitely  becoming  law  shall  be 
discussed  by  a  parliamentary  commission  to  whom  it  will  be  submitted  for  con- 
sideration, but  nobody  can  foresee  what  amendments  and  modifications  will  be 
made  by  this  commission  and  finally  by  parliament  itself  before  that  article 
actually  becomes  law. 

oOo 


82 


MEM&TODBS. 

EXCERPT  JfcQM  3LATTER  FOR  ZUQKERHI5BEKBAU,   15th  SEPTEMBER,   1911. 

(page  295) 

LECTURE  BY  PROF.  ER.  KRUGER, DIRECTOR  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION 

AT  BERHBURG. 

A  talk  on  Nematodes  and  how  to  prevent  or  minimize  damage  done 
by  these  parasites  in  the  beet  fields. 

oOo 

Fatigue  (exhaustion,  poverty)  of  the  soil  occurs  often  where  one 
and  the  same  class  of  plants  are  grown  year  after  year,  which  may  be  caused  by: 

1)  Lack  of  nutritive  substances  in  the  soil  itself;  lack  of  phosphates  or 
of  other  substances; 

2)  By  the  presence  of  deleterious  substances  within  the  area  of  cultivation! 

3)  By  parasites* 

To  this  may  be  ascribed  the  so-called  beet  exhaustion. 

His  Excellency,  Dr.  Kuhn,  has  fixed  the  responsibility  of  fatigue 
of  the  soil  upon  the  thread-like  worn  known  as  Neraatod;  he  proved  that  free- 
ing the  beet  fields  of  this  parasite  they  were  rejuvenated  and  became  again 
fertile  after  a  prolonged 'period  of  fatigue  -  .   Kuhn  has  shown  us  how  these 
parasites  feed  on  the  rootlets  of  beets  and  those  of  other  hoed  plants.   Ha 
demonstrated  that  the  capacity  of  the  beet  for  assimilating  nutritious  sub- 
stances through  its  roots  is  weakened  or  entirely  neutralized  by  the  presence 
of  Nematodee  and  when  roots  attacked  by  these  parasites  are  examined,  it  will 
be  found  that  such  roots  do  not  develop  in  the  same  way  aa  do  healthy  plants. 

Some  roots  die  off.   In  others,  ramifications  and  bifurcations 
occur  that  remain  short,  not  reaching  deep  enough  to  absorb  the  substances  ne- 
cessary for  nutrition*  We  call  these  roots  -  bunch  roots;  even  the  tap  roots 
of  beets  attacked  by  Nematodes  may  die  off  and  in  such  a  case  &  so-called  cele- 
ry form  occurs  where  no  tap  roots  but  several  aide  roots  are  developed. 

Today,  I  wish  briefly  to  call  your  attention  to  the  characteristic 
symptoms  of  a  typical,  highly  developed  Nematod  invasion  of  the  beet  field, 
especially  to  the  nematodic  influence  exercised  upon  the  development  of  roots. 
When  the  roots  are  thus  attacked  the  leaves  wither  and  die,  and  the  so-called 
beet  consumption  phthisis,  sets  in,  the  heart  only  retaining  its  vitality  - 
which,  however,  ultimately  rots  and  perishes. 


83 


To  counteract  this  nematodic  affliction  we  have  to  study  how  to 
prevent  the  increase  of  nematods  as  much  as  possible  which  necessitates  a 
rotation  of  crops;  for  by  not  planting  in  the  same  soil  successively  the 
same  plant,  the  nematodes  will  be  deprived  of  the  nourishment  that  favors 
their  development.   Nematodes  will  not  increase  in  a  field  where  rape  seed 
follows  the  sowing  of  beet  seed. 

Certain  classes  of  weeds  give  shelter  and  food  to  nematodes; 
amongst  the  number  of  weeds  are  bank- cresses,  hedgemustard,  etc.,  in  which 
nematodes -  are  found  in  large  numbers. 

Therefore,  our  fields  should  be  freed  from  weeds,  notably  - 
because  they  absorb  sone  of  the  nutritive' substances  which  our  plants  need, 
but  also  because  they  harbor  nematodes,  and  hy  fighting  the  increase  of 
weeds  we  likewise  prevent  the  increase  of  these  parasites. 

We  must  also  take  care  that  the  waste  from  the  sugar  factory 
is  not  promiscuously  dumped  along  with  manure  onto  the  beet  fields;  especial- 
ly earth  and  scum  coming  from  the  washing  and  cleaning  of  roots  in  the  fac- 
tory.  A  treatment  of  earth  and  scum  with  an  alcaline  solution  will  prevent 
Nematodes  from  living  and  developing  in  either  stored  earth  or  scum. 

Gentlemen,  these  are  some  of  the  measures  to  be  adopted  for  pre- 
venting the  increase  of  Nematodes.   However,  there  are  other  measures  and 
remedies  to  fight  off  these  parasites.   Hitherto,  only  remedies  of  a  chemi- 
cal nature  were  used;  salts,  etc.   Lime  has  been  used  successfully,  but 
Kuhn's  experiments  proved  that  it  would  not  be  expedient  to  use  large  quanti- 
ties of  salts  and  lime  and  combinations  of  which  they  are  constituent  parts, 
as  the  development  of  young  beetlets  is  hindered  by  the  presence  of  an  excess 
of  lime  or  salts. 

Sulphurous  carbon  introduced  in  the  soil  will  exterminate  the 
Nematod  as  experiments  made  at  Bernburg  have  proved,  and  normal  beets  'can 
be  raised  in  fields  that  were  considered  as  "Beet  fatigued".   This  remedy 
however,  is  rather  costly;  it  may  be  used  however,  in  places  where  nematode 
nests  are  known  to  exist;  by  its  use  the  nests  will  be  destroyed  and  further 
tendency  to  increase  the  beet  fatigue  Exhaustion)  in  the  field  will  be  coun- 
teracted. 

Kuhn,  by  closely  following  the  development  of  Nematodes  has  found 
that  a  nematode  after  leaving  the  egg,  finds  its  way  into  the  root  of  the  beet 
Larvaue  thus  emigrates  and  develops  into  male  and  female;  their  presence  is 
noticed  by  a  swelling  of  the  roots. 


84 


These  swellings  increase;  -they, appear  at  ilrst  as  email  knots, 
the  size  of  a  pin* a  head 

Kuhn  recommends  sowing  in  the  vicinity  of  beets,  catch- plant s-,  such 
as  favor  the  nematodes.   Rape  is  one  of  these,  and  when  such  plants  are 
developed  to  a  certain  stage,  they  should  be  destroyed.   However,  the  devel- 
opment of  the  nematode  should  be  watched;  the  destruction  of  the  plants 
must  take  place  before  the  eggs  of  females  hare  had  time  to  develop  into 
larvae. 

The  Bernburg  experiment  station  has,  since  the  year  1882, thor- 
oughly studied  the  question  of  fighting  the  nematode  pest  that  does  so  much 
damage  in  the  beet  fields;  conditions  surrounding  the  nutrition  of  beets 
have  been  studied  and  ways  and  means  devised  to  combat  a  nematodio  invasion 
of  the  beet  f i  elds  of  Germany. 

Growing  of  beets  in  pots  has  been  experimented  with;  some  people 
expressed  the  opinion  that  growing  beets  in  pots  is  of  no  practical  value; 
but  permit  me  to  tell  you  that  by  such  experiments  two  important  discoveries 
were  made,  the  cause  of  the  heart  rot  of  the  beet  and  the  further  discovery 
of  showing  us  the  way  to  minimize  ravages  on  the  part  of  nematodeo. 

We  are  now  in  position  to  raise  plants  -  beets  especially  -  in 
pots,  under  such  conditions  as  are  similar  to  those  existing  in  the  fields 
as  far  as  size,  foliage,  etc.,  are  concerned. 

Through  judiciously  supplying  a  given  quantity  of  nutritive  sub- 
stances to  raise  a  beet  of  a  given  weight,  say  400,  500,  600  g.  or  as  we 
choose,  heavier  or  lighter,  we  are  in  a  position  to  keep  the  beets  in  a 
healthy  condition. 

After  finding  the  best  method  of  growing  beets  in  pots,  we  like- 
wise set  to  work  and  studied  how  to  get  rid  of  the  enemies  preying  upon  the 
beets.   The  fact  was  established  that  a  beet  required  a  certain  quantity  of 
phosphoric  acid,  Calcium,  Nitrogen,  etc.   Under  certain  conditions  surround- 
ing nutrition  we  tried  to  study  the  nematodic  influence  exercised  on  the  beet. 

For  instance,  we  take  a  beet,  supply  it  with  all  the  nutritive 
substances  needed  for  its  development     In  order  to  get  a  500  gr.  beet,  a 
proportionate  weight  of  phosphoric  acid,  phosphate,  nitrogen,  magnesia  and 
other  substances  are  necessary.   Magnesia,  Calciuia,  etc.,  were  supplied  in 
fixed  quantities.   Only  the  doses  of  the  three  most  important  substances 
were  varied  in  quantity,  such  as  phosphoric  acid,  nitrogen  and  phosphate. 

We  found  that  a  beet  is  weakened  by  the  presence  of  Nematodes 
that  absorb  part  of  the  nutritive  substances  intended  for  the  development 
of  the  beet*  The  first  thing  to  learn  is  how  much  of  each  nutritive  substance 


85 


is  necessary  to  enable  a  healthy  beet  to  develop  normally.   If,  with  the 
presence  of  Henatodes  we  give  the  beet  no  more  nutrition  than  would  actually 
be  needed  in  the  absence  of  tliese  parasites,  no  lack  of  nutrition  would  take 
place,  as  the  nutritive  elements  absorbed  by  nematodea,  would  not  endanger  the 
normal  development  of  the  beet. 

This  discovery  could  only  nave  been  made  by  experimenting  with 
pot  plants,  for  after  ascertaining  the  presence  of  Neniatodes,  more  phosphoric 
acid,  more  phosphate  and  more  nitrogen  wag  supplied  than  would  suffice  for 
normal  development  of  leaves  and  roots  -  and  both  did  develop  normally. 

If,  however,  there  is  a  surplus  of  Nematodes  that  steal  the  nour- 
ishment intended  for  the  beet,  it  is  stunted  in  its  growth  and  the  leaves  soon 
show  typical  symptoms  of  lack  of  nourishment.   Symptoms  indicating  lack  of 
nourishment,  such  as  nitrogen,  appear  sooner  in  neraatodic  beets  than  in  normal 
beets*   Symptoms  indicating  lack  of  phosphoric  acid  and  those  indicating  lack 
of  phosphate,  can  easily  be  ascertained. 

We  tried  to  apply  our  experience  gained  by  raising  beets  In  pose 
to  experiments  carried  on  in  the  beet  fields  themselvee,  for  our  object  pri- 
marily, in  experimenting,  was  to  ultimately  benefit  beet  culture  in  general. 

We  started  our  field  experiments  in  1908,  in  fields  where  beets 
alternated  with  barley.   We  have  also  systematized  our  methods  of  fertilizing 
so  that  the  damage  done  by  nematodes  ma  very  insignificant.    In  some  oases 
we  gave  no  phosphates,  in  others,  we  diminished  the  nitrogenous  substances. 
On  the  other  hand,  in  some  cases,  we  increased  the  quantity  of  nitrogenous 
substances,  in  fact,  we  took  oare  that  all  nutritive  substances  were  applied 
in  abundant  quantities. 

These  experiments  were  carried  on  in  five  different  localities: 
4  in  Anhalt; 
1  in  the  province  of  Saxony  in  1910? 

In  1908,  we  planted  our  fields  with  beets; 

In  1909,  we  planted  our  fields  with  barley; 

In  1910,  we  planted  our  fields  again  with  beets. 

1)  We  obtained  with  an  abundance  of  nitrogenous  substances  in  the  soil 
without  phosphate « 313BZ.  beets. 

2)  With  very  little  nitrate  and  2.  Dz.  phosphate  and  salts  per 

hectare,  we  obtained 304  Dz .  beets. 

3)  With  equal  quantities  of  nitrogen  and  phosphates,  ...368  Dz.  beets. 

4)  With  abundance  of  phosphate  and  nitrogen,  .* 374  Dz»  beets. 

And  with  an  application  of  a  superabundance  of  ferti- 
liser, we  obtained 400  Dz.  beets. 


All  our  experiments  wera  started  on  so  oalled  exhausted  beet 
fields ,   We  are  therefore  .Justified  in  concluding  that  "by  supplying  the 
"beet  with  nutritive  substances  a  little  in  excess  of  nfoat  they  require  for 
their  assimilation  and  development  -  a  normal  yield  of  beets  will  "be  obtained. 

I  wish  to  emphasize  the  following  point,  namely,  has  the  soil 
in  consequence  of  climatic  or  other  conditions  the  capacity  of  airways  to  dis- 
solve nutritive  substances  imparted  to  it  by  fertilisers? 

A  soil  that  for  a  long  period  was  deprived  of  phosphoric  acid  or 
phosphates  and  then  is  fertilized  with  them,  was  found  to  be  in  that  event, 
not  always  effective. 

A  field  fertilized  with  660  pounds  of  Chilean  Nitrato  tdthout 
phosphate  &ave  a  lower  yield  of  beets  per  hectare  -  than  220  pounds  of  Chilean 
nitrate  with  220  pounds  of  phosphates  per  hectare* 

Although  our  experiments  are  not  yet  completed,  we  maintain  that 
considering  our  past  experience,  the  ravages  from  Nematodes  can  be  sufficiently 
neutralized,  if  not  entirely  prevented,  and  we  hope  that  our  future  experiments 
in  this  direction  will  be  a  blessing  to  German  Beet  Culture 


— -oOo — - 


87 


MEETING  OF  GERMAN  SUGAR  MANUFACTURERS 

AT  MAGDEBURG*  Page  706. 

EKGERPT  FROM  DIE  BEUTSCHE  ZUCKER1IEDUSTRIE.    SEPT.  15. 19 11. 

-  by- 
ZSCHEYE. 

The  German  Sugar  manufacturers  had  a  meeting  at  Magdeburg  at  which 
the  question  of  sulphuring  juice  was  discussed.   It  was  shown  that  juice  sulphur- 
ing was  a  mistake,  as  a  deposit  is  formed  in  the  juice  pumps  which  may  sub- 
sequently cause  a  general  stoppage  of  the  pipes  connecting  with  the  effect,  the 
removal  of  which  cannot  readily  be  accomplished;  such  being  the  case,  the 
syrup  only  should  be  sulphured  causing  an  improvement  in  the  color  as  well  as 
the  eliminating  of  calcic  salts.   Sulphuring  has  a  tendency  to  modify  the  coi>- 
stitution  of  sugar  and  allows  an  easier  washing  in  the  centrifugal. 

The  hitherto  greyish  color  no  longer  exists,  that  color  was  due 
to  glucic  acid  soluble  ana  having  a  violet  color  which  was  transformed  into  an 
insoluble  ferris  salt  and  decomposed. 

As  sulphurous  acid  has  the  characteristic  properties  of  an  acid 
which  is  stronger  than  those  acids -which  neutralize  the  alkalinity  of  carbonated 
juice  and  are  organic  acids,  these  organic  salts  will  decompose  in  alkaline 
sulfites  which  will  immediately  combine  with  the  liberated  organic  acids  to  form 
a  colorless  combination. 

There  we  have  an  explanation  of  why  the  decoloration  of  alkaline 
syrup  and  the  precipitation  and  decomposition  of  calcic  organic  salts  take 
place.   It  raay  sometimes  happen  that  even  in  sulphuring  syrups  there  follows 
a  clogging  of  the  filter  presses  in  which  case  sand  filtration  offers  special  ad- 
vantages. 


88 

(Translation  from  the  German]  Page  711 


EXCERPT  FROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUGKBRINIUSTRIE,  SEPTEMBER  22.  1911. 


BEET  SEED  QUESTION. 

20  pounds  of  seed  per  Morgen  is  the  uaual  quantity,  and  21  to  22 
pounds  is  often  used  on  large  estates* 

She  small  farmer  uses  only  10  pounds  because  he  sows  the  seed  by  hand 
and  even  as  little  as  8  pounds  per  Morgan  is  used  and  the  beet  crop  is  quite 
as  good  as  the  crop  on  the  large  estate  where  20  pounds  is  used* 

What  the  small  farmer  does  the  large  farmer  ought  to  be  able  to  do; 
of  course  it  is  impossible  to  sow  several  hundred  Morgen  by  hand,  but  with 
the  modern  improved  cultivators  there  ought  to  be  no  difficulty  to  economize 
with  seed  on  large  estates,  and  with  the  increased  price  paid  for  it,  the 
saving  of  half  the  seeds  is  no  small  item. 


89 


INDUSTRIAL  USES  OF  SUGAR  AND  USES  THEREOF  APART  FROM  INDUSTRIAL 

ENTERPRISES. 

EXOERPT  FROM  "LaSUORERIE  BELGE",  DEC.   1st,   1912,  PAGE  156. 

LECTURE  BEFORE  THE   SUGAR  ASSOCIATION  AND  DISTILLERS 
OF  ALCOHOL  III  FRANCE,   JANY.   1912. 

-  By  - 

M.  A  .  VIVIEN. 
UTILIZATION  OF  SUGAR  IN  ARTS  AND  INDUSTRIES. 

At  present,  the  production  of  sugar  is  limited  in  quantity,  suf- 
ficing for  the  actual  needs  of  consumption. 

According  to  provisional  statistics  there  will  be  available  during 
1913  -  about  18,740,000  tons  (short tons)  for  the  whole  world's  consumption 
{1,700,000,000  inhabitants),  or  about  22  pounds  per  capita. 

This  proportion  in  consumption  will  gradually  grow  as  mankind  is 
apt  to  consume  more  and  more  of  this  commodity,  pleasant  to  the  taste  as  it 
is,  as  well  as  being  very  nutritive,  and  by  increasing  muscular  activity  gives 
the  human  and  aniraal  body  a  power  of  resistance  to  fatigue  which  has  been 
proved  by  many  experiments  made  lately  by  numerous  scientists. 

If  production  of  sugar  increases  beyond  the  needs  of  consumption 
there  will  naturally  occur  a  fall  in  the  price  of  sugar  which  may  not  please 
either  the  Sugar  Cane  or  the  Sugar  Beet  growers. 

To  forego  the  decline  of  the  Sugar  Industry  and  of  Beet  Culture, 
but  above  all  to  help  in  the  development  of  both,  new  industrial  outlets  will 
have  to  be  found  for  sugar,  that  is  to  say,  the  use  of  sugar  for  other  purposes 
than  that  of  consumption. 

Alcohol  is  used  for  heating,  for  fulminates  of  ether,  explosives, 
celluloid,  artificial  silk,  vinegar,  the  addition  of  alcohol  to  wine,  all  of 
which  absorbed  in  1909,  20,500,000  gallons  equivalent  of  pure  alcohol,  which 
is  about  a  third  of  the  total  production  of  64,106,930  gallons. 

There  ought  be  found  some  industrial  uses  which  would  absorb 
about  the  same  proportion  of  the  sugar  production,  and  let  us  hope  that  such 
will  be  the  case,  sugar  constituting  a  pure  crystallized  hydrate  of  carbon, 
without  water,  at  a  low  price,  much  lower  than  farina,  starch  or  the  amylaceous 
extracts  of  plants,  dextrine  and  glucose,  the  respective  prices  at  this  time 
of  writing  being  as  follows;- 


90 


Prcs.  Pol.&  Cents. 

Farina 38  $  7.33 

Starch 47  to  58  11.19 

100  Kgs.     Dextrine 59  "  62  11.96 

Glucose  as  a  mass  of  syrup  43°  45  8.68 

44°  as  crystal  syrup 56  10 .80 

When  sugar,  white  crystallized  No.  3 
100  Kgs.    costs  in  Prance  only  35  Francs  (about 

3  cents  per  Ib.)  •    35        6.75 

Sugar  can  be,  and  is,  largely  substituted  to  the  use  of  above 
mentioned  substances  in  various  industries. 

People  are  still  under  the  impression  that  an  excessive  price, 
as  of  old,  prevails  for  crystallized  sugar,  and  the  erroneous  idea  prevents 
them  from  using,  or  trying  to  use,  sugar  in  numerous  industries. 

CATTLE  FEEDING  ON  SUGAR. 

In  1876,  at  -firras,  France,  I  recommended  the  use  of  sugar  in  the 
feeding  of  cattle,  also  to  make  more  extensive  use  of  it  in  connection  with 
wine  making  at  grape  gathering  time,  in  making  cider,  beer  and  perry  -  and 
it  was  only  after  28  years  of  continued  efforts  that,  on  July  5,  1904,  a  law 
was  passed  authorizing  the  use  of  denatured  sugar  in  cattle  feeding. 

SUGARING  OF  VINTAGES. 

The  law  of  29th  of  July,  1804,  and  the  decree  of  22nd  of  July, 
1885,  sanctioned  the  sugaring  of  ciders  and  Perry;  and  in  1885,  8,000 
metric  tons  rrere  used.   In  1888,  three  years  later,  39,000  tons  were  used. 

Certain  unscrupulous  wine  growers  commenced  to  use  sugar  not 
for  the  purpose  of  improving  their  vintages,  but  for  the  manufacture  of 
sugar  wine,  and  by  pouring  sugary  water  on  the  husks  of  grapes  so  as  to 
fraudulently  produce  wine  with  sugar  and  exhausted  residue  of  grapes  - 
the  Government  stepped  in  and  modified  to  such  an  extent  the  above  mentioned 
law  that  at  present,  only  1%  of  the  quantity  used  in  1888  in  wine  making, 
namely  3,000  tons,  is  used. 


91 


SUGARING  OP  CIDER  AND  PERRY. 

About  3,600  metric  tons  of  sugar  were  used  per  annum  up  to 
1902,  but  since  that  time  no  available  data  are  obtainable  on  account  of  the 
tax  for  the  purpose  having  been  removed. 

The  law  of  the  5th  of  July,   1904,  passed  in  consequence  of  the 
agitation  of  the  manufacturers  hag  exempted  all  denatured  sugar  used  in  beer 
making  with  a  modest  start,  France  has  used  now  (1910)   1155  metric  tons. 

Besides,   there  were  used  in  1910:- 

Equivalent       For  Cattle  Feeding  -  Sugar         )    5,091,543  Kgs . 

Refined.  -Molasses  )    282*090     " 

) 

For  wine  )    509,788,569     " 

"     Perry  and  Cider  )    3.754.960     '• 

A  total  of 650,450  Met. tons 

...or 716,998  Sht.  " 

On  account  of  the  cumbersome  way  in  which  Molasses  has  to  be 
handled,  under  present  commercial  conditions  it  would  be  preferable  to  buy 
pure  sugar,  make  a  thick  syrup  out  of  it  and  mix  it  with  denatured  elements, 
out  the  Government  does  not  sanction  the  making  of  syrup  by  melting  crystallized 
sugar  even  in  establishments  where  government  supervision  exists. 

A  prize  of  100,000  francs  is  offered  to  any  one  inventing  a  new 
process  whereby  sugar  must  be  used  in  a  new  industry,  which  does  not  include 
any  industry  carried  on  for  providing  animal  or  human  food. 

An  advisory  coiranittee  on  Arts  and  Manufactures,  has  decided  as  to 
what  constitutes  a  purely  industrial  item,  thereby  preventing  any  of  the  sugar 
allowed  tax  free,  from  ultimately  entering  into  human  or  animal  food. 

Such  industries  include  shoe  blacking  substances,  indigo,  dye- 
stuffs  and  a  preparation  for  protection  against  boiler  incrustation,  etc.,  etc. 

EXCERPT:  Decree  of  April  15,  1910. 

Any  manufacturer  who  desires  to  take  advantage  of  this  decree, 
in  order  to  get  glucose,  molasses  or  crystallized  sugar  free  of  duty,  must  apply 
to  the  Director  of  Internal  Revenue  in  writing  -  stamped  paper  must  be  used,  in 
which  the  nature  of  the  article  to  be  manufactured  has  to  be  specified,  the 
method  of  manufacture  and  quantities  af  the  manufactured  articles  to  be  pro- 
duced, etc.,  etc. 

oOo- 


92 


COST  OF  CROWING  BEETS  IIS  HUSSIA. 

COMMISSION  OP  INQUIRY  BY  FRENCH  SYNDICATE  OF  SUGAR  MANUFACTURERS  WITH  REG4RE  TO 
SUGAR  BEET  CULTURE  IN  RUSSIA.  FROM  REPORT  OF  mUJB-RAJLTARI),  SECRETARY  OF  COM- 
MISSION (1912). 

COST  PRICE  PER  BECTARE  OF  BEETS:    (p.  42) 

Sugar  interests  In  Russia  are  so  vast,  that  it  is  almost  impoosible 
to  state  the  exact  cost  price  to  run  a  beet  farm.       Therefore,  only  an  approxi- 
mate Idea  as  to  the  average  of  running  a  beet  farm  can  be  given,  i 


DISTRICTS  BEYOND  THE  DNEIPER: 

Francs. 

Renting  value  of  land  .......  ...........  ........  41  .45 

Fertilizing  ..  ..................................  40.09 

Heavy  work     .....  ,  .....  .  .........  «  .............  .  30  .61 

Seed  used       «  .......  ......  ...............  .......  18*05 

Sowing  by  Cultivator   ..........  ,  ..........  ......  11.93 

Ploughing       «...  .............  .  .....  .  ............  3.35 

Hand  Hoeing  .  ........  *  ..........................  43.59 

Other  work  .....  ...............................  9  .93 

Palling           ....................................  47.43 

Freight           ......  .  .............................  46.30 

Incidental  expenses  ..........  .  ................  «  3.28 

Expenditure  for  office,   superintending  adminis- 

tration, repairs,  insurance,  hospital  etc.(f)    .  142.60 

Total  ........  .............................  440.70  *  $85.05 


RUNNING  EXPENSES  ON  FARM. 

The  harvest  per  hectare  was,  on  an  average,  21,124  kilos 
(46,570  Ibs.)   per  hectare,   (2,471  acres)   about  9  tons  per  acre. 

440  fr.   70       =    $4,03     =  $4.03 
21.124 

The  selling  price  of  beets  amounted  to  (per  ton)   23  fr.  40  »  |4.51 
23  fr.  40  -  20  fr.  9C    =  2.50  =  -  ......................  fifty  cents. 

Therefore,  per  hectare  50.53  (in  round  fig-ores}     «  ,.49..75 


(fj     SxpensQs  for  small  farms  are  less  than  those  on  large  estates. 
J£.  JJ  Ona  franc  equal  to  $0.193  cents. 


93 


(b)   007ERJMENT  OF  KIEW. 

On  one  estate  of  the  Government  of  Kiew  the  cost  price  of  land 
was  mentioned  as  "being  300  francs  ($57.90) ,  net  including  the  renting  value  of 
the  land  in  connection  with  a  harvest  of  20,700  KLlos  of  "beets  per  Hectare. 

(o)        On  another  estate  we  were  told  that  during  the  last  few  years 
the  average  profits  on  cultivated  lands  were  50  francs  per  hectare  ($9.65)  « 
$3*90  per  acre- 

VISITS  TO  THE  PROPERTY  OP  COUNT  BROBINSKY, 

Cleonusta  malady  which,  when  it  attacks  the  beet,  ia  ccyunteracted 
by  solutions  of  chlorum  of  Barrium  at  5  -  7$  which  is  spread  upon  the  plants 
by  means  of  a  pulverizer  invented  by  Veraorel,  and  in  digging  ditches  around 
the  fields  of  10  inches  wide  and  10  inches  deep. 

BELT  SEED  RAISING* 

Some  farmers  merely  plant  foreign  seed,  as  purchased,  others  make 
a  methodical  selection*   To  the  fields  that  receive  the  seeds,  nitrate  is 
given  and  a  little  more  phosphate  is  added  than  to  fields  with  ordinary  beet 
culture,  about  90  Kg,  (198  lbs«)  of  nitrate  and  200  Kg.  (440  Ibs.)  of  superphos- 
phate*  Rows  are  sown  0*36  centimeters  apart  from  each  other  and  in  each 
row  (6  to  6  inches  apart)  a  plant  is  allowed  to  develop*   In  the  Fall,  the 
selection  is  made  according  to  appearance  of  the  subject*   The  seed  is  beaten 
out  by  hand*   1400  (3086  pds.  per  hectare)  (or  1243  pounds  per  acre)  to  2000 
Kg.  (4409  pds*  m  to  1383  lbs«  per  acre)  of  seed  is  harvested  per  hectare • 
The  harvest  of  seed  is  made  successively  according  to  the  degree  of  maturity 
of  the  stems  ~  the  coefficient  of  germination  are  in  this  way  higher  and 
more  regular* 

17,  18,  19  and  often  20$  of  sugar  from  15,000  (33.069  pdsj  to 
21,000  (46,297  pds.)  Kg.  of  beets  per  hectare  are  obtained* 

VALUE  OP  THE  LAND. 

Considered  as  farms,  land  ie  worth  about  1000  franca  per  hectare, 
t $78*50  per  acre)  and  is  leased  at  48  to  50  francs  (#9*26  -  $9*65)  about  5$ 
on  the  capital  value.   But  a  distinction  must  be  made  between  the  renting 
values  of  land  in  general  and  the  actual  rent  paid  for  selected  land  im- 
proved by  beet  culture*   The  rent  paid  frequently  amounts  to  80  or  100  francs 
($15,44  -  $19.50}  per  hectare  per  ammm. 

— -oQo---- 


94 


LABOR  XN  RUSSIA  . 


FROM  EMILE  SAIILABD'S  BEPOBT,  AlfG.-SHPT., 
1911. 


Farm  labor  is  abundant  in  the  country;  farmers  in  the  vicinity 
of  beet  fields  supply  the  need.   However,  the  Russian  workman  is  less  en- 
ergetic than  the  French  farm  laborer.   It  was  surprising  to  see  the  vast  num- 
ber  of  men,  women  and  children,  employed  in  threshing  grains,  beet  seeds  and 
other  work  in  the  beet  fields.   In  France  and  Germany,  much  of  this  work 
la  performed  by  primitive  machinery  and  manipulated  by  hand* 

In  these  regions,  families  as  a  rule,  have  a  large  number  of 
children*   The  houses  are  built  of  clay,  have  no  upper  story  and  are  thatched, 
with  a  4  layer  thatch,  strongly  plaited  to  the  rafters  and  ridges  of  the 
roofs*   The  hawse  is  divided  into  two  parts  -  in  one  part  are  the  living 
rooms,  in  the  other,  the  stable.   The  living  apartment  is  divided  off  into 
four  spaces  (called  rooms),  low  ceilings-  no  doors  or  walls  dividing  these 
BO-called  rooms,  and  only  a  curtain  is  provided  to  make  the  subdivision. 

As  each  peasant  bakes  his  own  bread,  he  has  a  large  oven  or  stove 
in  the  house,  which  occupies  a  considerable  space  in  the  living  apartment, 
Near  the  .house  is  a  cellar,  or  one  might  say  a  vault,  dug  in  the  ground,  where* 
in  IB  placed  all  sorts  of  vegetables,  auch  as  potatoes,  etc*   Being  covered 
with  earbht  a  rather  mild  temperature  exists  in  this  vault,  and  even  in  the 
coldest  weather  the  contents  in  this  so-called  storage  vault  are  not  frozen* 
A  barn,  where  the  products  of  the  field  are  stored  completes  the  dwelling. 

PRICES  FOR  LABOR  IB  SUGAR  DISTRICTS: 

Men, .1*30  Francs. 

Women, .1*05  per  day  without  food* 

Children,  0.80  Francs. 

When  food  is  furnished  7-8  cents  per  day,  per  person,  is  deducted.  (*) 

HAND  LABOR. 

Farm  labor  is  abundant,,  and  is  relatively  speaking,  cheap,  al- 
though their  work  is  less  Intensive  than  that  of  the  French  laborer. 

At  the  time  of  hoeing,  they  receive  50  kopekB  per  day  *•  say, 
1.325  -  or  25  cents,  without  board,  or  0.92  francs  or  about  19  centa  with 
board. 

(»)  Parmara  who  live  in  the  vicinity  in  addition  to  their  own.  farm  work,  in- 
crease their  incomes  by  performing  the  extra  work  in  tha  fields  and 
factories  during  the  beet  season. 


95 


STOCK  FEEDING, 

For  1908,  figures  -were  obtained  relating  to  flattening  of  area  otk 
8  farms,  as  follows:~ 

Avorage  weight  of  a  lean  ox .  .500  Kg. 

11    "  "  fattened  ox  ....... T 610  " 

Price  of  100  Kg.  on  the  hoof 45  Francs 

M  after  fattening 56,40 

Cost  of  116  days  fattening 102.20 

Net  profit  realized  in  fattening  one  Ox SO  Francs 

Fodder  per  ox  on  nouHworklng  days ,  costs 1  «  28 

«    ti  «  M  Corking  days  costs  2  "46 


(•Translation  from  the  French) 

EKCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  DES  FABRICANT3  de  SPORE. JAN.  1.1912. 

/ 
According  to  report,  Italy  has  given  notice  that  she  will  withdraw 

from  the  Brussels  Convention  September  1st,  1913.   She  maintains  that  she 
is  justified  in  her  action  on  the  ground  that  the  Convention  refused  her 
request  to  be  allowed  to  export  as  much  sugar  per  annum  as  Russia.   She 
wants  a  free  hand,  so  that  she  can  export  sugar  anywhere  she  pleases  in 
the  future.   She  also  states  that  her  subjects  derive  no  benefit  from 
the  Brussels  Convention. 


96 


RUSSIAN  SUGAR. 

•BXCERPT  FROM  DIB  DBPTSCHE  ZUCKSRIKDUSTRIS.  JAN+26.1912.          p. 71 
(Matter  in  Parenthesis  inserted  by  Truman  G.  Palmer) 

At  a  general  meeting  of  the  German  Beet  Sugar  Industry  held  in 
Berlin,  Imperial  Councillor  Koenig,  who  is  also  the  President  of  the  or- 
ganization, made  the  following  remarks: 

We  ought  to  do  everything  in  our  power  to  limit  Russia  in  her 
efforts  to  increase  her  export  trade  before  1913*   Russia  is  planning  to 
rid  herself  of  the  vast  stocks  of  sugar  she  has  on  hand,  not  merely  for 
the  purpose  of  enhancing  her  position,  but  primarily  to  fill  her  coffers 
with  millions  of  roubles.   She  is  very  anxious  to  strengthen  her  position 
and  increase  her  production  from  year  to  year,  which  means,  of  course,  a 
larger  increase  in  her  exports  to  non-convention  countries. 

Should  we,  the  German  beet  growers  and  German  sugar  trade  permit 
this?   If  so,  Russia  would  be  able  to  capture  the  markets  of  the  world, 
and,  ere  we  are  aware,  crush  our  export  trade.    We  must  therefore  take 
heed  and  do  nothing  which  might  in  any  way  help  to  advance  Russia's  posi" 
tion,  especially  is  this  true  with  regard  to  preventing  her  in  increasing 
her  production,  for,  according  to  the  agreement  she  has  with  the  Brussels 
Convention  she  can  only  expand  in  exports  outside  of  convention  countries 
in  competition  with  us.    Sugar,  as  you  all  know,  is  a  world  commodity, 
and  Russia  will  make  every  effort  to  compete  with  us  in  all  directions 
of  the  compass.   We  must  not  second  Russia  in  her  desire  to  further  her 
exports  and  rid  herself  of  her  surplus  production,  as  the  German  Sugar 
Industry  and  beet  growers  are  already  feeling  the  effects  which  have  been 
produced  by  her  anxiety  to  get  all  the  export  trade  she  can  gobble. 


97 


Let  us  look  into  the  future  and  see  what  harm  will  come  to  us 
on  the  part  of  Russian  competition.   When  I  say  us,  I  mean  the  German 
Sugar  Industry,  the  Beet  Growers,  and  commerce  generally.   Gentlemen, 
the  three  factors,  are  of  one  mind,  not  to  help  in  strengthening  the  ca- 
pacity of  Russia's  output. 

Gentlemen,  I  have  faith  in  the  German  government;  faith  in  the 
German  law-givers,  that  they  will  do  their  duty  and  give  us,  regardless  of 
Convention  agreements,  a  duty  which  will  give  the  German  beet  growers  and 
sugar  factories  such  protection  as  to  effectually  keep  any  and  all  foreign 
sugar  out  of  the  country. 

If  we  can  carry  on  the  fight  of  competition  in  non- convent ion 
countries  and  our  hands  be  not  tied  by  the  Brussels  Convention  as  far  as 
markets  of  the  world  are  concerned,  we  do  not  fear  the  oncoming  struggle 
with  Russia  in  her  desire  to  gain  supremacy.   But  to  sharpen  her  sword 
so  that  she  would  be  able  to  dislodge  us  from  the  sugar  markets  of  the 
world,  that  would  be  asking  too  much. 

What  the  German  Beet  Sugar  people  want  is  not  to  have  their  hands 
tied  too  much  by  the  Brussels  Convention,  but  to  be  able  to  carry  on  a 
war  of  competition  with  Russia,  whose  sugar  exports  in  the  near  future  to 
non-convention  countries  we  have  to  fear. 

After  Russia  will  have  exported  all  that  the  Convention  allows 
her;  after  having  sold  to  England  all  that  country  will  take,  and  having 
gradually  increased  her  production,  she  will  be  confronted  with  the  fact 
that  she  has  large  stocks  on  hand  and  does  not  know  how  to  rid  herself 
of  them.   Russia's  sugar  stocks  are  growing  tower-like,  and  there  is  a 

danger  that  Germany  will  have  to  suffer  from  the  stones  that  will  fly 


98 


to  all  points  of  the  compass. 

Russia's  acreage  since  1904/5  has  increased  from  478,000  hectares 
(1,181,138  acres)  to  787,000  hectares  (1,194,677  acres)  in  1912,  and  her 
production  of  raw  sugar  has  increased  from  591,000  (in  1894)  to  2,080,000 
tons.   The  Government  is  doing  everything  possible  to  further  and  encour- 
age beet  culture,  and  on  March  4th  of  this  year,  the  Minister  of  Finance 
brought  in  a  bill  which  has  since  been  enacted  into  law,  whereby  government 
aid  is  assured  and  facilities  granted  for  the  extension  of  beet  culture 
and  the  building  of  new  factories.   The  Cologne  Gazette  of  February  26th, 
1912.  says: 

"It  is  Germany's  duty  to  put  on  her  armor  and  be  ready  for  energetic 
competition  in  the  world's  sugar  markets". 

If  you  picture  to  yourself  that  from  591,000  tons  in  1894  Russian 
sugar  production  has  risen  to  2,080,000  tons  in  1911-12,  we  have  no  guarantee 
as  to  the  limit  that  her  production  may  reach.    We  will  have  a  war  of 
competition  on  our  hands  and  we  will  have  to  fight  that  war  under  unfavorable 
conditions. 

Mr.  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  and  Gentlemen: 

I  have  here  a  report,  informing  me  that  large  quantities  of  Rus- 
sian sugar  are  now  stored  at  Vladivo stock,  Port  Said,  Le  Havre  and  Hamburg, 
and  we  must  be  on  the  lookout  that  this  sugar  does  not  reach  the  European 
markets  -  in  which  the  eleven  (11)  convention  countries  are  interested. 
The  steamers  "Vladimir",  "Jtoughieff**,  "Mars"  and"Cerena",  each  with  a  wagon 
load  of  200  tons  are  now  on  the  way  to  increase  the  stocks  of  Russian  sugar 
at  above  points. 

Our  sugar  factories  and  allied  industries  give  occupation  to  270,000 


99 


worJonen  in  addition  to  field  laborers  engaged  in  beet  culture* 

Now  let  me  illustrate  as  to  how  we  are  likely  to  be  inferior  to 
Russia  in  competing  in  the  western  world  {United  States).   Odessa,  not 
long  ago,  quoted  5.08  roubels  per  pud  for  (consumption  inland)  sugar  and 
quoted  export  sugar  at  1.73  roubles;  that  is  to  say,  100  Kg.  sugar  con- 
sumed in  Russia  was  quoted  at  Frcs.  32  ($7.18  per  100  Ibs);  100  Kgs.  for 
export- Frcs.  28  ($2.45  per  100  Ibs.).   in  other  words,  considering  the 
high  prices  obtained  in  Russia  from  her  150.000.000  people  for  sugar  con- 

• 

suraed  in  Russia,  the  factories  were  able  to  throw  all  they  did  not  consume 
at  the  heads  of  foreign  buyers  at  a  great  loss  -  that  loss  being  only  ap- 
parent -  for  their  average  profit  was  considerable.   Count  Khevenhueller 
of  Austria,  has  calculated  that  in  reality  the  Russian  law  gives  Russian 
sugar  a  bounty  of  17  francs  60  per  100  Kilograms  ($1.54  per  100  Ibs.),  ana 
Count  von  Schwerin  calculated  that  Russia  is  now  able  to  sell  her  sugar 
(100  Kgs.)  about  12  francs  ($1.05  per  100  Ibs.)  cheaper  abroad  than  the 
price  her  native  consumers  have  to  pay. 

Mr.,  Secretary,  if  you  have  the  interests  of  the  German  Sugar  In- 
dustry at  heart,  then  co-operate  with  us  in  enabling  us  to  manufacture  sugar 
cheaply,  so  that  we  may  succeed  in  competing  with  Russia  successfully  in 
the  markets  of  the  world. 

You  are  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  United  States  Of  America  has 
granted  the  Philippine  Islands  yo  allow  sugar  up  to  300,000  tons  to  enter 
free  of  duty;  this  quantity  however,  has  not  been  reached,  and  it  \vill  be 
a  long  time  before  it  does  reach  that  figure. 

This  preferential  favor  is  due  to  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  Mr.  Taft,  who,  whilst  Secretary  of  War,  took  an  interest  in  Phil- 
ippine affairs  in  general. 


100 


The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States  did  not  like  this  and 
in  this  respect  their  interests  are  identical  with  those  of  the  beet  sugar 
industries  of  the  world  -  and  it  is  not  likely  that  within  the  next  fifteen 
years  the  Philippines  will  be  able  to  supply  more  than  180,000  to  200,000 
tons  per  annum.   It  would  be  very  unpleasant  for  us  if  the  Philippines 
would  exceed  this  quantity,  but  still  more  unpleasant  for  the  German  sugar 
people  if  the  North  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry  shoula  reach  a  higher  de- 

* 

velopment  than  It  has  now. 

You  all  know  that  this  campaign  has  a  surplus  of  about  1,900,000 
tons  and  most  of  that  surplus  is  in  Russia,  or  in  various  ports,  in  bond, 
for  Russian  account,  speculators  and  others,  and  her  exports  are  liable  to 
increase  to  the  Bast  and  to  the  American  continent  and  Canada,  and  we  also 
know  that  the  English  invisible  stocks  are  tremendously  large* 

The  Russian  Government . in  consequence  of  having  a  large  surplus 
has  reduced  the  price  limit  to  5  kopecks  per  110  pounds  ($1*20  per  short 
ton  or  about  6  cents  per  hundred  pounds),  so  as  to  stimulate  home  consump- 
tion. 

We  must  also  note  whether  the  Austrians  will  export  sugar  in  the 
raw,  as  Austria  exports  annually  as  much  sugar  as  she  consumes* 

In  the  name  of  the  Association  I  have  to  thank  the  first  President, 
His  Excellency  von  Gunther,  for  having  honored  us  with  his  presence  at 
this  meeting. 


101 


AGREEMENTS  REIATIUG-  TO  BEET  TRICES. 
EXOEBPTS  FROM  THE  WOCHEHSCHRIFT  DBS  2ENTRALVERBMD3ES  EEB  HUEEEKOCKER 

Peby.  14,  1912,  page  116  &  Mar.  13,1912, 
page  200. 

The  Association  of  the  Sugar  Factories  of  Prague  have  made  an  agree- 
ment with  the  leaders  of  the  Beet  Grower's  Associations,  relating  to  beet  prices 
to  be  paid  for  the  coming  campaign,  1912  -  1913.   A  fixed  price  (sliding  scale, 
according  to  sugar  quotations  excluded)  Kr.  2.50  (0.50J-  cts.) ,  delivered  at  De- 
pot Kr.  2.40  ($0.48-f-cts.)  at  any  field  where  a  receiving  agency  is  established; 
the  customary  grant  for  cartage  (if  cartage  to  the  factory)  is  made  to  the  grow- 
ers, i.e. 

4  Kg.  sugar 6.81  Ibs. 

8  "   seed  ...17.6   "   and 

60$  fresh  slices  at  factory*   If  the  slices  are  to  be  shipped  to  R.  R.  Station 
by  the  factory  only  50$  of  fresh  slices  are  allowed. 

The  Royal  Austro-Silesian  Department  of  Forestry  and  Agriculture 
in  Troppau  publishes  the  following  statistics  relating  to  beet  prices: 

On  January  27,  1912,  representatives  of  beet  growers  and  sugar 
factories  Troppau,  Freiheitsau  and  Warsowitz,  came  to  the  following  agreement: 

The  beet  growers  have  the  option  to  sell  beets  at  a  fixed  price  or 
to  deliver  them  on  the  basis  of  a  speculative  price.   If  sold  at  a  fixed 
price  -  100  Kg.  beets  f.  o.  b.  R.  R.  Station  Troppau,  Kr.  2.45  ($0.49f$  are  re- 
corded and  all  usual  stipulations  remain  in  force,  the  price  at  weighing  is  di- 
minished by  10  hellers  =  Kr.2.35  (47.7$  ;  50$  fresh  slices  at  factory  given 
free  and  10  Kg.  (22  Ibs.)  of  beet  seed  per  100  Kg.  beets  actually  delivered  - 
any  quantity  in  excess  of  10  Kg.  desired  by  the  farmer  has  to  be  paid  for  at 
Kr.  1.20  per  Kg.  (24.3$ 

Those  who  wish  to  speculate  with  their  own  beets  -  receive  Kr.2.00 
(40.6$  for  100  Kg.  at  factory  in  the  shape  of  an  Initial  price;  for  each  ad- 
ditional Kr.  quoted  for  raw  sugar  (notice  of  quotation)  over  and  above  21  Kr. 
(4.26$  up  to  25  Kr.  (5.07$  an  additional  hellers  (9)per  100  Kg.  has  to  be 
paid  at  the  factory,  for  each  additional  fcrone  over  and  above  26  Kronen  (5.27$ 
to  inclusive  30  Kr.  (6.09$.  8  hellers  (1.6$  per  100  Kg.  will  be  paid,  and  from 
30  to  35  Kr.  and  over  ($6.09  to  |7.10)  5  hellers  (One  cent)  will  be  paid  addi- 
tionally on  every  100  Kgs.  of  beets. 

To  avoid  misunderstandings,  beet  growers  will  bear  in  mind  that  only 
2  Krs.  (401:5$  per  100  Kg.  will  be  paid  on  delivery  and  the  final  adjustment  of 
balance  that  might  have  to  be  paid  will  only  take  place  In  the  course  of  January 
1913,  and  notification  of  sugar  prices  for  October,  November  and  December,  1912, 
will  serve  as  the  basis  of  adjustment. 


102 


The  factories  grow  some  of  the  beets  themselves.   Some  are  pro- 
vided by  the  shareholders*   The  greater  part,  however,  are  those  used  in 
8ugar~raa}dn§  in  Germany,  these  are  generally  called  purchase  beets.   They  in- 
clude beets  grown  "Uy  shareholders  and  others  in  excess  of  what  they  had  con- 
tracted to  furnish,  also  include  beets  from  fields  not  owned  by  shareholders. 

As  a  general  rule,  beets  are  bought  by  contract  made  in  advance 
(about  sowing  time)  -  in  conformity  with  such  contracts  certain  conditions  must 
be  adhered  to,  one  of  them  being  that  the  beet  growers  have  to  sow  a  given 
quantity  of  seed  which  is  furnished  free  of  charge  by  the  factory  or  furnished 
by  the  latter  at  cost  price*   In  Germany,  the  Kleinwanzleben  is  the  favorite 
seed. 


103 

TRUMAN   G.  PALMER 

SECRETARY 
UNITED    STATES    BEET   SUGAR    INDUSTRY 

90I-SO3  UNION  TRUST  BUILDING 
WASHINGTON,   D.  c. 


TECHNOLOGY  OF  THE  CHEMISTRY  OF  SUGAR. 

EXTRACTION  OF  SUGAR  FROM  THE  BEET. 
Translation  from  the  "  Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre,"  February  28,  1912. 


Scheinberger  Szegedin,  Hungary.  The  strips  of  beets 
are  placed  .into  the  diffuser  and  exposed  to  the  action  of 
a  cold  diluted  solution  of  sulfurous  acid.  The  extraction 
of  sugar  is  made  more  rapidly  and  more  completely 
than  with  ordinary  diffusion.  Sulfurous  acid  coagulates 
albumenoid  substances  that  remain  in  the  pulp,  thereby 
increasing  its  nutritive  value.  The  cellulose  of  the  beet 
is  disintegrated  and  the  fncrusting  substances  are  dis- 
solved. This  increases  the  organic  substances  contained 
in  the  juice  but  does  not  cause  any  difficulty  as  lime  will 
precipitate  all  these  substances  during  the  carbonation. 

The  work  is  simplified  by  this  process  and  a  loss  of 
heat  is  avoided.  The  d  iff  users  ought  to  be  covered  with 
a  layer  of  varnish  so  that  the  partition  walls  may  be  pro- 
tected against  the  action  of  sulfurous  acid.  Wooden 
tanks  may  be  used.  The  juice  extrac£ed  is  grayish  green 
and  muddy  ;  part  of  the  latter  substances  easily  settle. 
The  juice  settles  much  easier  and  more  thoroughly  when 
submitted  to  a  pressure  of  several  atmospheres.  The 
filtered  juice  is  of  a  gold  or  greenish  yellow  color.  It  is 
then  submitted  to  a  calcium  carbonate  clarification  and 
a  clear  raw  sugar  is  obtained. 

The  exhausted  pulp  is  colorless  and  still  contains  a 
little  sulfurous  acid,  from  which  it  must  be  freed  so  as  to 
be  fit  for  fodder.  The  pulp  is  systematically  exhausted 
and  pressed.  The  acid  water  may  be  used  over  again  in 
the  work  of  extraction. 

As  regards  the  use  of  bisulphite  of  aluminium  as  a 
solvent  and  antiincrustation  item  in  the  manufacture  of 
sugar,  Mr.  O.  Bureaux,  chemist  at  Givry,  Belgium, 
recommends  the  use  of  bisulphite  of  aluminium  Al 
(HSOs)3.  This  has  a  strong  affinity  for  water  and 
forms  an  aluminous  congelated  coating  which  absorbs  the 
organic  matter,  thus  preventing  the  incrustation  of  tubes 
of  the  evaporating  apparatus. 

The  following  process  is  used  :  Carbonated  juice,  which 
is  neutral  to  phenolphthalein,  is  filtered,  then  to  every 
10  hectoliters  of  clear  juice,  300  centimeter  cube  of  the 
aluminium  salt  are  added.  This  mixture  then  passes 
into  the  storage  vat  for  evaporation.  The  bisulphite  of 
aluminium  is  immediately  broken  up  or  hydrolized  (dis- 
solved). 

The  sulfurous  acid  formed  destroys  part  of  the  organic 
coloring  matter,  while  the  alumina  attacks  the  surplus 
lime  to  form  an  aluminate  of  lime  which  is  insoluble. 
This  latter  material  coagulates  in  the  shape  of  a  gela- 
tinous substance.  The  juice  is  now  subject  to  evapora- 
tion and  prevents,  by  reason  of  its  being  kept  boiling, 
the  adhesion  of  mineral  substances  on  the  heating  tubes. 

Using  bisulphite  of  aluminium,  it  is  not  necessary  to 
clean  the  evaporation  apparatus  during  the  whole  period 
of  the  campaign  ;  furthermore,  the  evaporation  is  easier, 


the  juice  having  a  greater  fluidity  at  the  point  of  ebul- 
lition. 


Syrups  coming  from  the  third  body  of  the  evaporator 
at  27-30°  baume,  continues  Mr.  Bureaux,  pass  through 
Bausch  filters  where  the  aluminium  jelly  is  retained.  In 
passing  through  this  gelatinous  mass,  the  syrup  under- 
goes a  decolorization  due  in  a  large  part  to  the  absorp- 
tion of  some  of  the  organic  coloring  substances. 

The  syrup  thus  treated  is  rid  of  almost  all  of  its  im- 
purities and  may  pass  on  to  crystallization.  Alkalis  in 
the  shape  of  saccharates  of  potassium  and  additional 
combinations  are  completely  eliminated  and  crystalliza- 
tion in  the  crystallizer  takes  place  more  readily.  Mr. 
Bureaux  says  that  this  process  was  used  with  success 
during  three  campaigns. 

Bisulphite  of  aluminium  has  been  known  in  the  sugar 
factories  as  a  clarifying  agent  since -1838.  Several  times 
this  salt  was  recommended  to  sugar,  factories  but  some- 
how only  a  few  used  it. 

EBONITE,  CLEANSING  PROPERTIES  OF  SAME:  EXPERI- 
MENTS MADE  BY  M.  F.  STROHMER,  BIRECTOR  OF 
THE  CENTRAL  LABORATORY  OF  THE  AUSTRIAN 
SUGAR  INDUSTRY. 

Very  favorable  results  have  been  obtained  by  Mr. 
Strohmer  in  the  use  of  this  new  discoloring  agent, 
eponite,  as  a  substitute  for  bone-black. 

Mr.  Prinsen-Geerligs  also  has  made  experiments  with 
eponite  and  has  published  the  results  in  the  "Archief." 
He  finds  that  there  is  a  good  decolorization  but  a  quan- 
tity of  the  fine  particles  of  eponite  pass  the  filters,  so 
spoil  the  decolorization  effect.  The  particles  of  eponite 
pass  through  the  best  and  most  closely  made  filtering 
paper. 

The  tests  made  at  the  refinery  of  Amsterdam  by  Mr. 
Spakler  confirm  the  laboratory  results  of  Mr.  Prinsen- 
Geerligs  as  regards  the  passing  of  eponite  through  filters. 
A  large  quantity  of  eponite  remains  in  the  filtered  prod- 
ucts, as  the  cloths  of  mechanical  filters  in  factories  are 
not  as  densely  woven  as  the  best  filtering  paper.  As 
regards  the  decolorization  properties  of  this  new  vege- 
table carbon,  Mr.  Spakler  concludes  that  the  cost  of 
discolorization  considering  bone-black  as  1,  amounts  in 
the  case  of  eponite  to  1.7  and  in  the  case  of  blankite  to 
2.6.  Eponite,  according  to  Spakler,  can  not  be  properly 
used  for  manufacturing  white  sugar  as  too  much  of  it 
passes  with  more  or  less  facility  through  all  the  filters. 

According  to  Spakler,  bone-black  is  the  most  useful 
and  the  least  expensive  of  all  the  decolorization  sub- 
stances hitherto  brought  forward. 


104 


ECONOMICAL  FILTRATION. 
Translation  from  the  Supplement    "Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre  "  November  20,  1912. 


From  the  standpoint  of  a  chemist,  filtration  in  sugar 
factories  and  related  industrial  enterprises,  is  carried  on 
by  means  of  filtering  substances  which  either  act  in  a 
purely  physical  capacity  or  combined  with  a  chemical 
process. 

Bone-black  is  one  of  these  substances  which  proved 
very  useful  to  the  French  sugar  industry  while  it  was  in 
its  infancy  and  was  one  of  the  factors  which  helped  this 
industry  to  pass  beyond  the  first  stages  of  its  industrial 
life.  But  its  use  was  rather  costly;  in  1860  the  expense 
for  bone-black  per  bag  of  sugar  was  58  cents.  This 
expense  was  gradually  reduced  as  improvements  were 
made  in  the  machinery  employed  and  also  in  proportion 
to  the  increase  in  the  sugar  content  of  the  beets. 

Bone-black  was  ostracized  in  France  in  1880  after  hav- 
ing been  continuously  used  during  a  period  of  70  years, 
and  filtering  bags  were  substituted.  Then  substitutes 
for  bone-black,  such  as  silex,  sand,  mineral  carbon,  etc., 
were  tried  and  highly  praised.  Filters  of  these  sub- 
stances were  used  in  colonial  and  native  sugar  factories 
and  in  other  industries,  but  on  account  of  the  construc- 
tion of  the  apparatus,  the  process  was  slow,  yet  good 
results  were  obtained. 

A  great  many  years  passed  without  appreciable  progress 
in  this  branch  of  industrial  activity. 

For  a  long  time  chemists  have  been  looking  for  an 
appropriate  method  of  energetically,  clarifying  sugar 
juices  ;  the  writer  has  resumed  the  study  of  this  question 
and  from  a  technical  point  of  view  has  placed  a  new 
light  upon  it. 

The  apparatus,  the  filtering  substances  and  the  liquid 
to  be  filtered  being  the  correlated  factors  in  all  filtering 
processes,  a  methodical  system  of  filtration  has  been 
found  depending  upon  a  method  of  automatic  washing 
out  and  regeneration  of  the  filtering  substance  in  the 
filter  itself.  This  system  necessitated  the  use  of  ^filter- 
ing base  that  would  prove  its  efficacy  when  brought  into 
contact  with  sugar  containing  liquids.  The  search  did 
not  last  long,  for  the  hitherto  banished  bone-black  was 
again  brought  into  the  foreground.  This  choice  was  a 
fortunate  one. 

Under  the  old  regime  of  sugar  extraction,  bone-b'lack 
was  the  slave  of  many  manipulations  and  played  many 
parts  in  a  sugar  factory — it  was  simultaneously  used  for 
decanting,  filtering,  clarifying  and  decolorization  ;  in  the 
future  its  work  will  be  less  arduous — it  will  be  used  for 
nothing  else  but  for  clarifying  juices  and  syrups 

As  far  back  as  1866,  the  fact  was  established  that  color 
was  no  obstacle  to  the  formation  of  white  crystallized 
sugar.  From  that  moment  on  it  was  not  necessary  to 
rely  on  the  decolorizing  power  of  bone-black. 

This  and  other  considerations  which  are  due  to  the 
adoption  of  a  methodical  system,  hav.e  enabled  us  to 
minimize  the  quantity  of  bone-black  required  to  achieve 
an  intensive  clarification  of  the  sugar  containing  juices. 


I  here  give  an  example  of  my  method  of  application 
of  bone-black  : 

A  factory  which  works  over  300  metric  tons  (of  2,204 
pounds  per  ton)  of  beets  every  24  hours  is  provided  with 
a  battery  composed  of  3  units.  Each  unit  is  charged 
with  1056  quarts  of  granulated  bone-black  equalling  1102 
pounds.  During  6  hours  the  unit  works  on  the  syrup, 
then  during  the  next  11 K  hours  on  juices,  so  there  are 
constantly  2  filters  in  operation  with  juice-and  one  filter 
with  syrup.  During  the  rest  of  the  24  hours  the  cleans- 
ing of  the  filtrating  substance  takes  place.  This 
operation  comprises  desugaring,  viz  :  washing  out  and 
regeneration,  which  is  also  done  automatically  and  re- 
quires about  30  minutes. 

Two  cleansings  are  made  every  24  hours,  causing  a 
waste  of  about  22  pounds  of  bone-black,  which  quantity 
is  replaced  every  day  from  the  reserve  supply. 

Expenses  entailed  are  as  follows  : 

10  kg.  of  black  used,  25  centimes  =  22  pounds  of  black 
used,  equalling  5  cents. 

Cost  of  regeneration,  fr.  1.50,  equalling  29  cents. 

Expenses  calculated  on  300  metric  tons  of  beets,  4 
francs,  equalling  77.2  cents. 

As  each  metric  ton  produces  on  an  average  110  kilo- 
grams (242%  pounds)  of  sugar  it  follows  that  the  ex- 
pense connected  with  100  kg.  (220  pounds  of  sugar) 
will  be  0  fr.  01.15  centimes,  equal  0.00219,  equal  YZ  cent 
for  every  220  pounds,  equal  T2iy  cent  per '100  pounds  of 
sugar. 

The  method  of  regeneration  applied  is  less  costly  and 
more  complete  than-  the  ordinary  revivifying  process  in 
the  hot  chamber  ;  this  latter  process  has  serious  draw- 
backs, for  in  burning  off  the  carbon  the  filtering  channels 
of  the  bone-black  are  destroyed  and  in  a  short  space  of 
time  the  bone-black  presents  the  appearance  of  small 
pebbles  that  have  lost  all  the  chemical  and  physical 
characteristics  of  the  original  bone-black. 

Before  concluding  I  "wish  to  give  the  expenses  con- 
nected with  the  use  of  bone-black  at  different  periods  : 
In  I860,  with  the  old  filters,  per  100  kg.  of 

sugar 0.58       ct. 

In  1880,  with  the  old  filters,  per  100  kg.  of 

sugar      .....        . .a.   0.29       ct. 

In  1912,  with  the  methodical  system,  per  100 

kg.  of  sugar.    .    . '.   0.0022   ct. 

This  last  figure  being  so  extremely  low  will  be  a  great 
surprise  to  chemists  and  engineers,  but  it  proves  that 
the  old  method  of  using  bone-black  was  faulty  and  the 
expense  connected  with  its  use  very  high. 

Freed  from  antiquated  methods  bone-black  can  now 
unfettered  follow  the  new  economical  path  mapped  out 
for  it. 

(Signed)    L.  WACKERNIE. 


105 


RENDEMENT  IN  THE  FACTORY. 

-  By- 

MILE  SAILIARD. 
EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  PABRI CANTS  de  SUCRE,  FEB.  28,  1912. 

Amongst  the  soluble  substances  which  the  beet  contains  there  Is 
an  azotic  element  (such  as  asparagine,  glutamine,  aspartic  acid,  glutamic 
acid),  that  has  a  rotatory  tendency  and  that  is  not  precipitated  by  sub-acetate 
of  lead. 


In  a  very  able  paper  in  which  Fa steuor( points  out  the  crystalline 
relations  and  the  rotatory  tendency  in  1851,)  made  a  special  study  of  Aspara- 
gine, aclde  aspartique,  malic  acid,  raalates,  forraiate  of  Strontiane  and  glu- 
colate  of  marine  salt,  he  shows  particularly  that  Aaparagine  and  acid  aspar- 
tique (aspartic  acid  was  discovered  in  molasses  by  Scheibler  in  1866)  have  a 
rotatory  dextrogyric  tendency  in  an  acidulated  medium  acidified  chlorhydric  acid 
and  a  rotatory  levogyric  tendency  in  a  medium  alkaliaed  by  potash,  soda  or 
ammonia. 

According  to  Pasteur,  chlorhydric  acid,  azotic  acid  and  above  all 
sulfuric  acid,  do  not  exert  the  sane  quantitative  action  in  this  connection  and 
nitric  acid  has  a  much  weaker  influence  than  the  mineral  acids  above  mentioned. 
Based  on  this  data,  Clerget  has  somewhat  modified  his  method  of  inversion  to 
the  sugar  beet  juice.  (Analyses  of  Saochariferous  substances  by  Clerget) » 

He  made  it  a  point  to  take  his  reading  from  the  left,  after  having 
with  eoda,  neutralized  the  inverted  liquid  (at  that  time  the  influence  of  sugar 
concentration  and  of  acidity  upon  the  rotatory  power  of  invert  sugar  was  un- 
known) .    The  way  paved  by  Clerget  was  worthy  of  careful  study*   Clerget fs 
method  waa  employed  with  all  sorts  of  varying  modifications  -  as  regards  the 
duration  of  heating  -  and  concentration  of  the  liquid.   Clerget* s  method, 
pure  and  simple,  was  not  employed,  and  therefore  the  results  published  were 
misleading* 

In  order  to  determine  the  quantity  of  dextrogyric  substances 
other  than  sugar  contained  in  the  beet,  an  ascending  scale  from  dextrogyric 
substances  of  molasses  waa  followed  to  reach  the  raw  beet.  (Difference  between 
direct  polarization  and  Clerget)  • 


106 


The  opposite  should  have  "been  done  after  Inspecting  the  Deoctrogyrlc 
substances  of  the  beet,  those  substances  that  remain  in  purified  and  evaporated 
substances  should  be  analyzed  and  inspected.   We  did  this  in  two  factories. 
During  ten  hours,  we  took  diffusion  juiced  which  iranediately  were  mized  with  the 
usual  quantity  of  sub-acetate  of  lead.   We  also  took  a  sample  of  boiled  virgin 
mass,  and  of  the  corresponding  mother  residue. 

In  the  Syndicat's  Laboratory  from  each  sample  we  obtained  the  di- 
rect polarization  and  polarisation  after  inversion,  according  to  Anderlik's 
method,  that  is  to  say,  in  a  medium  of  the  same  chlorhydric  acidity  we  succeeded 
in  getting  results  on  100  Kg.  beets.   It  was  found  that  the  difference  between 
acidic  direct  polarization  and  sugar  had  diminished  from  the  gauging  vats  of 
diffusion  to  the  boiling  of  the  first  product.   This  decrease  in  difference 
was  not  the  same  in  both  factories. 

Azotic  substances  contained  in  the  beet  (aspartic  acid,  glutanic 
acids,  Betaine)  contain  about  10/£  azote.   Although  the  conventional  organic 
non-sugar  of  cleansed  products  contain  still  10$  of  Azote,  it  must  not  be  con- 
cluded that  this  non-sugar  is  formed  exclusively  of  azotic  substances.    It  can 
only  be  established  that  the  Azotic  substances  form  a  goodly  part  of  same.  If 
the  total  Azote  of  the  beet  is  divided  into  albuminoid  Azote,  Amide  Azote, 
Ammoniacal  acid  and  pernicious  Azote,  the  azote  that  cannot  be  eliminated  by 
the  cal co- carbonic  process  proper  as  belonging  to  the  two  last  groups  which 
represent  40%  to  50$  of  the  total  Azote,  and  are  developed  by  substances,  then 
some  of  these  groups  will  have  no  rotatory  tendency. 

On  the  other  hand  the  beet  contains  1.3  to  2.4  of  Azote,  total 
for  100$  of  sugar,  which  makes  0.6  to  1.2  non-albuminoid  Azote  for  100  of  sugar, 
that  is  to  say,  0.09  to  0.019  for  100  Kg.  of  beets  =  0.023  to  0.049  for  the 
test  sample  of  26  grammes  of  grated  beets.    And  as  0.  gr.  15  of  aspartic  acid 
are  required  per  100  c.  c.  to  get  a  direct  acidic  polarization  of  0.22,  it  can 
be  seen  that  the  Azotic  substances  of  the  beet  may  cause  such  a  result  of  direct 
polarization  which  cannot  be  disregarded. 

I  will,  however,  add,  that  if  you  take  into  consideration  the  losses 
of  polarization  which  we  noticed  in  heating  ('}  certain  azotic  substances  of  the 
beet  in  an  alcaline  medium,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  ammoniac  liberated  in  the 
factory  often  corresponds  to  losses  of  polarization  more  or  less  important. 


(')   The  heating  was  effected  at  92,  979  105,  110  and  115  degrees. 


107 


PURIFYING  MOLASSES. 
EXCERPT  FROM  JOURHA.L  dee  FABRIGA.HTS  de  SUCRE,  FEB. 28/12. 

Mr.  A.  Pollacsei:  in  Florence  has  patented  his  purifying  process 
for  molasses  which  consists  in  the  following:-   Molasses  is  heated  in  the 
open  air  and  mixed  with  the  required  quantity  of  soda  necessary  for  that 
purpose,  and  all  the  substances  can  be  eliminated  by  this  reactive  agent. 

The  precipitate  is  separated  by  filtration  and  the  filtered  mass 
is  mixed  with  alcohol,  which  forms  new  precipitates.    The  filtered  portion 
of  this  new  precipitate  is  submitted  to  distillation  so  as  to  recover  the  al- 
cohol and  the  two  precipitates  can  be  used  as  fertilizers. 

Molasses  thus  treated  is  more  or  less  without  salts,  without 
asparagine,  gummy  and  pectio  substances,  without  protaic  substances,  those 
impurities  that  have  passed  into  the  two  precipitates.   This  treatment  can  be 
repeated  until  no  increase  in  the  purity  of  the  filtered  molasses  is  noticeable. 
The  increase  in  purity  having  arrived  at  its  limit,  purified  molasses  can 
now  be  returned  to  the  factory,  sugar  factory  or  refinery,  according  to  its 
piurity. 

1  Kilogram  of  molasses  of  the  factory,  treated  in  the  above  described 
manner  with  twenty-five  grannies  of  silicate  of  aloaline  gave  an  abundant 
precipitate,  but  the  filtered  portion  did  not  show  an  increase  of  purity, 
After  a  second  precipitation  with  500  grammes  of  alcohol  the  filtered  liquid 

showed  a  purity  of  72.   The  purity  rose  to  85  after  repeated  treatments 

• 

by  double  precipitation. 

— -oOo 


108 

(Translation  from  the  French) 

EXQEBPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRI CANTS  de  SUCRE.  13th  MAHGH.  1912. 

SULFICARBOMATATION. 


The'llPestnik  Sakharnoe  "  (a  paper  published  In  Russia  12th  February 
1912)  contains  an  article  written  by  M.  J.  F.  Widawsky,  technological  engi- 
neer, Director  of  the  sugar  factory  Boczeczki,  bearing  on  his  work  during 

the  last  capaign  of  1911-12  (duration  of  which  was  a  little  more  than  four 

i 
months),  especially  in  connection  with  Sulficarbonatation. 

"We  have  been  working  with  this  process  at  the  Boczeczki  factory 
since  the  campaign  started,  that  is  to  say,  for  the  past  three  months.   The 
work  was  carried  on  without  a  hitch  and  with  great  regularity.    By  reason 
of  the  use  of  this  system,  we  were  able  to  dispense  with  the  3rd  carbonatation, 
also  with  one  filtration, and  one  pump  was  dispensed  with. 

It  proves  therefore,  that  sulphurous  acid  accomplishes,  in 
consequence  of  scientific  application,  all  that  could  be  expected  of  it. 
Easy  filtration,  minimum  of  salts  of  lime,  syrups  in  a  good  state  of  fluidity, 
showing  very  little  color,  excellent  boiling  conditions,  quick  and  easy  turbl- 
nating  action,  giving  an  excellent  quality  of  white  sugar  made  up  of  very 
brilliant  crystals'!. 

These  lines  were  written  by  the  Director  of  the  Boczeczki  sugar 
factory  and  he  emphasizes  the  fact  that  the  syercem  of  sulficarbonatation.iised 
in  his  factory  worked  like  a  charm* 

We  must  not  omit  to  mention  an  item,  which  will  be  of  interest 
to  those  who  use  sulphurous  acid  in  sugar  making.   The  syrup,  leaving  the 


109 


evaporating  process  and  which  with  the  aid  of  water  is  brought  back  to  the 
density  of  the  initial  juice,  shows  less  color  than  this  juice;  whereas, 
other  syrup  manipulated  under  ordinary  conditions,  without  this  sulficarbona- 
tation  -  shows  2  to  3  times  more  color  than  the  initial  juice  from  which 
it  was  obtained* 

Mr.  Widawsky  therefore,  maintains,  that  the  theory  of  Weisberg 
regarding  the  action  of  sulphurous  acid  and  the  consequent  low  degree  of  sol- 
ubility of  sulphate  of  lime  in  the  course  of  the  process  of  sulficarbonata- 
tion,  is  correct. 

Mr.  Widawsky  had,moreover,  a  very  curious  experience  with  "thawed" 
"beet  roots;  the  juice  fi*om  these  beets  was  very  much  more  colored  than  that 
obtained  from  healthy,  well  preserved  beets. 

In  studying  specially  the  decelerating  action  of  sulphurous  acid 
upon  colored  juice  he  made  laboratory  experiments  upon  one  and  the  same 
juice.   In  comparing  the  action  of  Bone  Black  with  that  of  sulphurous  acid 
tinder  conditions  effected  by  sulf icarbonatati  on,  he  found: 

a)  Coloration  of  juice  after  the  action  of  bone  black  2^4  times  less 
intense  than  that  of  the  initial  juice; 

b)  Coloration  of  the  juice  after  the  action  of  sulphurous  acid  in  sulfi- 
carbonatation  -  4^-  times  less  intense  than  that  of  the  initial  juice. 

In  conclusion,  we  may  add  that  the  work  of  clarifying  the  juice 
in  the  Boczeczki  and  Lgow  factories  is  a  continuous  process  from  the  start 
to  the  finish,  namely,  with  sulphurous  gas  obtained  from  combustion  of  sul- 
phur.  As  the  liquid  Sulphurous  Anhydride  is  under  actual  Russian  -Industrial 
conditions  as  yet  too  costly  to  "be  extensively  applied,  it  is  entirely  due 
to  our  friend  Smolensk?,  who  two  years  ago  inspected  the  installation  of  the 


110 


Beaucharap  factory  -  iTthe  cradle  of  sulficarbctnatation  as  he  called  it"  - 
that  the  continuous  process  of  sulficarbonataticm  has  been  introduced  into 
Russia* 

(Signed)   J.  Weisberg, 

131  Place  i'Amiral  Gourbet 
Lambersart  -  les  -  Lille • 


Ill 


EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRI CANTS  de  SUCRE.  APRIL  10.  1912. 

-  by  - 
GEORGES  BUREAU. 

We  wish  to  urge  upon  the  factories,  through  the  medium  of  this 
paper,  the  necessity  of  supplying  the  rural  population  with  an  abundance 
of  literature  so  as  to  enable  them  to  adopt  the  most  modern  improvements 
both  as  to  beet  culture  and  sugar-making,   Such  a  proposition  has  already 
been  submitted  to  the  Departments  of  Agriculture  and  will  receive  their 
hearty  co-operation. 

Independent  of  the  writings  of  Messrs.  H.  Prinsen  Geerligs,  Noel 
Deerr,  Jones  and  Scard,  we  would  welcome  any  good  writer  who  would  furnish 
us  with  sugar  literature,  and  also  any  French  editor  who  would  be  willing 
to  reproduce  translations  on  the  cultivation  of  sugar  cane  and  the  sugar 
industry  in  general.   What  our  French  industrial  establishments  and  col- 
onies are  In  need  of  is  a  good  library  containing  technical  works  of  re- 
cent date  from  which  they  could  gather  useful  information.   In  this 
connection,  we  would  call  attention  to  two  books  written  by  Prinsen  Geer- 
ligs and  M.  Noel  ]>eerr.   The  editors  of  these  two  books  would  like  to 
print  them  in  French  if  the  translations  were  made  for  them  -  5,000  francs 
would  be  all  that  is  necessary  for  this  purpose  (translations)  a  year  - 
and  a  real  service  would  be  rendered  to  manufacturers  and  agriculturists 
alike,  for  it  is  by  reading  the  technical  writings  and  periodicals  of 
sugar  experts  that  tends  to  enlighten  the  people  who  are  engaged  in  the 
sugar  industry. 


oOo 


BEET       BALLS. 
(Large  versus  Small) 
WHICH  ARE  THE  BEST? 
EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURKAL  dee  FABHICAHT  da  SUCRE  ,AP.  10/12. 

In  many  agricultural  districts  the  question  has  been  discussed 
whether  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  beet  seed,  it  would  be  possible  to  econo- 
mize with  the  quantity  of  seeds  to  be  sown. 

After  a  certain  number  of  experiments  had  been  made  in  germination 
with  seeds  harvested  in  1911,   it  was  found  that  one  kilogram  contained  ebout 
110,000  beet  balls,  whereas,  Magdeburger  experts  consider  a  seed  yielding 
70,000  beet  balls  per  kilogram  as  satisfactory.       There  are  some,  who  have  sug- 
gested that  the  quantity  of  seed  sown  per  hectare,  be  reduced  by  30  per  cent. 
Is  this  feasible  or  expedient?       Dr.  Stoerraer  of  the  Institute  for  Plant  Culture 
of  Stettin  has  considered  the  subject  in  this  way;       He  says,   is  it  possible 
that  the  quantity  of  seed  .to  be  aown  could  be  reduced  per  hectare,  because  a 
kilogram  of  seed  this  year  developed  more  germs  than  during  previous  years? 

A  fact  which  cannot  be  disputed  is  that  last  year's  seed  wae  made 
up  of  small  heet  balls,  because  their  development  was  defective  and  they  ri- 
pened prematurely.       It  stands  to  reason  that  prematurely  ripened  seed  has 
not  the  required  vigor  and  Br  Stoermer  basing  himself  on  experiments  made  during 
several  years  past  with  seeds  of  varied  dimensions,   obtained  the  following 
results  from  7  separate  samples  of  seeds,   type  Klein-Warusleben,  harvested  in 
1910: 

THICKNESS  OP  BEET  BALLS. 

Over       5  to  2^-  to  2  to 

4  m/m«  4  m/m>  3  m/nu  2?  m/m* 
COMPOSITION  07  SAMPLE. 

1st.     Weight   (Kilogram):  3.632     6.225  3.189  1.221 

2nd,     Per  Cents  25.45     33.63  22.36  8.56 

No-   of  beet  balls  in  a  Kg.  of  pure  seed         30,000  52,800       91,000  152,000 

11     embryos   in  a  Kg.       "       "         "  94,800  154,200  204,100  318,200 

Germa  in  a  Kg.  of  seed  (Artificial  Ger- 

minating t*Rt  88,000  97,000     106,000  95,000 


Oerminative  Capacity  (percentage)   Number 

of  germe  x  100  divided  by  number  of  embryos  92.6     72.5  51.9  29.8 


113 


QOMP03ITIOH  OF  SAMPLE; 


miCBHESS  OF  BEET  BALLS.      (Con'td.) 


Weight  of  gerra  in  a  Kg.   of  pure  seed 
Weight  of  100  germs 

No.   of  plants  that   oarae  up  in  the  field 
from  1  Kg.  seed 


Over 

4  m/m. 

3  to 

4  m/m. 

2g~  to 

3  m/m. 

2  to 

2,680 

2,470 

1.820 

1.160 

3,044          2.551  1,520          1,222 

51,300       54,000         47,600       33,200 


Growth  to  maturity  in  the  field,   percentage 

of  germinating  capacity  53.4$         55. 7^  *  45$  34.9/ 

These  experiments  show  that  the  seeds  with  small  beet  balls  give 
a  larger  number  of  germs  per  Kg.  then  thoee  having  large  beet  balls  and  this 
is  on  account  of  there  being  more  small  ones  than  large  ones  in  a  given  unit  of 
weight . 

But  if  you  compare  the  weight  of  the  geroa  produced  it  will  be  no- 
ticed that  those  coming  from  small  beet  balls  only  weigh  1/3  or  one  quarter  of 
the  germs  coming  from  large  beet  balls,  because  being  smaller  they  are  less 
vigorous  than  the  larger  ones  and  if  (which  is  more  important  from  a  practical 
point  of  view)    germinative  experiments  are  made  in  the  fields  instead  of  in 
pots,   it  will  be  found  that  a  Kg.  of  small  seeds  produce  a  smaller  number  of 
maturing  plants  than  a  Eg.   of  thick  or  medium  sized  seeds. 

According  to  the  above  experiments,  only  40  to  45  par  cent   of  the 
large  beet  balls  that  germinated  went  to  waefce,  and  of  snail  beet  balls  55  to 
65  per  cent  did  not  mature;     therefore  if  a  kilogram  of  well  developed  seed 
(say  numbering  70,000  at  the  germinative  test)    is  sown,  more  plants  will  come 
up  and  mature  than  from  a eed.  having  small  beet  balls   of  which  100,000  to  130,000 
go  to  ma&e  up  a  Kg. 

If,   therefore,  we  can  obtain  the  same  number  of  plants  from  the 
two  kinds  of  seed,  we  ought  to  sow  not  a  lesser  weight   (with  small  beet  balls)  j 

we  ought,   on  the  contrary,   sew  more. 

In  the  above  mentioned  experiment  1  Gramme  of  large  beet  balls 
produced  50  to  55  plants;     one  gramme  of  small  beet  balls  yielded  only  33  to 
48  plants;     consequently,   in  order  to  obtain  the  same  number  of  plants  from 
the  field,   it  was  necessary  to  sow  about  1.5  Kg.   to  1.6  Kg.  of  small  seeds 
for  every  1  Xg.  of  large  seeds,   that  is  to  say,   this  year  it  will  be  advisable 


114 


or  rather  practicable,  to  increase  by  30$  the  weight  of  seeds  put  In  the  soil 
rather  than  to  diminish  it.   However,  the  present  scarcity  of  seed  in  the 
world1  e  market  does  not  very  well  permit  of  an  increase  in  seeds  per  hectare, 
It  is  therefore  incumbent  on  us  to  surround  ourselves  with  favorable  condi- 
tions and  make  sure  that  we  get  a  rapid  and  vigorous  development  of  the  beet. 


Shortly  before  sowing,  the  necessary  quantity  of  hypophosphate 
should  be  applied  to  the  beet  field;  65  to  80  Eg.  phosphoric  acid  per  hectare? 
150  to  200  Kg.  Nitrate  »f  soda  per  hectare.   This  is  necessary  in  order  that 
the  young  shoots  should  get  the  benefit  of  the  fertilizer  supplied.   The 
seeds  should  not  be  sown  very  deep  in  the  ground,  still  sufficiently  so,  to 
provide  them  with  enough  moisture  to  facilitate  germination.   A  space  of  40 
centimeter  or  16  inches  should  separate  the  rows  of  seed  sown.   Laborers 
should  only  use  such  agricultural  implements  as  they  are  familiar  with. 

Dr.  Stoermer  concluded  by  saying  that  a  beetlet  has  a  marvelous 
resisting  power  especially  when  properly  attended  to,  when  a  proper  quantity 
of  nitrate  of  soda  is  added  to  other  fertilizer  and  oare  is  tafcen  to  hoe  the 
plants  methodically. 

Mr.  M.  H.  Schmidt,  who  owns  an  estate  at  upper  Thiemendorf, 
having  experimented  during  several  years  with  large  beet  balls  succeeded  in 
getting  more  beets  per  hectare  than  from  small  ones.   It  is  true  that  he 
obtained  at  first  a  larger  number  of  germs  from  szaall  seed  balls  but  they 
did  not  reach  maturity  In  proportion  to  germs  from  large  beet  balls.   A 
luxurious  growth  of  foliage  was  noticed  in  plants  from  large  beet  balls,  but 
planes  from  small  beet  balls  grown  in  pots  (side  -by  side  with  the  others), 
were  behind  In  development,  were  scanty  as  to  foliage,  vacant  spots  occurred 
In  each  row  and  even  at  a  distance  the  difference  between  the  two  was  easily 
discernible* 

The  yield  of  beets  raised  from  the  small  beet  balls  was  40  per 
cent  s&ialler  than  the  quantity  of  beets  raised  from  large  beet  balls,  and  Mr. 
Schmidt  concludes  in  viwr  of  the  fact  that  some  defective  seeds  might  reach 
the  beet  growers,  It  is  advisable  to  increase  rather  than  diminish,  the 
weight  of  seeds  allowed  per  hectare. 

-----  oOo  —  -  — 


1.15 
(Translation  from  the   German)  Vienna,  April  17.   1912» 


EXCERPT  FROM  THE  ZEHTRALVEREINES  FUR  DIE  RUBEKZUGKERIffDUSTRIE  OF  AUSTRIA 

HUNGARY. 


PROHIBITIVE  MEASURES  TENDING  TO  STEM  THS  TIDE  OF  EMIGRATION  OF  RUSSIAN  PEASANTS 
TO  THE  HAWAIIAN  ISLANDS. 

The  Russian  Government  is  spending  immense  stuns  ,of  money 

in  developing  and  colonizing  the  Amur  Region  ,  its  attention  having  been  called 
to  the  activity  of  the  "International  Bureau"  selling  cheap  tickets  to  Russian 
subjects  willing  to  emigrate,  especially  to  the  Hawaiian  Islands.   Humorous 
would-be  emigrants,  holders  of  tickets  for  the  Hawaiian  Islands  were  forcibly 
prevented  from  crossing  the  frontiers  and  were  sent  back  to  their  native  villages 
and  indictments  against  them  were  prepared,  charging  them  with  unlawfully 
and  clandestinely,  trying  to  leave  the  country  -  and  are  to  be  prosecuted  accord- 
ing  to  certain  articles  of  the  Criminal  Code  that  provides  punishment  in  such 
cases. 

It  is  evident  that  this  step  on  the  part  of  the  Russian  Government 
will  doubtless  serioxisly  affect  labor  conditions  in  the  Hawaiian  Sugar  Cane 
fields,  and  indirectly,  their  Sugar  Industry. 


116 


LECTURE  BEFORE  -THE  SOCIETY  OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERS 
19th  April,  1912. 

-  By- 
M.  A.  GILBERT* 

ENGINEER  OF  ARTS  AHD  MAHUFAQTORES,  ACTING  DIRECTOR  Of  THE  CENTRAL  SOQAK  FACTORY 

OF  CAMBRIA,  FRAHCE, 

In  spite  of  disastrous  legislation  affecting  the  Beet  Sugar  Indus- 
try our  manufacturers  never  loat  confidence  in  fcha  future  of  the  industry, 
with  the  exception  of  the  year  1841,  when  one  hundred  of  them  operating  in  the 
Nord  Paa  do  Calais  and  Aisne,  united  in  a  petition  to  the  State  to  "buy  out 
their  factories.   Others,  still  having  faith  in  the  industry,  have  continually 
made  efforts  to  improve  their  methods.   As  early  as  1815,  M.  de  Koppy,  who 
was  acquainted  with  the  work  of  A  chard,  and  who,  as  a  Cossack  officer,  had 
visited  the  factory  of  MattMeu  de  Dombaste  near  Nanoy,  had  expressed  his  ad- 
miration for  our  methods  and  stated  that  the  Germans  were  far  behind  the 
French. 

But  ohi  what  progress  we  have  made  and  what  a  vast  difference 
there  is.  between  the  modest  factory  of  A  chard  and  the  modern  factory  of  today. 
Let  us  pay  our  tribute  to  French  genius,  to  whom  the  honor  belongs  for  having 
invented  the  principal  technical  improvements  made  in  the  Sugar  Industry. 

The  principal  operations  in  the  factory  consist  in  extracting 
the  juices  by  diffusion,  (which  process  is  now  universally  adopted  in  all  sugar 
factories)  by  Matthieu  do  Dombaste,  and  the  purifying  is  carried  on  on  the 
lines  mapped  out  by  Rousseau,  Perier  and  Possoz.   Evaporation  by  multiple  ef- 
fect invented  by  Rillieux,  and  continued  by  Gail;  -  the  work  of  crystallization 
regulated  by  the  work  of  Manoury  and  Hagot.   Let  us  add  the  name  of  Louis  de 
Vilraorin,  who  was  the  creator  of  the  rich  sugar  beet  and  who  was  the  first 
to  put  into  practice  the  rational  selection  of  the  industrial  sugar  beet* 

Let  us  admire  French  science,  which  has  mapped  out  for  us  the 
essential  outlines  of  a  very  complicated  industry.   The  raw  material  of  our 
industry  ie  the  sugar  boot,  we  will  therefore  not  consider  this  plant  from 
a  botanical  or  physiological  point  of  view,.   It  is  supposed  to  be  indigenous 
to  the  southern  part  of  Europe,  and  especially  to  Spain  and  Portugal. 


Ever  since  the  research  work  of  A  chard,  the  sugar  beet  has  been 
studied  very  closely;  Payen  and  Dubromfants  work  showed  besides  sugar  -  pec- 
tine  gelatanizing  principles  -  coloring  elements,  azotic  elements  albumen, 
organic  acids  and  mineral  substances. 


117 


la  Me  eompeadiuza  Of  Industrial  Chemistry,  Payen  gives  for  the 
beet  of  3ilesia  the  loilosrinfj  proportions: 


Water  .....  .  ........  •>  .  .  .  ..............  63.5 

Sugar  .....  ...................  .....  ,-.10.5 

Cellulose  .........  ....  ......  .......,) 

Peetose       .........  *  ......  ,  ......  ....}  0.8 

Albumine,  Casein  and  other  azotic 
substances  ..................  ........     1.5 

Diverse  Acids  «,..........,«  ......  ...     3.7 

Many  agricultural  scientists,  among  whom  may  be  mentioned  Louis 
de  Vilniorin  and  Aiu©  Girard  toofc  pains  to  cultivate  the  beet  rationally  and 
by  careful  selection  gave  us  a  sugar  beet  (a  saccharine  containing  plant)   the 
root  of  which  had  a  sugar  content  which  varied  with  the  seasons;    we  had 
the  same  experience  the  last  two  campaigns,  and  the  figures  given  below  by  M. 
Saillard  do  not  deviate  to  any  extent  from  the  following: 

Dry  substances  ...*.  .....  ......  .....  ,22  -  24  Eg. 

Sugar  ....  o  ...  ............  .  .......  .  .  ,15  -  20  " 

Potash  .....  .........................  0.22-030  Kg. 

Phosphoric  Acid  ............  .........  0.08-0.12  " 

Total  Azotes  ........................  0.16*0.26  " 


It  contains  96$  of  Juice  and  5%  of  solids,  made  up  of  cellular 
tissue,  the  Intercellular  substance,  of  which  is  Cellulose*   The  juice  which 
is  contained  in  the  cells  of  the  beet  is  not  a  pure  sugar  solution;  it  is  a 
diluted  impure  solution,  and  it  is  the  presence  of  these  impurities  which 
complicates  the  work  of  the  manufacturer,  necessitating  the  process  of  a  chemi- 
cal purification. 

For  a  long  time,  the  richness  of  the  beet  cultivated  in  France  was 
very  slight;  -  the  manufacturer  and  farmer  alike,  made  efforts  to  obtain 
per  hectare  as  big  a  yield  as  possible  and  were  able  to  produce  beets  weighing 
as  much  as  1500  granules  each  (about  3  IDS*),  but  *hich  did  not  always  ripen 
because  they  were  planted  late,  and  being  badly  attended,  grew  largely  above 
ground. 

In  tho  beginning  of  these  practices,  the  results  were  superior  to 
those  obtained  abroad,  and  if  Baeeett  is  to  be  believed,  beets  with  &%  in 
Gertaany's  yield  were  1600  to  '2400  Kg.  of  sugar  per  hectare,  whereas,  France 
produced  2000  to  2800  Eg.  of  sugar  with  roots  of  6%  sugar  content.   However, 
this  was  soon  inverted.   Associations  were  formed  in  Germany  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  beet  and  the  manufacturers  obtained  deliveries  of  beets  surpassing 
those  obtained  by  the  French,  from  20  to  30$  greater  in  richness. 


118 


In  1860,  Ferdinand  Xnauer  of  Grobers,  near  Halle,  produced  a  varie- 
ty called  the  "Imperial  Beet"  which  yielded  17%  of  sugar*   Xoppy  obtained 
on  his  estate  In  Silesia,  roots  of  a  normal  weight,  but  they  contained  a  sac- 
charin© richness  of  15,5  to 


What  was  done  in  Germany  was  possible  in  Franco,  for  in  1856, 
Louis  de  Vilmorin  obtained  beets  which  contained  2Q/&  of  sugar  according  to  the 
report  of  Mons.  Sauray.   However,  a  tax  -was  placed  on  the  beet  in  Germany; 
the  manufacturers  meanwhile  had  taken  all  the  necessary  measures  to  maice  the 
plant  progress  to  the  limit  of  its  sugar  yielding  capacity,  using  the  most  im- 
proved methods  of  manufacture,  so  that  they  could  extract  every  particle  of 
sugar  the  beet  contained.   In  1871-72,  Germany  harvested  20,415  Kg.  of  Beet8 
and  from  every  100  Kg.  she  extracted  8  Kgs.  28  of  raw  sugar. 

The  following  table  shows  this  progress: 

!&•  %. 

1871  ........  .....  20,436  8.28 

1872  .............  25,440  8.26 

1873  .......  ,  .....  27,240*  8.25 

1874  .............  20,595  9.30 

1875  .............  29,325  8.60 

1876  .............  25,200  8.15 

1877  .............  27,415  9.24 

1878  .............  28,920  9.21 

1879  .............  26,200  8.52 

1880  .............  32,700  8.79 

1881  .............  28,300  9.66 

1882  .............  34,400  9.65 

i 

In  comparing  these  figures  with  French  figures  we  find  that  the 
factories  in  France  obtained  the  following  quantities  per  100  Kg.  of  sugar. 

1871  .......  .  .......  —  1877  ..............   7.20$ 

1872  ..............   5.70$  1878  ..............   5.44$ 

1873  ..............  5.91$  1879  ..............  5.45$ 

1874  .,  .......  .....   5.66$  1880  .....  .  ........  4.77$ 

1875  ...  ...........  7.20$  1881  ..............   6.18$ 

1876  ..............   5.0($  1882  ..,  ...........  6.10$ 

In  France  the  tax  was  paid  according  to  the  shade  of  sugar  and  the 
manufacturer  did  not  press  extraction  to  the  limit.   Experiments  made  in  the 
use  of  the  Osmose  process  had  for  instance  shown  that  these  methods  were  not 
remunerative.   The  manufacturer  had  no  financial  interest,  or  rather  thought 
he  had  none,  in  obtaining  rich  beets. 


119 


Then  the  law  of  1884  was  passed,  and  agriculturists  devoted  them- 
selves to  cultivating  rich  beets.   But  notwithstanding  our  efforts  In  thia 
direction,  our  beets  are  still  inferior  to  those  of  Germany  and  Austria.   Ger- 
many obtained  47.44  Eg.  raw  sugar  per  hectare  in  1908-09;  44*14  Egs.  1909-10; 
62.32  Kgs.  1910-11. 

Austria's  yield  during  these  three  years  was  41.49;  38.12;  42.86  Kg. 

The  fields  of  France  during  these  three  years  yielded  only  35.97; 
34.11;  30.46  Kgs.  of  raw  sugar  per  hectare*   Of  course,  we  cannot  change 
climatic  conditions;  our  climate  IB  maritime  instead  of  being  continental. 
Prance  has  no  very  keen  frosts  during  the  winter,  which  occur  in  Germany  and 
Bohemia,  that  is  to  say,  the  countries  showing  the  most  sugar  per  hectare,  fo1* 
you  know  these  great  frosts  cause  a  cleavage  and  subsidence  of  the  strata  of 
the  soil,  which  facilitates  the  work  and  kills  the  parasitical  insects.   Then 
the  rotation  of  crops  is, different  from  that  of  Germany  where  the  sugar  beet 
is  not  so  often  planted  in  one  and  the  same  piece  of  ground,  as  is  the  case  with 
us.   The  question  of  manual  labor  is  also  more  acute  in  our  country  than  abroad. 
There  are  other  points  to  be  considered  however,  such  as  the  date  of  sowing, 
the  care  bestcrsed  upon  the  preparation  of  the  soil,  which  in  France  should  be 
vastly  improved,  and  the  question  of  substituting  agricultural  machinery  (in 
place  of  manual  labor  where  possible)  of  a  modern  type,  which  would  vastly 
increase  the  yield  of  our  French  fields. 

The  beets  arrive  at  our  factories  in  a  dirty  condition,  witfc  stones 
and  earth  clinging  to  bifurcated  roota  and  must  be  washed  in  the  factory  qnd 
thoroughly  cleansed  of  all  exterior  impurities.   They" are  then  ready  for  work, 
they  are  also  weighed.   This  is  absolutely  necessary,  in  order  to  know  the 
exact  quantity  of  sugar  arriving  in  the  factory.   It  is  the  first  item  which 
should  be  entered  in  the  factory  ledger  by  each  manufacturer,  so  that  he  may 
know  the  exact  value  of  his  process  and  the  cost  of  operating  his  factory. 
The  beets  then  reach  the  juice  extracting  department,  which  is  now  called  the 
Diffusing  Department.   The  raw  Juice  having  been  obtained,  it  has  to  be  puri- 
fied -  which  is  now  done  by  means  of  lime  and  carbonic  acid,  called  the  -multi- 
oarbonatation  process  of  Perrier  and  Possoz.   Every  factory  now  has  &  lime 
kiln  and  utilizes  at  one  and  the  same  time,  lime  and  carbonic  acid  brought 
about  by  the  decomposition  of  the  limestone. 

The  purifying  includes  liming  the  raw  juice,  also  a  saturation 
by  carbonic  acid  or  a  carbonation  followed  by  a  careful  filtration  which  sep- 
arates the  clear  juice  from  the  precipitate.   The  juice  is  submitted  a 
second  time,  and  sometimes  a  third  time,  to  the  same  series  of  operations  be- 
fore submitting  it  to  the  evaporating  process.   With  the  process  at  present 
in  use  it  is  not  possible  to  effect  a  complete  elimination  of  all  foreign  mat- 
ter from  the  Juice. 


120 


Evaporating  or  concentration  is  carried  on  in  a  series  of  appara- 
tus, a  multi- effective  operation,  the  object  of  which  is  to  bring  the  juice 
near  the  point  of  saturation,  the  viscous  liquid,  slightly  colored,  which  is 
extracted  from  the  last  compartment  of  the  apparatus  is  called  Syrup.  This 
syrup  is  as  a  rule  submitted  to  a  discolorating  action  of  sulphurous  acid 
before  transmitting  it  to  the  boiling  apparatus  where  this  syrup  is  concen- 
trated in  a  partial  vacuum,  it  is  then  brought  to  a  determined  super-saturation 
and  the  unstable  point  of  equalibrluta  ia  broken  so  as  to  bring  about  the  for- 
mation of  crystals.   The  operation  is  carried  on  in  such  a  manner  that  the 
crystals  formed  in  the  beginning  increase  in  quantity  at  the  expense  of  the 
watery  mother  liquid  in  which  they  are,  and  finally,  a  pasty  mass  is  obtained 
composed  of  about  2/3  crystals  within  a  bath  of  impure  syrup  -  this  is  the 
boiled  mass. 

By  centrifugals,  the  crystals  are  separated  from  the  mother 
liquid,  the  sugar  la  gotten  out  as  well  as  the  Impure  syrup  which  is  called  the 
Iregs  of  first  product*    These  dregs  contain  all  the  non-sugary  elements 
that  have  not  been  eliminated  during  the  purifying  process,  but  they  still 
contain  sugar,  as  with  the  one  crystallization  it  was  not  possible  to  ex- 
tract all  the  sugar.   Formerly  these  dregs  wore  concentrated  again  and  by  alow 
crystallisation  a  portion  of  the  remaining  sugar  was  obtained.   This  sugar 
in  crystallizing  carried  with  it  seme  impurities  and  the  centrifugal  action, 
gave  a  product  very  much  colored  and  some  dregs  from  which,  by  a  new  crystalli- 
zation, the  extraction  of  some  more  sugar  was  possible.  These  repeated  ope- 
rations lasting  a  considerable  time  gave  sugar  that  became  more  and  more  col- 
ored, and  finally,  a  residue  from  which  practically  no  more  sugar  could  be 
extracted,  and  this  residue  was  the  molasses.   This  method  is  still  used  now 
in  some  factories,  but  other  modern  methods  are  adopted  which  make  it  pos- 
sible to  obtain  immediately,  in  a  short  time,  all  the  white  sugar  for  con- 
sumption* 

Rapidly  sketched,  such  are  the  outlines  of  manufacture,  but  each 
and  every  one  of  these  operations  require  special  care,  special  attention 
and  mostly  the  manipulation  of  apparatus  which  is  of  very  complicated  con- 
etruotion  and  delicately  adjusted.   Besides,  the  variations  in  the  chemical 
constituent  of  the  beet  compel  the  manufacturer  to  ma&e  each  year  a  more 
profound  study  of  the  beet. 

We  will  now  go  into  the  details  of  these  various  questions. 

In  handling  the  beets  tns  operation  of  receiving  them  consti- 
tutes the  noting  down  of  the  net  weight  and  to  determine  the  density  of  the 
juice*   For  the  purpose  of  determining  this,  the  necessary  juice  is  obtained 
by  pressure*   The  unloading  of  boete  is  a  difficult  problem  for  our  facto- 
ries, by  reason  of  their  magnitude  and  the  difficulty  in  getting  manual 


121 


Official  documents  go  to  show  that  the  dally  vork  performed  by 
the  French,  factories  la  385  tons  and  there  are  factories  the  capacity  of  Which 
are  seven  or  eight  times  greater,  and  in  order  to  keep  these  factories  going* 
there  oust  be  on  hand,  every  day,  on  an  average,  not  only  385  tons,  but  more, 
for  the  harvest  does  not  last  aa  long  aa  the  sugar  making,  and  it  only  takes 
40  or  60  days  for  the  farmer  to  make  all  his  deliveries* 

In  all  factories  different  mechanical  devices  -were  studied  so  as 
to  simplify  the  unloading  operations  on  a  large  scale  and  the  cutting  down 
of  expenses  for  manual  labor,  but  unloading  by  machinery  is  not  as  yet  generally 
adopted,  for  the  first  installation  of  the  plant  involves  heavy  expenses  as  its 
work  Is  only  carried  on  during  50  days  of  the  year,  the  rate  of  depreciation 
is  high,  but  nevertheless,  we  repeat,  by  reason  of  the  growing  scarcity  of 
manual  labor,  the  manufacturers  are  obliged  to  resort  to  mechanical  appliances* 

The  problem  for  the  manufacturer,  however,  remains  complicated, 
for  the  reason  that  he  can  no  longer  supply  his  needs  from  the  surrounding 
countries;  he  has  to  go  some  distance  to  look  for  raw  material,  which  is  no 
longer  brought  direct  to  the  factory  by  the  farmer,  but  is  shipped  by  rail, 
partly  by  boat,  and  the  means  for  unloading  both  these  classes  of  shipment, 
have  to  be  provided  for,  also  for  loads  arriving  by  carts. 

We  know  that  when  the  French  grower  Jules  Linard  made  his  plans 
for  large  factories  which  he  built,  he  overcame  this  difficulty  in  concentrating 
in  one  spot  a  large  supply  and  by  establishing  factories  in  which  no  other  work 
but  the  extraction  of  sugar  juice  was  carried  on.    This  juice  was  then  sent 
by  a  system  of  underground  pipes  to  the  factory  called  the  central  factory, 
where  it  was  worked  over.   The  solution  of  this  problem  was  a  luvky  one,  es- 
pecially at  a  time  when  there  was  no  such  facility  of  transportation  as  at  the 
present  day* 

Objections  are  now  made  to  this  mode  of  division  of  labor,  which 
precludes  an  efficient  superintendence  and  increases  tho  general  as  well  as  the 
operating  expenses.    The  beets  are,  as  a  rule,  shipped  to  the  factory  faster 
than  they  are  able  to  v/orir  them,  a  portion  therefore  has  to  bo  stored,  and  then 
when  required,  taken  out  of  store.   Each  factory  therefore,  ought  to  have 
storage  rooms  facilitating  the  drawing  of  supplies  when  needed- 

The  cleansing  of  roots  is  done  by  water*  formerly  the  cleansing 
apparatus  consisted  of  rotatory  drums;  these  have  been  replaced  by  a  device 
whioh  gives  better  results;  there  is  also  a  special  apparatus  for  cleaning 
the  beets  from  the  atones. 

The  number  of  manipulations  to  which  the  beets  are  subjected, 
the  violent  shakings,  detach  from  the  roots  fragments,  rootlets,  and  the  extremi- 
ty of  tap  roots;  all  these  haye  some  value,  and  they  are  generally  utilized. 
The  washed  beets  are  weighed  and  carried  to  the  root  cutter  from  vtoence  they  are 
carried  into  the  Diffusors, 


122 


In  fact,  at  present,  the  juice  of  the  beet  root  is  extracted  by 
diffusion.   The  grating  process  of  Ach&rd  was  done  away  with  entirely  when 
Champonnois  in  1861  constructed  a  modern  grater.   The  presses  were  iarpoved  by 
Pesqueur,  who  invented  the  surface  filter  press  which  since  1869,  has  been 
still  further  improved. 

In  1832  Matthieu  de  Dombaste  published  his  first  bulletin  on  Mac- 
eration in  which  he  describes  his  new  process.   The  theory  of  this  macerating 
operation  is  based  -  according  to  this  famous  Agronomic  Scientist,  upon  the 
destruction  of  the  principle  of  vitality  which  existing  in  the  beet  was  antago- 
nistic to  a  separation  of  the  juice.   He  cut  the  beet  in  slices  to  the  thick- 
ness of  6  mm.  and  boiled  them  in  a  battery  of  six  heated  troughs  or  vats.   He 
filled  the  vats,  and  effected  a  methodical  washing  out  in  which  the  duration 
of  contact  in  each  vat  was  1/2  hour;  his  apparatus  was  not  a  continuous  one, 
he  advised  to  bring  the  heat  to  50,  60  and  even  80°  Reaunur%  and  later  to  heat 
the  fresh  mass  by  steto;  before  the  arrival  of  the  Juice,  to  heat  the  vats 
and  transmit  water  into  the  last  vat.   Unfortunately,  it  was  difficult  to  work 
over  the  juice.   De  Dombaste  destroyed  the  cells  in  keeping  up  the  heating  too 
long  which  allowed  proteic  and  pectic  substances  to  assimilate  with  the  juice. 

In  1847,  Robert  introduced  the  process  of  maceration  of  Dombaste; 
in  1867  he  installed  a  new  battery  of  closed  vats  and  by  modifying  the  treating 
process,  obtained  very  good  results.   In  1871,  16*7$  of  the  German  factories 
operated  by  diffusion  -  and  In  1882,  of  358  factories  -  343  had  the  Diffusion 
system  installed  and  development  after  that  was  very  rapid.    Quarez  installed 
the  first  Diffusion  System  (in  1866)  in  the  factory  of  Vllleneuve-sur-Verberie 
and  this  system  was  now  extended  rapidly  to  other  factories. 

Industrial  diffusion  is  really  net  a  dialysis  -  it  is  rather  ac 
analysis  and  a  washing  *  or  cleansing.   In  fact  to  operate  this  system  the 
beets  are  cut  in  strips  of  2mm.  thickness  which  are  then  called  the  strip  mass, 
•'by  making  these  strips'*  a  great  number  of  cells  are  opened,  the  juice  is  ex- 
tracted by  washing,  then  the  juice  still  contained  in  the  cells  is  extracted 
by  Dialysis. 

For  the  purpose  of  getting  a  pure  juice  it  is  advisable  to  diminish 
the  number  of  cells  opened  by  slicing;  but  on  the  other  hand,  in  order  to  draw 
all  the  juice  as  large  a  surface  as  possible  should  be  accessible  to  Osmosis; 
these  two  items  are  opposed  to  each  other,  but  we  know  that  we  wish  to  produce 
nice  looking  strips,  evenly  cut,  and  not  torn  or  slashed,  nor  jagged,  and  this 
explains  the  anxiety  of  manufacturers  to  choose  with  care  the  kind  of  hopper 


123 


t&ey  wish  to  employ  in  root  cutters,  also  the  speed  of  trays  and  the  importance 
they  attach  to  the  shape  of  knives,  the  whetting  and  setting  of  these  on  the 
root  cwtters. 

In  order  to  extract  exhaustively  the  juice  of  the  beet  -  evenly  cut 
strips  (Cossettes)  are  necessary,  tut  this  is  not  the  only  condition  in  managing 
a  battery  of  diffusion  -  attention  must  be  paid  to  the  temperature  in  each  re- 
ceptacle, to  the  speed  of  circulation,  and  to  the  method  of  piling  the  beet 
strips  into  the  Piffusors. 

During  recent  years  experiments  have  taught  us,  that  the  best  re- 
sults, namely  the  production  of  rich  and  pure,  juice  -  as  well  as  exhaustive 
extraction  -  are  achieved  by  a  well  conducted  diffusion  coupled  with  rapidity 
and  well  regulated  heat. 

The  temperature  to  be  applied  depends  upon  the  condition  of  the 
beets;  under  normal  conditions  76  to  60  degrees  is  a  good  temperature  and  it 
is  advantageous  to  maintain  the  largest  number  possible  of  diffusors  at  a  high 
temperature.  Methods  of  Diffusion  are  superior  to  the  old  method  of  graters 
and  presses  both  from  the  point  of  view  of  labor  and  that  of  sugar  yield. 
Matthieu  de  Dombaste  gives  the  cost  of  labor  in  a  sugar  factory  as  follows:- 

He  used  15,000  Kg.  of  beets  per  day  and  22  manual  workers  connected 
with  the  graters  and  presses.   Today,  only  six  workers  are  necessary  for  man- 
aging the  Diffusion  Department,  and  the  capacity  is  1,000  to  1,200  tons  per 
day.   Expenses  for  manual  labor  connected  with  1,000  Kg.  of  beets  were  1  fr.70  - 
with  the  old  presses  -  expenses  for  the  same  quantity  of  beets  by  diffusion  are 
only  0  frs.  60.   With  the  old  presses  in  the  extraction  of  the  Juice  there 
was  a  loss  of  1-1/2  to  2$  of  sugar  that  remained  in  the  pulp  -  by  diffusion  we 
only  lose  0.20$  to  0.15$. 

Great  improvements  have  been  effected  in  Diffusion  in  late  years. 
Oarez  especially  noticing  that  heating  in  the  front  part  of  the  battery  gave 
better  results,  the  strips  being  more  uniform  and  the  maximum  of  heat  in  the 
first  diffusion  throwing  a  jet  of  steam  under  the  tray  of  the  root  cutter  and 
to  have  the  diffusor  fed  with  very  hot  Juice.   Our  colleague  Naudet,  who 
wished  to  obtain  the  aame  results  at  the  front  part  of  the  battery  forced  the 
circulation  of  warmed  up  juice. 

When  a  diffusor  is  exhausted  it  contains  nothing  else  but  water  and 
strips;  it  is  emptied,  but  the  water  contains  still  traces  of  sugar  more  or 
less  and  to  minimize  the  loss  of  this  sugar  there  have  been  Invented  a  certain 
number  of  processes  which  make  it  possible  to  use  this  water  again  in  the 
course  of  further  operations.   In  that  way,  about  0.2555  of  sugar  (on  100  Kg. 
beets)  is  recovered  and  if  this  method  is  applied  to  the  water  running  off  from 
the  pulp  presses  of  -which  we  will  speak  later  on  the  sugar  receovered  may  amount 
to  0.40  per  cent  (0.40  per  100  Kg.  Beets). 


The  Austrian  engineers  Kyross  and  Rafc,  have  combined  an  apparatus 
which  has  been  installed  in  the  sugar  factory  of  Boemish  Brod  in  Bohemia    The 
process  is  continuous  and  consists  in  passing  the  beet  strips  into  a  series  of 
receptacles  and  to  submit  them  to  a  press-ore  between  each  box  <•  the  water  is 
introduced  into  the  last  Diffusor;  in  each  oase  the  water  followa  the  same 
way  as  -the  strips-  bat  when  the  strips  pass  successively  from  Diffusor  Ho*  1  to 
Ho.  2,  and  eo  forth,  into  the  last  numbered  (6),  the  water  gets  into  Jfo.  6 
and  comes  out  in  the  shape  of  juice  in  No*  1  -  a  reheating  is  interspersed  between 
the  1st*  and  and.  Diffusor. 

The  mass  of  beet  strips  undergoes  a  treatment  which  we  nay  compare 
to  that  of  a  sponge  which  if  dipped  into  Juice  we  then  squeeze  out,  and  then 
dip  again  into  juice,  less  rich  in  sugar  than  the  former,  and  so  on*  xtntil  it  is 
finally  dipped  into  a  liquid  that  is  nothing  but  water*   This  process  was  watch- 
ed  by  the  Syndicat  des  Fabr leant  de  Sucre*   The  extractions  were  irregular  and 
high  0*6  to  1.5%  of  sugar  retrained  in  the  mass  of  beet  strips. 

Since  then  improvements  were  made,  (but  the  process  ia  not  yet  per- 
fect] the  inventors  have  complemented  (in  their  recent  installations)  their 
devices  in  making  them  work  oh  the  basis  of  ordinary  diffusion. 

Several  years  ago,  Oarl  Steffen  patented  a  new  device  for  extracting 
sugar  from  the  beet.   He  cuts  the  beets  in  slices  when  then  fall  into  a  Malax* 
at  ion  Xneader  in  which  they  are  immediately  mixed  with  juice  five  times  their 
weight  at  a  temperature  of  95  degrees*   Then  the  strips  of  beet  are  expressed 
and  separata*)  from  the  juice  and  submitted  to  diffusion  in  an  ordinary  battery. 

Here  is  a  good  field  for  the  engineer  to  use  his  ingenuity. 

This  problem  awaits  solution,  old  methods  improved  lately  and  new 
methods  recently  invented  do  not  as  yet  meet  all  requirements;  yet  the  engineer 
who  would  invent  a  process  thereby  of  pure  juice,  99??  of  sugar  could  be  obtained 
economically,  would  render  an  important  service  to  the  Sugar  Industry, 

Prom  the  Diffusion  Battery  two  products  are  extracted: 

First  the  juice  and  then  the  pulp  which  is  made  up  by  the  dry  parts 
of  the  beet  also  by  a  large  proportion  of  water*   This  pulp  is  excellent  fodder 
for  cattle,  but,  in  its  present  condition  it  cannot  be  shipped  -  the  greater 
part  of  the  water  has  to  be  pressed  out. 

According  to  M.  Pellet  85  to  100  Kg.  of  pulp  per  100  Kg.  of  fresh 
strips  put  in  work,  are  extracted  from  the  battery,  the  weight  of  pulp  varying 
with  the  capacity,  and  above  all  the  height  of  the  diffusor  on  account  of  the 
pressure  exerted  by  the  column  of  beet  strips.   These  o trips  contain  a  maximum 
of  6%  of  dry  substances;  by  applying  pressure  this  percentage  may  be  raised  to 
10  or 


125 


Humid  pulp  loses  in  time  a  large  part  of  its  nutritive  value,  as 

Grandeau  has  .shown;  Dried  pulp  on  the  other  hand  cone ti tut ee  a  fodder  that  is 

unaffected  by  time,,  eaaily  shipped  a-od  tube  wortt  of  transportation,  not  burden- 
some. 

The  fanner  is  alao  interested  in  this  question,  but  the  problem 
will  be  solved  by  and  by. 

The  juice  expressed  by  the  battery  of  diffusion  is  not  pure.  Two 
processes  raay  be  kept  in  view  to  separate  the  sugar  from  foreign  matter  mixed 
with  the  Juice;  one  process  consists  in  letting  the  sugar  be  involved  in 
a  chemical  composition  of  a  specified  combination  which  once  extracted  could 
be  manipulated  so  as  to  get  at  the  product  looked  for  or  rather  by  a  series 
of  operations  eliminating  the  impurities  in  using  a  process  by  which  sugar 
substances  other  than  sugar  are  separated,  and  which  finally  leave  nothing  but 
a  pure  juice  of  sugar  containing  sugar  and  water  and  nothing  else.   Theoreti- 
cally speaking,  the  first  of  these  processes  is  more  practical  and  should  give 
excellent  results;  the  sugar  in  combination  with  lime,  well  defined  composites, 
eo»e  of  which  are  unsoluble,  but  in  practice  there  would  be  such  a  large  quan- 
tity of  lime  required  that  it  would  be  impracticable.   Nevertheless,  the 
principle  can  bo  applied  to  draw  out  completely,  the  products  poor  in  sugar. 

The  second  process  is  therefore  to  be  utilized;  eliminating  the 
impurities  so  as  to  have  a  pure  juice.   However,  oven  this  process  is  iraper»» 
feet,  as  it  is  not  possible  to  completely  separate  the  sugar  from  the  non 
sugar,  wherefore  not  all  of  the  sugar  contained  is  separated  from  the  juice. 

Here  is  also  a  field  for  the  chemist,  who,  by  hie  research  woi% 
oould  materially  advance  the  progress  in  the  sugar  industry. 

Achard,  to  purify  the  juice  used  alcohol,  then  he  used  sulfuric 
acid,  which  used  cold,  caused  a  precipitation  of  organic  matter;  he  neutralized 
the  surplus  of  acid  by  means  of  lirae. 

In  1611,  Derosne  recommended  the  addition  of  lime  and  the  satu- 
ration of  an  eventual  surplus  with  alum;  to  alum,  Barruet  substituted  eul- 
furic  acid  or  carbonic  acid.  Kuhlman  recommended  carbonic  acid  in  pointing 
out  the  dangerous  nature  of  sulfurlc  acid* 

In  1849,  Rousseau  applied  a  more  improved  process;  he  heated 
the  juice  to  70  or,  GO  degrees  and  added  to  each  hectolitre  1  Kg.  of  lias, 
separated  the  precipitate  obtained,  and  after  that  made  a  carbonic  acid 
saturation,  but  it  was  very  difficult  to  determine  at  what  point  to  stop  the 
saturation,  and  if  that  point  was  not  carefully  considered,  the  final  work 
was  made  impossible,  or  the  juice  became  viscous  or  was  not  purified,  the 
Impurities  continuing  in  a  dissolved  form  in  the  juices, 

Parrier  and  Possoz  having  studied  the  action  of  carbonic  acid 
upon  the  lime  washed  unfiltered.  juices  put  into  use  in  1859,  their  proceae 


126 


called  multi- carbonatation  which  somewhat  improved  it  and  ie  atill  in  use  to- 
day. It  comprises  generally,  two  lime  washings,  two  carbona tat ions  followed 
each  time  with  filtration  separating  the  precipitates  which  were  obtained. 

Perrier  and  Possoz  had  noticed  that  in  letting  carbonic  acid  act 
upon  a  lime-washed  Juice,  containing  an  excess  of  lime,  the  resulting  pre- 
cipitate of  carbonate  of  lime,  carried  along  with  it  by  the  principle  of  ad- 
hesion about  half  of  all  organic  matter,  but  if  the  action  of  oarbonic  acid  is 
prolonged,  there  occurs  a  re-dissolution  of  substances  that  had  been  origi- 
nally precipitated. 

Organic  acids  combined  with  potash  and  soda  -  during  lime- washing  - 
creating  organates  of  lime  which  are  almost  insoluble  in  a  sugared  solution 
that  contains  a  considerable  quantity  of  dissolved  lime,  the  first  carbona- 
tation  will  be  arrested  at  a  dosired  moment;  however,  filtration  can  start, 
but  as  the  Juice  containing  Bitch  a  large  proportion  of  lime  cannot  be  worked, 
and  besides  possibly  purify,  by  lotting  the  lirao  and  carbonic  acid  act,  a 
second  operation  is  resorted  to* 

The  addition  of  lime  is  made  in  the.  shape  of  milk  of  lime  with 
lime  in  pieces  or  with  quick  llmo  in  the  flhape  of  powder.   The  temperature 
at  which  this  operati-on  and  that  of  carbonatation  is  carried  on  is  very  varied. 
Wo  believe  a  low  temperature  is  best  for  the  firet  carbonatation  for  the  raw 
juices  contain  salts  of  lime  which  like  tartarate  of  lime  are  more  soluble 
when  warm  than  in  a  cold  state;  they  likewise  containing  varied  quantities  of 
coagulated  albuiaine  which  are  easily  decomposed  by  heat  forming  metapectatea 
of  soluble  lime,  finally  the  solubility  of  lime  in  the  Juice  io  icuch  greater 
in  a  cold  than  a  warm  state.   In  applying  the  first  lime  washing  without  loss 
of  time  and  the  first  c&rbonatafcion,  the  re-dis solution  of  precipitated  salts  of 
lime  -  and  a  maximum  in  purifying  will  be  reached;  as  besides  the  second  lime 
washing  and  the  second  carbonatation  will  be  carried  on  under  the  influence 
of  heat  -  the  elimination  of  salts  of  lime  that  are  more  soluble  under  cold 
than  heat  -  such  as  citrates,  sulfatea,  sulphides  -  will  take  place  during  this 
second  operation. 

In  a  diffusion  of  Juice  there  will  be  for  100  parts  of  sugar,0  17 
of  non-sugar;  after  the  first  carbonatation  of  this  Juice,  it  only  contains 
9$  of  non  sugar;   the  elimination  of  foreign  matter  has  been  8%  -  oarryJjag  out 
the  second  carbonatation  the  Juice  contains  only  6.5  to  6.8$  of  non  tfugsr  for 
100  parts  of  sugar. 

The  work  in  the  first  carbonatation  brings  about  the  most  purifying 
but  we  must  remember  all  ncn~«ugar  has  not,  as  yet,  been  taken  out  of  the 
Juice,  the  proportion  has  only  been  reduced;  the  purified  juice  is  not  a 
pure  Juice,  and  elements  that  adhere  to  the  sugar  will  be  there  until  the  work 
is  ended.    In  order  to  bring  the  Juice  to  the  stage  where  it  is  called 
syrup,  that  is  to  say  to  a  density  of  30  de-erees  Baume,  we  have  to  evaporate 
98  litres  of  water  with  1DO  Kg.  of  beets;   these  simple  figures  will  show  you 
the  importance  of  this  phase  of  manufacture* 


127 

(Translation  from  the  French) 


EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRICANTS  de  SUCRE,  April  24  ,  1912. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  ON  FRIE3BICH  STROHMER. 

Mr.  Strohmer,  Councillor  of  State  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Empire 
and  Director  of  the  Experiment  Station  of  the  Central  Beet  Sugar  Association 
in  Austria,  Hungary,  celebrated  on  the  23rd  day  of  April,  a  double  anniversary- 
the  sixtieth  year  of  his  birth  and  the  twenty-fifth  year  of  his  appointment 
as  Director  of  the  Ext>eriment  Station  at  Vienna. 

He  was  born  at  Zwickau  in  Bohemia,  the  23rd  day  of  April  1852,  and 
studied  at  the  High  School  and  University  of  Vienna,  and  after  graduating, 
became  assistant  at  the  experiment  station  of  which  he  later  became  a  Director, 
a  post  which  he  is  occupying  now. 

He  has  been  a  member  of  the  Council  for  Sugar  assessments  (duties)  f 
since  1902.   To  reward  him  for  his  work,  the  Emperor  decorated  him  with  two 
orders,  the  Cross  of  the  Knights  of  Francis  Joseph  and  the  Order  of  the  Iron 
Cross  (1909) 

Under  his  management,  the  Experiment  Station  at  Vienna  has  becoma 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world  and  his  research  work  yielded  about  200  reports 
on  important  matters  connected  with  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry. 

Many  foreign  associations  have  made  him  an  honorary  member  -  and  his 
advice  on  many  complicated  questions  relating  to  Beet  Cultxire  and  sugar  making 
is  generally  followed* 

In  addition  to  being  Director  of  the  Experiment  Station,  he  is 
also  Editor  of  the"0esterreichisch  Ungarische  Zeitschrift  fur  Zucker  Industrie 


128 


und  Landwirtschaft"  which  is  one  of  the  foremost  publications  of  the  world 
on  sugar  questions. 

It  would  ta&e  us  too  far  afield  to  enumerate  Mr.  Strolmer's  publica- 
t Jona;  suffice  to  say,  that  his  treatise  on  the  nutrition  of  the  beet,  mi- 
gration of  sugar  in  the  plant,  the  storing  of  sugar  in  the  beet,  etc.,  and 
his  work  on  determining  the  saccharine  content  of  the  beet,  besides  other 
studies  on  refining  methods,  have  been  of  inestimable  use  to  the  whole  world. 

Mr.  Friedrich  Strohroer  has  devoted  his  life  and  his  energies,  to 
the  development  and  progress  of  the  Sugar  Industry,  and  we  add  our  congratu- 
lations to  those  of  many  of  his  friends  and  wish  him  a  long  life  of  continued 
usefulness. 


129 


CHEMISTRY  OF  SUGAR 

-  By  - 

EMILE  SAILLARD. 
EJCCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRICANTS  de  SUCRE,  May  22nd,  1912. 

MOIAS3ES  CONTENT; 

1}   Sugar, 

2)  Organic  substances  which  are  mainly  formed  by  azotic  matter. 

3)  Mineral  salts  and  organic  salts  with  a  potash  base,  of  soda  and  often 
lime  (chloride,  nitrates,  sulphates,  lactites,  acetates,  etc.) 

I  do  not  Include  substances  of  a  pec  tic  nature,  which  if  heated 
with  chloro-hydric  acid  at  12$,  gives  purfurol.  We  mixed  them  with  the  molasses 
during  the  last  two  campaigns. 

Generally  speaking,  there  were  more  in  those  of  1910  -  than  in 
those  of  1911  -  1912  -  but  the  proportion  is  rather  wwak  in  relation  to  100. 
If  the  molasses  only  contained  sacchorose  and  azotic  matter  (azotic  matter  that 
is  known)  the  co-efficient  of  inversions  to  be  applied  could  be  exactly  determin- 
ed in  making  the  pure  sugar  solutions  of  the  same  sugar  content,  the  starting 
point,  provided  that  the  inversion  should  be  made  in  every  case  in  the  same 
manner. 

Only  molasses  contains  salts  whereas  pure  sugar  does  not  contain 
any  -  or  contains  only  insignificant  quantities. 

Even  admitting  that  all  molasses  salts  be  inactive  by  themselves, 
(this  is  a  supposition) ,  it  is  not  less  true  that  most  of  them  are  not  acting 
as  strongly  on  the  rotatory  capacity  of  saochorose  than  upon  that corresponding 
with  inverted  sugar. 

Under  these  conditions,  the  sum  of  A  plus  B  for  Molasses  being 
found  does  not  properly  correspond  with  the  coefficient  of  inversion  obtained 
with  the  pure  sugared  solution,  concentration  being  the  same. 

The  preceding  remarks  suffice  to  bring  to  the  front  the  question 
of  knowing  whether  the  sugar  of  the  beet  molasses  can  be  properly  and  scientifi- 
cally mixed  by  the  di astatic  or  chemical  inversion  method. 


130 


As  regards  the  method  of  chemical  inversion,  Clerget  -  Herzfeld,  the 
manner  and  duration  of  heating  as  well  as  the  acid  mixture  is  in  proper  propor- 
tion to  pure  sugary  solutions.   If,  in  the  sugary  liquids  to  be  inverted  there 
is  no  free  chlorhydrio  acid  indicated  by  the  process,  the  inversion  cannot  be 
completed  during  the  time  prescribed  for  the  heating  (five  minutes  from  the  time) 
where  the  baloon  indicates  69°  and  the  deviation  to  the  left  is  too  weak  -  unless 
you  prolong  the  duration  of  the  heating.    Molasses  contains,  on  an  average  about 
5%  of  Potash  and  1$  soda  which  are  correspondingly  equivalent  to  5  gr.04  of  real 
Chlorhydric  acid  H.  C1),  i.e.,  11  cc.  8  of  Chlorhydric  acid  at  22°  Beaume. 

This  represents  therefore  for  the  normal  French  weight  of  molasses 
1  co. 92  of  acid  at  22°  Beaume  and  for  tho  normal  half  German  weight  of  nolasses 
1  cc.53  acid  at  22°  Beaume. 

The  French'  method  prescribes  lOcc.  acid  at  22°  Beaume  for  16  gr.  26 
Molasses  when  the  method  of  Clerget  -  Herzfeld  prescribes  55  cc.  acid  at  22* 
Beaume  for  13  gr.  Molasses.   The  minimum  proportion  of  Chlorhydric  acid  which 
could  be  fixed  by  one  or  mor'e  free  bases  of  molasses  combined  is  relatively 
greater  compared  with  the  German  method  (1  oc.  5  aoid  on  5  cc.)  than  with  the 
French  method  (1  cc.  9  of  acid  on  10  cc.) 

This  is  why  an  insufficiency  of  free  Chlorhydric  acid  has  much  more 
influence  upon  the  results  with  the  German  method  than  with  the  French  method. 
With  cleansed  juice  of  oarbonatation  that  contains  relatively  little  of  any  salts, 
this  question  would  not  be  important. 

In  the  work  which  we  did  on  the  direct  polarization  of  sugar  and 
the  Clerget  method  with  beets  of  1911,  v/e  have  nevertheless  provided  for  the 
eventual  insufficiency  of  free  ohlorhydric  acid  in  prolonging  the  heating  by 
1  or  2  minutes  (according  to  the  German  methods) .     This  does  not  mean  to  say, 
that  in  the  case  of  Molasses,  the  bases  at  the  moment  of  inversion  are  entirely 
combined  with  Chlorhydric  acid  and  that  all  other  acids  are  liberated. 

(Signed)  Emile  Saillard. 

NOTE;       In  order  to  dose  the  sugar,  Clerget  from  normal  beet  molassea  used 
the  following  method  which  we  studied  and  which  may  be  employed.   By  this  methcd 
the  direct  polarization  in  an  acid  medium  is  avoided. 

a)     To  take  50  cc.  of  a  normal  neutral  solution  of  defecated  molasses  (purified 
from  dregs  or  impurities)  from  which  the  surplus  of  lead  was  separated  - 
add  25  cc.  of  pure  chloride  of  sodium  solution.   Then  add  the  equivalent 
if  ohlorhydric  acid  was  used  for  inversion;  complete  the  100  cc.; 
polarize  at  22°  c. 


131 


fc)    Take  50  oc.  of  the  same  normal  solution,  make  the  inversion  with  a 

given  dose  of  chlorhydrie  aoidity;  let  cool;  neutralize  with  a  solution 
of  soda;  allow  to  cool  at  20°  Celsius,  complete  at  100  co.;  polarize 
with  20°  Celsius. 

Whence  Sugar  Clerget  $  of  molasses  =  200  (A  plus  B)  if  there 
is  coefficient  of  inversion  minus  1/2  t.  rafinose. 

COEFFICIENT  OF.  INVERSION; 

1)  Take  50  oc.  of  a  pure  sugary  solution  having  the  same  polarization  as  the 
normal  solution  of  molasses,  add  25  cc.  of  chloride  of  sodium  brindng  in 
chlorura  the  equivalent  of  chlorhydrie  acid  employed  in  inversion. 
Complete  at  100  oc.;  then  polarize. 

2)  Take  50  co.  of  the  same  solution  of  pure  sugar;  invert;  let  cool, 
neutralize  with  a  solution  of  soda,  cool  at  20°  Celsius;  complete  at 
100  cc.;  polarize  at  20°  C. 

3)  Determine  the  coefficient  of  inversion  by  ordinary  calculation;  what 
is  said  on  the  subject  of  salts  in  Molasses  holds  good  also  in  this 
method  of  double  neutral  polarization. 


132 


R     U     S     S      I     A, 


The  grographical  position  of  Russia's  beet  districts  extends  from 

54th  to  48th  degree   of  latitude  and  19th  38th  degree  of  longitude  from  east   to 
west,   on  a  length  of  about   2200  kilometers. 

Kiew,   so  to   speak,   is   the   capital  of  the  Russian  beet  industry 

and  is   situated   in  about   the   same  degree  of  latitude  as  Brussels.         At  Kiew,   the 
headquarters  of  the  Central  Association  of  Jfenufa.cturers  of  Russian  sugar  is 
situated.       The  annual  meeting  usually  takes  place  there  in  February  and  March. 
At  that   time,   contracts  are  made  for  coal,   coke,   lime  stone  and  the  renewal  of 
the  necessary  machinery,   also   other  questions  relating  to  the  running  of  factories 
for  the  ensuing  year. 


From  the  Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre,  under  date  of  the  17th  of  July,   1912 


PRODUCTION  OP  SUGAR. 


Raw 

% 

Per  Hectare 
Kg. 

1900  - 

1 

893,500 

13.95 

1.639 

1  - 

2 

1,076,250 

13.13 

1.858 

2  - 

3 

1,169,600 

13.21 

1.956 

3  - 

4 

1,160,660 

15.06 

2.169 

4  - 

5 

930,600 

14.44 

1.979 

5  - 

6 

968,500 

12.56 

1.840 

6  - 

7 

1,433,900 

14.14 

2,522 

7  - 

8 

1,403,400 

16.33 

2,259 

8  - 

9 

1,240,300 

15.15 

2,229 

9  - 

10 

1,144,150 

16-61 

2,058 

10  - 

11 

2,108,760 

16.11 

3.159 

During  Campaign  1911  -  12  Russia  exported  518,215  tons  SandSugar 
equivalent. 

flote i  (Russia  had  in  stock  on  1st  of  September  1912,   35,157,930  puds  of 

Sand  Sugar  equivalent,   equal   to  639,837  tons  raw  sugar  as  against 
535.259   tons  of  raw  sugar  on  1st.   of  September  1911) 


133 


During  the  campaign  1910  -  11  .there  v/ere 

49  factories  running  in  Poland, 

143       »  '»           M     Southeastern  Russia » 

70       "  "           Beyond   the  Dnieper, 

13   "  "     in  Central  Russia. 
27E 

V7e  found  the   following  percentages     -  farms  cultivated  by  peasants 
landowners,  and  factories  in  various  districts. 

Poland  Sou-Qi  West  Beyond  Dnieper 

JHect. 
Sugar  Factories         3.1$  25.4$  52.8$  • 

Hect.  j 

of  Landowners  61.1$  51.9$  31.3$  28.7^ 

Peasants  35.8$  22.6$  15.8$  13.5$ 

We  found  estates  ranging  from  15,000  to  over  120,000  hectares. 


Prom  the  Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre,  under  date  of  24th  July,   1912. 

The   rotation  of  crop  is  followed  in  Russia  as  follows: 

DISTRICT  OF  KIEWt 

1.  Manure  on  fallow  ground; 

2.  Wheat 

3.  Beets 

4.  Oats  or  similar 

5.  Winter  cereals 

6 .  Fallow 

7.  Beets  with  manure 

8.  Spring  cereals. 

DISTRICT  OF  KHABKOW; 

1.  Fallow 

2.  Wheat  or  Barley 

3.  Beets. 

4.  Oats  or  spring  wheat- 

5.  Fallow 

6.  Beets 

7-  Oats  or  spring  wheat 

8.  Luzern  (clover) 


134 


We  have  found  that  beets  planted  directly  after  fallow  ground  being 
plowed,   even  if  manured  during  previous   summer  gives  more  weight  to  the   beet 
growing  after  wheat,   therefore  the  fields  were  doufcly  manured. 


Prom  the  Journal  des  Fabricants  de.  Sucre,  under  date  of  31st  July,  1912: 

Another  rotation  of  crop  in  the  District 'of  Kiew  was  as  follows: 

1.  Fallow 

2.  Wheat  with  manure 

3.  Beets 

4.  Spring  cereals 

5.  Sainfoin 

6-  Half  fallow  and  sainfoin  pasture 

?•  Winter  wheat 

-6.  Beets  with  manure 

9.  Peas  or  Beans, 

10.  Winter  wheat. 

As  a  Spring  manure  the  beet  fields  get  130  -  150  Kg.   of  superphosphate 
at   16%  phosphoric  acid  and  15  -  30  Kg.  nitrate  of  soda.       These  spring  fertilizers 
hasten  the  growth.       This  manure   is  placed  in  the  ground  at  the  same  time  as  the 
seed,   the   fertilizer  first  being  deposited  at  a  slightly  greater  deptn  than  the 
seed,   and  as  both  are  placed  in  the  ground     by  the  sower  drill  machine  or  sowing 
bag,   the  manure  will  be   separated  from  the  seed  by  a  thin  layer  of  earth. 


136 

From  M.  Emile  Saillard's  Report,  page  41.   Enquete  sur  la  Culture  de  la  Betterave 
a  Sucre  en  Russia  Syndicat  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre  de  Prance. 

oOo 

Beets  are  usually  paid   21.   to  22.  per  ton  F»  0.   B.   factory  -  about 
350  Kg.    of  pulp  per  ton  is  usually  given  to  the   farmer  free   of  charge,  also 
8  -  1C  Kg.   molasses.         Seeds  for  the  ensuing  year  are  also  freely  given  or  at 
a  very  low  rate,   aay  about  10  cents  a  Kg. 

LEAVES  ENSILAGE; 

Leaves  not    consumed  by  cattle  on  the   fields  are   preserved  in  silos 
along  with  pulp   (dug  in  the   ground  and  covered  with  a  heavy  layer  of  earth). 
Oxalin  acid  content  gradually  disappears  from  the  leaves.       This   is  a 
considerable  factor   in  solving  the  problem  of  feeding  cattle   during  winter. 


136 


THE  CONTINENTAL  COUNTRIES  ACCORDING  TO  A    STATEMENT  BY  THE  SECRETARY. 
GENERAL  OF  THE  INTERNATIONAL  ASSOCIATION  OF  SUGAR  STATISTICS  CALCULATE  THE 
PERCENTAGES  OF   SUGAR   IN  THE  BEET  AS  FOLLOWS:        THEY  MULTIPLY  THE   SUGAR  CON- 
TENT  (SACCHARINE  RICHNESS  OF  THE  BEET)  ,  WITH  ITS  QUOTIENT  OF  PURITY  AND  THEY 
GET  THE  TECHNICAL  PERCENTAGES. 

EXCERPT  FROM  LaSUCRERIE  BELGE,    SEPTEMBER  15,    1912,    p. 34. 


Sugar  in  the  Beet 
Per  Cent. 

15.70 
15.57 
16.77 
16.83 
15.11 
16.  E3 
18.11 
17.31 
18.42 
18.46 
18.60 


Purity. 


82.94 
83.76 
82.82 
84.47 
83.99 
84.21 
84.37 
85.28 
84.89 
85.99 
86.13 


Technical 
Per  Cent. 

13.02 
13.04 
13.89 
14.22 
12.68 
13.67 
15.28 
14.76 
15.64 
15.87 
16.02 


Sugar  in  the  Beet 
Per  Cent. 


Aug. 

Sept, 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Deo. 

Jaru 

Feb. 

Mar. 


1701  General  A.V. 


84.43  General  Av, 


137 


Page-  268. 


EXCERPT  FROM  LA  SUCRERIE  INDIGENE  et  GOLQNIAItE.  18th  SEPT.  19 12* 

Fertilizers  That  Should  be  Used  for  Beet  Fields. 
Influence  of  Barn  Manure  and  Liming. 


We  Frenchmen  still  have  a  great  deal  to  learn  from  our  neighbors 
in  order  to  increase  our  yields  of  sugar  beets  in  quantity  and  quality;  that 
is  to  say,  to  obtain  a  larger  production  of  sugar  per  hectare. 

The  following-  table  will  give  an  idea  of  the  yield  of  sugar  beets 
per  hectare. 

RENDMENT  IN  SUGAR  AMD  QUANTITY  OF  SUGAR  PER  HECTARE. 


Beets. 
Ze»s. 

Ibs.       Suffar. 

Sugar  Produced          Ibs. 
K£s. 

COUNTRY: 

Germany 

30,070: 

66,292:16.33 

4,895 

10,791 

Sweden 

29,070: 

64,088:  14.90 

4,347 

9,583 

Belgium 

28,980: 

63,889:14.59 

4,232 

9,329 

Denmark 

29,990: 

66,094:13.94 

4,191 

9,239 

Au  s  t  ria-Hungar  y 

25,630: 

56,503:  15.88 

4,062 

8,954 

Netherlands 

26,270: 

57,915:14.95 

3,931 

8,676 

Italy 

30,340: 

66,887:12.15 

3,682 

8,117 

France 

26,600: 

58,642:13.18 

3,507 

7,731 

Spain 

28,310: 

62,412  :  1£634 

3,494 

7,702 

Russia 

15,670: 

34,546:15.63 

2,440 

5,379 

Italy  takes  the  lead  as  far  as  weight  of  beets  per  hectare  is  con- 
cerned.  Germany  produces  about  double  the  quantity  of  sugar  per  hectare 
over  that  produced  by  Russia  per  hectare. 

Barn  manure  is  the  fertilizer, par  excellence,  in  connection  with  . 
beet  culture}  chemical  fertilizers  being  used  only  in  a  supplemental  way. 

Now  let  us  see  what  our  German  neighbors  think  about  barn  manure; 
green  fertilizers  and  liming1. 


138 


In  Prance  we  have  extensively  used  chemical  fertilizers;  there 
is  no  doubt  that  if  these  are  combined  with  green  substances,  good  results 
may  be  achieved  for  years,  but  by  and  by,  the  physical  characteristics 
of  the  soil  undergo  a  change,  organic  elements  in  reaction  are  exhausted 
and  gradually  the  yield  per  hectare  diminishes. 

German  agronomic  stations  have  for  years  made  cultural  experiments 
on  a  large  scale,  and  it  is  interesting  to  learn  what  are  the  effects  upon 
sugar  beet  c.ulture  of  chemical  fertilizers  as  compared  with  barn  manure  and 
vegetable  fertilizers. 

In  a  soil  where  a  4  yearly  rotation  of  crops  was  adop tedl beets, - 
barley,  potatoes  and  wheat) ,  -experiments  were  made  with  chemical  fertilizers 
only  and  as  well  with  barn  manure  mixed  with  manure  and  vegetable  refuse. 
Beyond  a  certain  limit,  chemical  fertilizers  did  not  contribute  to  an  increased 
yield  (this  limit  was  500  Kg.  of  nitrate,  100  Kg.  phosphoric  acid  and  1000 
leg.  of  Kainite.)   But  by  adding  to  1000  Kg.  kainite  30  to  40,000  Kg.  of  barn 
manure,  10,000  to  11,000  Kg.  more  beets  were  obtained,  an  equivalent  of  1800 
Kg.  of  sugar  more  per  hectare  from  stable  manure  j  7500  Kg.  more  leaves  per 
hectare  were  obtained.   Therefore,  organic  matter  and  stable  manure  have 
certain  elements  (beneficial  to  the  beet)  that  are  lacking  in  chemical  fertiliz- 
ers, the  latter  influencing  favorably  the  physical  qualities  of  the  soil 
for  whilst  undergoing  a  process  of  decomposition  under  the  action  of  ferments 
they  create  heat  in  the  tillable  land,  promote  vegetation  and  advance  often 
the  date  of  sowing;  loosen  the  compact  earth  and  help  to  regulate  the  water 
supply  by  imparting  to  the  subsoil  a  certain  consistency.    They  likewise 
facilitate  the  aeration  of  the  upper  layers  of  the  earth  and  tend  to  improve 
the  conditions  that  are  necesaary  to  the  existence  of  ferments  in  the  soil. 


139 


We  must  also  bear  in  mind  that  the  use  of  lime,  which  abounds  in 
Germany,  Austria  and  Belgium,  hastens  the  decomposition  of  manure  and  vegetable 
matter  and  maintains  a  slightly  alcaline  reaction  in  the  soil  itself.    With 
that  object  in  view  every  6  to  9  years, 3000  to  5000  Kg.  of  quicklime  are 
used  and  the  more  compact  the  soil  the  more  liming  may  be  done. 


140 

(Translation  from  the  French] 


CIRCUIAIRE  HEBDOMAmiRE  DU  SYKDICAT  des  FABRICANT  DE  .SUCRE, 

de  FRANCE . 


MEETING  OF  THE  SYNDICATE  CHAMBER. 

The  Syndicate  Chamber  held  its  meeting  on  October  11,  1912  at  2  P.  M. 
Monsieur  Vieville,  presided. 

After  the  reading  and  adoption  of  the  Minutes  of  the  last  session, 
fir.  Saillard  gives  an  account  of  his  tour  made  in  the  United  States  after 
having  attended  the  Eighth  International  Congress  of  Applied  Chemistry  and 
the  International  Commission  on  harmonizing  methods  on  the  Analysis  of  Sugar 
Products,  meetings  having  taken  place  in  New  York  in  September  last,  at  which 
Mr.  Saillard  represented  the  Syndicate. 

He  visited  the  sugar  factories  and  beet  fields  of  Colorado,  Iowa 
the  region  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  especially  the  factories  and  fields  of  the 
Great  Western  Sugar  Co.  (headquarters  in  Denver,  Colorado) .   The  latter  have 
eleven  factories  and  in  1911-12,  obtained  beets  from  33,000  hectares  (from 
5,000  to  6,000  growers)  and  produced  119,000  tons  of  sugar. 

Mons.  Saillard  was  extended  a  hearty  welcome  everywhere  and  informa- 
tion was  cheerfully  given,  particularly  by  Mr.  Ware,  Director  of  the  "Sugar 
Beet"  Philadelphia,  Pa.;  Truman  G.  Palmer,  Secretary  of  the  United  States  Beet 
Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States,  Washington,  D.  C.;  Mr.  Frank  Roderus, 
Editor  of  the  American  Sugar  Industry  and  Beet  Sugar  Gazette,  Chicago. 

Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer  aided  Mons.  Saillard  in  every  way  so  that  his  journey  in 
the  United  States  would  .prove  .to  be  both  profitable  and  instructive,  and  the 
Syndicate  feels  that  thanks  are  due  him  in  rendering  Mr.  Saillard  all  the 
assistance  possible. 


141 


In  1890,  the  United  States  produced  2000  tons  o'f  beet  sugar;  now 
they  produce  500,000  tons  in  73  factories  and  this  is  due  to  a  relatively 
high  sugar  tariff. 

The  State  of  Colorado,  not  far  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Michigan 
Lake  district  and  California,  produce  most  of  the  beet  sugar  in  the  United  States, 
The  rainfall  between  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  the  Rocky  Mountains  diminishes  from 
year  to  year,  but  increases  beyond,  towards  the  Pacific  Ocean.   In  the  East 
ttie  rainfall  is  from  800  to  1000  m/m  per  annum;  in  the  State  of  Colorado  there 
Is  only  200  to  400  m/m.   In  Colorado  rain  and  snow  are  stored  in  reservoirs 
to  be  utilized  for  irrigation  purposes  during  the  spring  and  summer  months. 

Towards  the  Atlantic  (East)  and  the  Mississippi  basin  (center),  it  is 
usually  very  hot  in  summer  ^38°  to  40  ,  and  very  cold  in  winter  (  -  22°  -  25°  - 
28°) .    Thanks  to  the  influence  of  the  Gulf  stream  these  extremes  do  not  occur 

in  Western  Europe. 

» 
Beets  at  present  are  grown  in  the  vicinity  of  the  degrees  of  latitude 

where  in  June,  July  and  August,  the  mean  temperature  is  21  to  22°  centigrade 
or  70°  Fahrenheit.   In  Colorado,  beets  are  grown  to  an  altitude  of  1500 
meters;   in  California  beet  seeds  may  be  sown  as  early  as  January  and  Febru- 
ary. 

Beet  soil  in  the  United  States  is  clayey  and  siliceous.   On  account 
of  the  profits  at  present  derived  from  beet  culture,  the  rotation  system  ap- 
plied to  terms  is  somewhat  irregular.   It  is  however,  triennial,  namely,  beets, 
cereals,  corn,  01*  quadriennial;  corn,  wheat,  beets,  barley  or  oats,  clover 
or  lucerne. 

Farms  consist  of  cultivated  and  grazing  land.   In  Colorado,  stable 

manure  is  sometimes  spread  on  beet  fields,  but  not  always,  and  very  little 


142 


or  no  artificial  fertilizer  is  used. 

Apart  from  the  farms  which  need  irrigation,  the  methods  are  the  same 
as  those  used  in  Europe. 

The  circular  plough  is  used  for  deep  ploughing.    For  cereals  this 
is  also  used. 

In  Colorado,  a  mechanical  extractor  is  used  which  simply  lifts  the  beet 
out  of  the  ground.   Farm  labor  is  scarce;  foreign  immigrant  labor  is  largely 
employed  {Russians,  Poles,  Hungarians,  Japanese). 

Hand  work,  such  as  thinning,  hoeing,  pulling,  costs  from  20  to  21 
dollars  per  acre. 

For  beats  containing  14$  sugar,  $5,00  f.  o.  b.  factory  per  English 
ton  was  paid.   Those  containing  166  sugar,  about  $6,00  .   The  juice  from  the 
beet  is  invariably  less  XKM  pure  than  that  of  Europe. 

12  to  13  tons  of  beets  per  acre  are  harvested,  varying  from  14$  to  16$ 
in  sugar  content.   Since  beet  culture  has  been  introduced  the  value  of  land  and 
yield  of  cereals  has  vastly  increased. 

The  unloading  of  beet  carts  is  often  done  mechanically.   They  are 
lifted  to  a  wooden  bridge  several  meters  high  and  by  an  automatic  arrangement 
the  beets  are  dumped  Into  a  wagon  placed  below,  during  this  operation  the  beets 
are  freed  from  a  goodly  portion  of  the  earth  adhering  to  them,  OP  the  beet  carts 
are  hauled  alongside  of  silos  into  which  they  are  emptied  from  an  inclined  plane 
by  means  of  a  tackle  pulley  which  runs  on  an  aerial  rail  . 

In  Colorado  the  beet  wagons  have  openings  at  the  bottoms.  The  roads  are 
not  always  good. 

Beets  are  preserved  in  covered  silos  adjoining  the  farm  buildings; 
sometimes  the  slanting  walls  of  open  silos  are  in  wooden  lattice  workj  water 
being  on  a  level  with  the  soil.   The  washing  tanks  are5  to  6  meters  long. 


143 


The  Diffusion  Batteries  with  14  to  16  diffasors  are  usually  heated 
oy  means  of  injectors.   In  Michigan,  pulp  drying  is  extensively  done,  9 
to  10  francs  the  100  kilogram. 

In  one  factory,  the  drying  oven  is  provided  with  a  mechanical  fuel 
feeding  device.   Sometimes  the  tap  roots  and  rootlets  are  mixed  with  the  pulp., 

The  liming  is  done  under  heat  with  lime  milk  or  sucrate  of  lime  milk. 
The  juice  is  purified  by  double  carbonatation  followed  by  sulfitation  (sulfur 
oven) .   In  one  factory  in  Colorado  the  Kelly  filter  is  used  instead  of  filter 
presses. 

Ihe  evaporating  apparatus  is  of  triple  and  mostly  of  quadruple  effect. 

Syrups  are  sulfited. 

Sugar  for  direct  consumption  is  made  in  fine  grain;  the  second- product 
is  boiled  in  grain  and  the  sugar  is  remelted  in  the  juice.   Boiling  of  first 
product  (fine  grain)  lasts  2-jjr  hours  to  3  hours;  twblnating  then  takes  place  *• 
a  granulator  is  used. 

The  boiling  of  II  product  lasts  12  to  Id  hours  and  the  mixing  (malaxator) 
3  to  4  days* 

1  and  II. product  turbinating  is  done  in  Watson  Turbines  usually  provided 
with  Stearnes  Rogers  apparatus-  so  as  to  diminish  hand  labor  in  cleansing.  Blue- 
ing ia  prohibited.   Where  a  Steffens  process  was  used  the  sugar  was  extracted 
from  the  molasses.  The  latter  is  used  as  fodder.    (5  francs  100  kilos). 

One  of  the  factories  I  visited  has,  so  to  speak,  no  chimney.  The  draft 
is  effected  with  a- ventilator  which  acts  in  connection  with  the  pressure  of 
Stearns*    Another  factory  visited  is  trying  tb  make  paper  out  of  sugar  cane 
after  having  extracted  the  sugar  therefrom.  The  cane  is  shipped  to  this  factory 
in  a  chopped  vp  state  and  dried. 


144 


Coal  used  is  not  of  a  good  quality  -  180  to  190  kilos  is  used  per  ton 
of  beets  and  costs  f.  o.  b.  factory  6-10  francs  per  ton. 

Factory  wage  earners  get  0.  frcs.  90  to  1  fr»  10  per  hour,  and  ordinary 
yard  workers  0  fr.  85  per  hour  "but  the  cost  of  living  is  higher  than  in  Europe. 
White  sugar  is  often  delivered  in  casks.   In  some  sugar  factories  an  immense 
iron  tank  is  erected  reaching  higher  than  the  roof  and  this  obtains  a  cheaper 
insurance  rate  . 

The  President,  Mr.  Vieville,  thanks  Mons.  Saillard  for  his  interesting 
report  and  a  discussion  is  now  started  anent  the  preserving  of  beets  in  a  washed 
or  unwashed  condition  and  mechanical  devices  for  unloading  the  beets. 

The  Syndicate  laboratory  has  this  year  in  August  and  September,  week 
by  week,  followed  up  the  variations  of  azote  and  sugar  content  of  the  beet. 

The  beets  of  1912  are  not  so  rich  in  azote,  amide  and  ammoniaferous  and 
deleterous  azote  as  those  of  1911* 

Losses  of  alcalinity  during  evaporation  and  boiling  are  less  apprecia- 
ble and  less  molasses  will  be  obtained  than  in  1911. 

The  proportion  of  pernicious  azote  for  a  total  of  100  gradually  diminish- 
es between  1  August  and  1st.  October.   Development  of  Azote  in  a  root  IB  slower 
than  that  of  Sugar  in  the  same  root. 

A  complete  report  on  the  journey  of  Mr.  Saillard  will  appear  shortly. 


145 

(Translation  from  German) 

EXCERPT  FROM  BLOTTER  FUR  ZUGKERRflBENBAU .  OCTOBER  15.  19l£.  PAGE  237. 


MONOGRAPH  BY  BITTER  UND  KAMMERHEHR  EDLER  HERE  ZU  PULITZ  GR.  PANKQW 
as  it  appears  in  the  Year  Book  of  the  "Imperial  Hational  Agricultural  Socle ty". 

The  limits  within  which  beet  culture  may  be  circumscribed  cannot 
be  very  well  definedj  climate  and  soil  are  no  doubt  important  factors  but  the 
conditions  and  methods  <Jn  individual  estates  and  farms  are  mainly  to  be  taken 
into  consideration  when  debating  the  question  of  what  are  the  limits  of  beet 
culture  ia  Germany. 

WB  ARE  NOW  BOUND  BY  THE  BRUSSELS  CONTENTION  (UNTIL  SEPT.  1918)  WE 
CANNOT  PAY  A  BOUNTY  ON  EXPORTS;   WE  HAVE  LITERALLY  CEDED  TO  RUSSIA  (as  it 
were)  our  right  to  sugar  exports  -  for  without  the  right  to  get  a  premium  on 
exports  we  cannot  compete  with  Russia,  which  naturally  tends  to  keep  our  beet 
culture  from  increasing;  for  what  are  we  to  do  with  our  sugar  that  we  produce 
annually  and  do  not  need  for  our  consumption? 

The  only  safety  valve  we  have  got  to  fall  back  upon  is  to  increase 
our  home  consumption,  and  that  will  only  be  made  possible  by  removing  the  tax 
on  consumption  which  will  make  our  sugar  cheaper  by  7  cents  per  pound  and  sugar 
may  be  used  for  industrial  purposes  for  which  it  is  now  too  dear. 

However,  we  must  do  sone thing,  as  the  Russian  government  gives  moral 
and  financial  assistance  for  promoting  beet  culture  and  powerfully  aids  by  spe- 
cial enactments,  the  production  of  sugar.   This,  and  the  fact  that  the  Brus- 
sels Convention  has  recently  granted  Russia  the  privilege  of  increasing  her 
export  quota  will  naturally  throttle  Germany  in  her  capacity  as  a  sugar  ex- 
porting country 


146 


Beet  growers  must  have  a  sufficient   force  of  workmen  available  at 
time  when  most   of  the  work  has  to  be  done   in  the   field;      if  labor   is  not 
available   then  beet    eulti«re  becomes   if  not  impossible,  unprofitable. 

There   are   districts  in  which  abundant  labor  is  available   at  the 

proper  time  especially  at  thinning  time,  but   in  other  districts  foreign  Immigrant 
are   scarce  so  that  special  holidays  have    to  be   granted  school  children  (as  in 
Saxony)    for  the  , purpose   of  enabling  them  to  help  in  the  fields   thinning,    etc. 
The  number  of  farm  hands   that  are  necessary  for  all  phases  of  beet   culture  de- 
pends entirely  on  climatic  and  soil  condition.       For   instance,   after  a  heavy 
rainfall  the   fields  are  not  muddy,   fewer  people   are  needed  for  hoeing  than 
where   they  are  muddy. 

If  you  have   to  engage  reapers  for  your  cereals  as  early  as  April, 
then  you  must  see  to  it   that     to  cheapen  the  beet  production,   you  provide   enough 
work  for  than  to  keep  busy,   for  if  reapers  are  not  kept   so  from  April  to  May 
then  you  will  have   to  debit   the  beet  account  with  a  considerable  amount  and 
beet  culture  will  become  tinprdfitable.     On  many  estates  it  will  be  possible 
to  employ  the  men  profitably  especially  where  wheat  is  grown.       There   are   large 
farms  that  have   started 'beet  culture  for  the   reason  that   they  wish  to  have  reap- 
ers at  hand  at  the  proper  time   and  wished  to  employ  them  profitably  in  weeding, 
Taoeing9  etc.,   between  April  and  May. 

In  such  cases,  beet  culture  becomeel  a  side  line;     conditions  on  the 
farm  improve  and  methods  of  cultivation  are  changed  for  the  better. 

The  next  question  is   the   team  question.       Beet   culture  requires  an 
increase   in  team  work.       Deep  furrows  must  be   drawn  in  the  beet  fields  before 
winter  sats  in.       All  through,  a  number  of  team  animals   (oxen  or  horses)    are 
absolutely  indispensable  for  a  successful  beet  growing. 


147 


The   steara  plow  is  used  profitably  on  large  estates.       In  regard  to 
our  calculations  as  to  the   cost  of  keeping  animals,  we  are  largely  wrong,   as 
we   should  only  debit  our  beet  fields  with  the   cost  on  such  days  fe-s,  they  are 
active  in  the  fields  or  hauling  "beets  from  the  fields  to  station  or  factory. 
Bailroad  freights  as  applied  to  beet  transportation  play  an  important  part, 
The  railroad  administration  has  thought   out  a  fine  scheme  for  transporting 
beets. 

Rate  III  =  28  Km.   in  distance 
"         II.     29  to  52  Km.     " 
"       III.     50  Km.  " 

/•^ 
Beet  freight  rates  start  with  4g-  Pfgs.  per  eentner  (i0-r66  cents 

per  100  pounds)    for  a  distance  not  exceeding  13  Km.   (8.07  miles).       10  Pfgs. 
for   *  distance  not  exceeding  61  Km. (57-5/11  miles)    (2-1.5  cents  per  100  pounds) 
15  Pfgs.   for  a  distance  not  exceeding  100  Km.   (62.15  miles)    (5^  cents  per 
100  pounds).       This  rate  is  about  the  limit  of  rates  which  boots  could  possibly 
stand.       Of  course,   some   factories  which  have  a  good  deal  of  capital  written  off 

and  are  in  a  good  flourishing  condition  can  afford  to  refund  the  freight  to  the 
farmer,  but   the  small  factories  cannot  do  so 

Of  course,  later,  we  may  get  a  system  of  narrow  gauge  railroads  from 
boat  fields  just  as  they  exist  now  on  many  large  estates,   then  the  difficulties 
of  hauling  beets  from  field  to  factory  will  be  overcome  and  savings  affected 
in  transportation.,   especially  when  the  highways  are  bad  by  reason  of  heavy  rain, 


148 

I  Translation  from  the  French) 


EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRICANTS  de  SPORE.   OCTOBER  gQth.  1912 « 

SUGAR  FACTOR?  AT  HULIK.   BOHEMIA. 

This  factory  uses  an  averagp  of  785,000  Kg,    (865  short  tons) 
of  beets,  which  are  freed  from  dirt  and  weighted  with  "Chronos"  scales. 
They  are  then  sliced  by  2  root   slices  and  conveyed  to  the  diffusors 
where  they  are  exhausted.       There  are  16  cells,  each  provided  with  a 
discharge  door  on  the  lower  sides  for  emptying  exhausted  cossettese 
Each  diffuser  has  a  capacity  of  65  hectoliters  or  1600  gallons;     the  juice 
is  heated  by  means  of  a  calorizator         The   diffusion  juice  passes  through 
a  pulp  separator, "Koran*",   before   arriving  at   the  measuring  tanks.         The 
quantity  of  juice  drawn  off  after  diffusion,   shows  110  to  114$,   and  with 
an  exhaustion  of  0.20$  to  0.30$  of  sugar  in  the  palp. 

In  the  measuing  tanks   the  juice   is  treated  with  l/8th  of  lime 
of 'the  weight  of  beets*   is  conveyed  through  juice  heaters  and  at  a  tempera- 
ture of  80  degrees  Celclus,  passes  into  3  clarifying  .boilers,  where  It 
is  treated  with  the  rest  of  the  predetermined  quantity  of  lime,  :namely, 
with  2-1/2$  of  the  weight  of  beets.  The  lirae  is  added  in  the  shape 

Of  Milk  of  Lime,  which  is  carefully  measured  by  means  of  an  apparatus ? 
known  as  the  Device  Ceriiy  Stole* 

The  clarified  juice  is  carbonated  in  a  ^discontinuous  boiler  to 
0.07  alcalinity  (per  cent  of  lime  left  in  the  juice),  filtered  by  means  of 
6  filtering  presses,  known  as  "Monster"  Kroog  and  afterwards  refiltered  by 
means  of  2-raechanical  filters,  type  "Maresch1*. 

The   second  carbonatation  is  carried  on  equally  ill  4  boilers,   similar 


149 


to  those  used  in  the  1st.   process  of  carbonatation.       Here  the   juice    is   again 
treated  with  lime  1/4$  of   the  weight   of  the   beets.       After   filtration, 
with  the  4  -  filter  "Maresch"   system,   the  juice   is   conveyed  into  3  boilers 
for  the  purpose  of  undergoing  the  third  carbonatation,   where  it    is    saturated 
to  show  0.01  alca  Unity. 

The  juice  of  the  third  carbonatation  is  filtered  twice,  through  the 
"Mare  sen"  filters,  then  conveyed  to  the  evaporating  department  where  evapora- 
tion is  brought  about  by  a  quadruple  effect  constituted  as  follows  s« 


1st*  Tank  with  a  heating  surface  of  265   sq.  meters   (317  sq.  yards), 
and  at  a  temperature  of  106  to  108° 

2nd«   Tank  wi.th  a  heating  surface  of  290  sq.  meters   (347  sq«  yards), 
and  at  a  temperature  of  1'06  to  108°  Celsius* 

3rd*   Tank  with  320  sq.  meters   {382  sq.   yards),  heating  surface 
and  at  a  temperature  of  87°  Celsius. 

4th.   Tank  with  a  heating  surface  of  355  sq.  meters   (425  sq.   yards)  „ 
and  at  a  temperature  of  77°  Celsius. 

5th  *   Tank  with  a  heating  surface   of  390  sq.  meters    1466  sq.   yards)  5 
and  at  a  temperature  of  68°  Celsius. 

There  are   two   sets  of  boiling  apparatus  for  the   boiling  of  the 
1st.   product,   each  having  a  heating  surface  of  120  sq.  meters   (1291  sq.  feet), 
for   each  batch  to  be  boiled;      there  is  a  malaxator  which  yields,  after 
6  hours,   30,000  Kga*   or  66>138  pounds   (33  short  tons)   boiled  mass. 

For  treating  the  second  product,   this  factory  has  a  boiling  appa- 
ratus which  is   almost  similar  in  construction  to   the   "Freltag"  type,   and 
which  yields  after  operating  10  hours,   a  boiled  mass   of  27,800  Kilogram 
(61,287  pounds)    (31-6/10  short  tons).       There  are   six   (6)   Malaxators  connected 
with  this  boiling  apparatus* 

The   turbines    (West  on  system),  have  a  diameter  of  850  mm*    (3.3-1/2") 

There   are  3  turbines  used  in  handling  the  first   product  and  2  turbines 


150 


Tor  the  2nd  product. 

The  beets  which  were  delivered  to  this  factory  during  the 
last  campaign,  showed  a  saccharine  content  of  IS. 5%  to  16.5$. 

The  massecuite  of  the  first  product  showed  a  purity  of  90 
to  93;  the  2nd  product  showed  a  purity  of  76;  and  molasses  a  purity  of 

63  to  64. 


151 

(TRANSLATION  FROM  THE  FRENCH) 

BJCCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRI CANTS  de  SUCRE.  OCTOBER  50.  1912. 


This  factory  having  been  built  in  1910,  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
proved  plants  erected*   A  daily  quantity  of  780,000  Kg.  (860  short  tons) 
to  900,000  (992  short  tons)  of  beets  is  worked  over. 

The  clean,  washed  beets  are  weighed  on  "Chronos"  scales,  where, 
by  means  of  2  cutters  they  are  sliced  and  dropped  into  a  Diffusion  Bat- 
tery -  the  cells  having  doors  for  the  emptying  our  of  the  exhausted  cos- 
settes. 

The  Juice  is  heated  by  means  of  direct  steam  injectors  to 
85*  C*   In  the  last  diffusing  cell  the  juice  has  still  a  temperature  or 
68*.  .The  diffusion  cells  are  provided  with  doors  that  open  and  close  ly 
hydraulic  pressure.   The  Juice  passes  through  a  pulp  separator  before  being 
forced  into  2  measuring  tanks  of  59  Hectolitres  (1558  gallons)  each,  where 
2$>  of  lime  is  added  for  100  beet  weight.   The  juice  extracted  shows  about 
106°  *   It  then  passes  from  the  measuring  tanks  through  Calorizators  - 
bringing  it  to  82  -  85°  0.  before  arriving  at  the  clarifiers  (three  boilers 
of  75  hedtolitres  (1981  gallons)  in  which  it  is  mixed  with  1.7$  of  lime  in 
the  shape  of  milk  of  lime  by  means  of  an  apparatus  Czerni  Stole. 

The  clarified  juice  is  carbonated  at  a  temperature  of  80°  in  5 
tanks  until  the  percentage  of  lime  left  in  the  juice  shows  Only  0.7  alkalin- 
ity; it  is  then  filtered  in  7  filter  presses  ("Giant  Kroog")  containing 
a  double  layer  of  cotton  cloth.   The  filtered  juice  passes  into  heaters 


152 


where  the  temperature  is  raised  to  90°  0»  befo  re  /being  forced,  without  addi- 
tional lime,  into  the  tanks  for  a  seoond  carbonatation. 

The  juice  run  off  from  here  shows  an  alcalinity  of  0.02,  then 
is  filtered  in  4  filters("Maresch")  and  brought  to  a  state  of  ebulition. 
It  is  then  filtered  a  second  time  in  3  "Maresch"  filters  before  being  sub- 
jected to  evaporation  in  quadruple  effect  apparatus  (4  in  number) ,  the  first 
horizontal  effect  has  a  heating  surface  of  600  sq.  meters  (717  sq.  yards), 
and  has  a  temperature  of  110  -  112°  C.    The  second  affect  has  a  heating 
surface  of  550  sq.  meter  (656  square  yards)  and  a  temperature  of  106°  • 
The  third  vertical  effect  has  a  heating  surface  of  170  sq.  meters  and  a  tem- 
perature of  86e;and  a  fourth  effect  of  190  sq.  meters  (227  sq.  yards)  heating 
surface  with  a  temperature  of  60* . 

For  manipulating  the  first  product  this  factory  has  two  sets 
of  apparatus,  with  a  capacity  of  273  hectolitres  (about  30,000  Eg.)  (33-6/10 
short  tons)  massecuite  for  each  apparatus,  each  provided  with  an  agitator, 
the  boiling  lasts  6  to  6  hours* 

For  the  obtaining  of  the  second  product  this  factory  has  an 
apparatus  type  "Freitag"  of  278  hectoliter  (7343  gal. }, each  boiling  period 
lasts  from  24  to  26  hours.   The  massecuite  is  run  off  into  six  crystallizers 
where  it  remains  5  to  6  days,  the  super  saturation  being  regulated  by  adding 
water  according  to  Claasson's  system. 

This  factory  uses  3  turbines,  of  the  "Weston"  type  in  connec- 
tion with  the  first  product,  and  in  connection  with  the  second  product  the 
factory  uses  two  "Western"  turbines  -  diaaeter  of  each  turbine  1  meter  1.09/100 
yards. 

The  sugar  of  the  first  product  is  mixed  with  the  sugar  of  the 


153 


second  product. 

The  beets  of  1911-12  had  a  sugar  content  of  16.25J& 


Raw  sugar  1st.  product   ....................  13.85$ 

11        "        2nd.          '•          ........  ...... 


Molasses 
With  a  purity  of  60  -  62. 


154 

(French  Translation) 


EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRIC ANTS  de  SUCRE.   OCTOBER  30. 1912 • 
SUGAR  FACTORY  CZESKY  BROD. 

This  well  known  sugar  factory  is   located  in  Bohemia  and  the 
quantity  of  beets  worked  over  per  day  is  1,000,000  -  1,200,000  Kg.  • 
2,204,600  to  2,645,524  pounds  avoirdupois- 

Operations  in  the   factory  begin  by  weighing  the  clean  beets  on 
"Chronos"  scales;     then  they  are   sliced.       There  are  4  beet  slicersj   the 

slices  th«n  pass  into  a  battery  of  diffusion  consisting  of  16  cells,  each 
cell  being  provided  with  doors  for  emptying  the  exhausted  coesettes,  and 
having  a  capacity  of  90  hectoliters   (2,377-1/2  gallons). 

The  diffusion  juice  passes  through  2  pulp  separators  "Rassmus" 
then   into  two  measuring  tanks;     the  juice  from  here  is   forced  into  heaters, 
then  into  4  Carbonators,  where  it   gets  a  treatment  of  lime  -     2-1/2$  of 
lime  of  the  weight  of  beets. 

After  the  first  continuous  carbonatat ion,   the  juice   is  filtered 
in  4  filter  presses   (Giant   system),  and  afterwards  in  2  filters   (Maresch). 

The   second  carbonatation  is  a  continuous  process  carried  on 
by  2  "Mare sen"  filters  -  then  is  conveyed  to  the  evaporating  apparatus  \#iich 
is  made  up  of  a  "Kestner"  with  a  heating  surface  of  150  sq.  meters   (161.4  sq- 
yards)   at  a  temperature  of  124°  Celsius* 

A  second  effect  "Kestner"  with  a  heating  surface   of  600  sq. 
meters   (717~l/2>  sq.  yards)    is  employed,  at  a  temperature   of  105°  Celsius; 
5  ordinary  steam  chests  having  a  total  heating  surface   of  630  square  meters 
(753  sq.   yards). 

Another  steam  chest  with  a  heating  surface   of  310  sq.  meters 


155 


(370  sq.  yards)    Is  employed,  and  finally  a  steam  chest  with  a  heating 
surface  of  330  sq.  meters    (393  sq.  yards)* 

The  syrup  coining  from  the  evaporating  apparatus   is   filtered  by 
3  filters   (Maresch)    then  forced  into  the  "boiling  apparatus. 

To  get   the  first  product  two   sets  of  apparatus   system  (Eexa  Herold) 
are  used;     the   boiling  lasts  9-12  hours.     When  the   juice  has  "boiled  dorai 
each  apparatus  yields  about  75$  of  raw  sugar,  after  having  undergone  an 
agitating  process  to  keep  it   from  solidifying.  • 

Three   turbines  are  used  (Hampi  system);     under  each  boiling  appara- 
tus a  mixer. 

•The   residue   of  the   1st.  product  Is  boiled  in  an  apparatus  known 
as   the   Kaealowsky. 

The  massecuite   is   forced   into  9  crystallizers  and  there  are  4 

turbines  in  operation. 

The  factory  has  a  total  of  8  turbines  which  are  provided  with 
a  discharge  cloor  at  the  lower  part  of  each  turbine. 

The  beets  of.   1911-  12  campaign  contained  an  average  of  15.7$ 
of  sugar-       Exhausted  slices  contained  1.18$  sugar. 

The  Massecuite  of  the  first  product  had  a  purity  of  93  and   the 
boiled  mass,  of  the    second  product  a  purity  of  76.       Molasses  showed  a  purity 
of  60  to   62. 


(Translation  from  the  French). 

156 

SKCEflPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FAB KL  CANTS  de  SUCRE.  OCTOBER  50.  1912, 


BEJST  SUGAB  REFINERY  PECEK. 

This  refinery  is  located  in  Bohemia  and  is  the  largest  of 
all  the  Austrian  refineries;  240,000  Kgs.  (264.5  Short  Tons)  of  raw  sugar 
,  are  worked  over.   The  sugar  is  refined  in  Mixers  and  then  turbinated;  the 
residue,  mixed  with  the  residue  from  the  (third  class)  refined  sugar,  is 
boiled  and  forms  ordinary  crystals;  the  residue  of  this  massecuite  (73  to 
76  pure) is  considered  as  Molasses. 

The  raw  sugar  in  process  of  refining  is  remelted  and  filtered 
by  the  s  and  filtering  system,  known  as  the  "Perfect"  system  and  refiltered 
"by  means  of  Bone  Black  (15  Kgs.  of  Bone  black  for  every  100  Kgs.  of  melted 
sugar) «    The  filtered  syrup  yields  a,  massecuite  for  first  class  refined 
st*gar-( loaves  of  large  and  small  crystals,  plaquettes,  produced  by  the  Scheib- 
ler  process  ,  the  Pzillas  process,  produces  large  crystals. 

The  waste  from  first  class  refined  sugar  is  made  into  powdered 
sugar. 

Sugar  for  discoloration  and  granulated  constitute  refined  of 
the  second  class.   The  ordinary  crystals  and  crushed  bits  constitute  refined 
sugar  of  the  third  class. 

The  residue  from  the  third  class  is  boiled  into  grain:  the 
residue  from  turbinating  this  massecuite  is  considered  as  Molasses,  the 
proportion  is  7%  and  the  purity  thereof  is  brought  to  73  -  76.    This 
molasses  is  added  to  the  ordinary  molasses  produced  by  a  sugar  factory  located 
in  the  vicinity  of  this  refinery  and  the  combined  quantity  bf  this  molasses  is 
desugared  in  an  annex  of  the  refining  plant.   The  desurgaring  is  effected  by 
the  Strontian  process.   The  juice  coming  from  this  process  (which  has  a 
density  of  14  to  18  Brix  and  a  purity  of  96  -  98)  is  conveyed  to  the 
Refinery  where  it  is  worked  over. 


157 

TRANSLATION  FROM  THE  FRENCH. 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRICAKTS  DE  SPORE.  OCTOBER  50.  1912* 

REVUE  OF 
TECHNOLOGICAL  AND  CHEMICAL  WORK  CARRIED  ON  IN  THE  FOLLOWING  FACTORIES; 

1)  Kruschwitz,  4)  Hulin, 

2)  Czeski  Brod,  5)  Niemczyce. 

3)  Pecek. 

(TOTAL  -  5  FACTORIES  INSPECTED) 

Mr.  Max  Pawlowski  has  lately  published  in  the  Gazette  Cukrownicza 
1912,    (Nos.   26,   30-,   32,  34,  35,   39),   several  articles  describing  in 
detail  the  plants  of   sugar  factories  and  the  work  carried  on  there  in 
factories  that  he  visited  during  last  campaign. 

FACTORY  KRPSCHWITZ. 

This  factory  is  located  in  the  province  of  Posen,  Prussian 
Poland  and  has  a  capacity  for  handling  1,800,000  Kg.    (»  1984  short 
tons)   of  beets  daily,  which  at  the  starting  point  are  weighed  by  two 
scales,   type  Chronos  then  sliced  by  means  of  4  root-cutters.       After- 
wards they  are  submitted  to  a  treatment  of  exhaustion  in  two  diffusion 
batteries,   each  battery  consisting  of  12  cells  with  a  capacity  of  26 
Hectolitres  each   (-  1850  gallons);     each  is  fed  with  58  Kg.   or  128  pounds 
of   slices  for   every.  26  gallons  of   its  capacity. 

Diffusion  is  carried  on  by  being  aided  with  residuary  water 
coming  from  the  presses. 


158 


Beets  delivered  during-  the  last  campaign  had  an  average  sugar 
content  of  18.2$  (aloohollo  digestion^ 

Exhausted  strips  contained.  0.8  to  0,9/£  of  sugar. 

The  diffusion  juice   is  reheated  at  80$  Celsius  and  passes   into  2 
"boilers  that  are  provided  with  mixers,  where  the   juice  is  clarified  by 
means  of  lime   (ratio  1.75^  of  the  weight  of  "beets),   this  lime  is  added  in. 
the   shape  of  millc  of  lime. 

The  first  carbonatation  is  carried  on  continuously  in  four  "boil- 
erst     which  are  divided  into  two  sets*         The  work  of  carbonatation  proper 
Is  carried  on  in  two  "boilers.         The   juice  leaves  the  first  carbonatatlon 
process  having  an  alcalinity  of  0.06,  and  is  filtered  in  a  room  where 
14  filter-presses  of   the  "Giant  Kroog"  type   are   installed,   the   juice  here 
Is  heated  at  84°  C,   then  is  subjected  to  a  second  carbonatation  when  an- 
other 1/8  of  lime  per  100  beets   is- added. 

The   second  carbonatation  is  carried  on  also  by  a  continuous 
process,   In  two  boilers;      the   juice, after  having  undergone  this   second 
carbonatation  has  an  alcalinity  of  0.03  to  0.04,   then  passes  into  6  filter 
presses,   type  "Giant  Kroog";      It   is    then  heated  again  and  filtered  by  means 

of  5  small  filters- 

To  facilitate  evaporation,   the  factory  uses  3  Pre-Evaporators 
I  Juice  Boilers  "Saft-Koohar")   that  have  a  total  heating  surface  of   625  sq. 
meters   1747  sq.   yards),  where  the  ebulition  is  carried  on  at  a  temperature 
of  120  to  125°  C.,  and  with  a  quadruple  effect  as  follows: 

1)  Set  of  two  tanks  each  having  a  heating  surface  of   500  sq. -meters   (598  sq. 

yards)   brings   the  juice  to  a  temperature  of  105U 

2)  A  tank  with  a  heating  surface  of  500  sq.  meters   (598  sq.  yards),  brings 

the   juice   to  a  temperature  of  90°  C. 


159 


3)  A  ^  tank  with.  500  sq.   meters   (598  era.   yards)   heating  surface  brings  the 

juice   to  a   temperature   of  ebulition. 

4)  This   tank  also  with  a  heating  surface  of  500  sq.   meters    {598  sq. yards); 

the  juice   here  being  subjected  to  a  temperature  of  about  64°. 

The   syrup  coming  from  the  Evaporating  process   is  treated  with  a 
little  sulphatic   lime,   it  being  done   by  a  continuous  process  wltJiin  two 
boilers,  until  the  juice  shows  0.02  alcalinity.         Then  the   sulphatic 
syrup  is  filtered  ajid  passed  on  to  the  syrup  boiling  room. 

The   factory  has  siz  vacuum  boiling  pans,  each  pan  having  a  capacity 
of  32500  Kg.    (356.2  Short  Tons'    (716.50  pounds)    of  boiled  mass.       The  boil~ 
ing  process  lasts  from  6   to  8  hours,  and  the  boiled  mass   is  then  run  off 
at   a  temperature   of  83°  Celsius,   reaches  the   crystalizers  where   it 
remains  18  hours  to  undergo  a  cooling  process  of  500  Celsius. 

There  are  12  crystaiizers  each  with  a  rotatory  turn  of  l~l/2  turns 
to  the  minute.       The  purity  of   the  mass   is  about  93.       There  are  15  turbines, 
each  of  which  are  provided  at  the  lower  portion  with  a  discharge  vent.       The 
dregs  are  not   separated  here.       A  part  is  returned  to  the  Boiling  Department 
of  -.the  1st.   product   (3500  litres)   925  gallons  for   each  boiled  mass,   the 
balance   is  boiled   to  produce  the  2nd  product,  "for  which  the  Claassen  system  is 
used;     here  the  boiling  lasts  36  hours  and  is  run  off  at  a  temperature   of 
90°  C.   into  crystallizers  where  the  mass  remains  five  or  six  days,   then  cools 
at  500  Celsius.     There  are   10  crystallizers  used  here  and  eight    turbines, 
similar  to  those  used  for   the  first  product. 

•  Diameter  of  each  turbine  1  meter  (3.28083  feet)   •  1.093.611  U.   S. 
yards.       The  Kruschwitz  factory  consumes  large  quantities  of  coal,   6  to 
6-1/2%  of  the  .weight   of  beets.        Coals   giving  7300  to  7500  CALORICS. 


160 


EXCKRPT  FRCM  THE   SUCKERIE  INDEGENE  COLONIALS,  NOVEMBER  6,   1912. 

OBITUARY. 

We  regret  to  learn  that  Mr.  Hermann  Briem,  Director  of  the  Seed 
Growers  firm  of  Wohanka,  Prague,  died  on  October  29th,  1912,  at  Innsbruck, 
Austria.    Mr.  Briem  was  a  savant  of  the  highest  order  and  his  work  in 
connection  with  Beet  Culture  will  live  after  him.   He  thoroughly  understood 
the  physiology  and  selection  of  the  sugar  beet,  and  it  is  mainly  due  to 
his  laborious  efforts  that  the  firm  of  Wohanka  became  so  celebrated  i*n  the 
matter  of  seed  production. 

His  numerous  writings,  which  are  real  text  books  for  beet  growers, 
have  made  his  name  a  household  word;  he  was  always  quoted  as  an  authority, 
and  his  -departure  from  the  sphere  of  activity  is  a  great  loss  to  science, 
beet  culture  and  the  Sugar  Industry. 


161 


COST  OF  PRODUCTION  OF  REFINED  SUGAR     (Native) 

AUSTRIA  . 
EXCERPT  EROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUCKERINDUSTRIE,   NOVEMBER  15,    1912. 

BASIS;      100,000  Dz.  Refined,    for  Home  Consumption,   and 
100,000  Dz.          "  "     Export. 

100,000  Dz.   =  10,000  Metric  Tons  =  (11,023  short  tons) 

134  days  are  necessary  to  produce  200,000  Dz.   or   ....   22,046  short  irons 

Buildings  and  Grounds     1,400,000  K.  *   4284,200 

Machinery  and  Equip1 1.   1,600,000  K.  - $121,800 

FIXED  CHARGES; 

5%  written  of f .  of  value  of  building     70,000  K.   *   ....$  14,210 
10$       "  "       "       "       Machinery,     160.000  K.   =   ...  .j>  32.480 

230,000  K.    » $  46,690 

Salaries   90,000  K.   =   ....$18,270 

Monthly  salaries,  Accident  Ins. 

Supplementary  Fund,  Allowance  Fund     75,000  K.   *   . •••(  15,225 

Taxes    30,000  K.   =   ....       6,090 

Repairs 50,000  K.   *...,     10,150 

All  other  costs  (Teleg-Office  Exp., 

Trust  Exp .....     80.000  K.  =   ....     16,240 

Fixed  Costs 555,000  K.,   =  $112.665 

If  we  assume  that  production  for   export  participates  to  the 
extent  of  30  Hel.  per  Dz.    (6.09  cents)  which  means  sugar  for  export 
yields  an  extra  30  Hellers,   such  export  production  will  be  debited 
with  100  x  30  * 30,000  Kr.   *   ..46,090,00 

Therefore,   the  refining  of  100,000  Dz.   of  Inland  Sugar  will 
have  to  carry  the  sum  of  555,000  Kr.   less  30,000  Kr     =  525,000  Kr.   *  $106,575 

Spodium  at  0.25  per  Dz.   = 25,000  Kr.   =  $     5fC75 

Coal  at  50%  of  the  quantity  of  production 

at  Kr. 1.75  (35^)    87.500  Kr.   *  |_L7A837.50 

112,500  Kr. 
Weekly  Wages   ...... .$  22,837 .50 


162 


800  Wage  earners  at  2.60  Kr,   (52 ,78$  per 

day  *  2,080  x  134     «  278,720  Kr.   =   ...f  56,560 

Remaining  226  days  during  which  tirae  the 

factories  were  not  in  operation  about 

K.  100  per  day  (226  x  100  K.   per  day)    *     21,280  Kr.   =  .$4,319*84 

Weekly  wages  for  100,000  Dz.  Inland  and 
100,000  Dz.   for  Export, 
equal  to   ........   300,000  Kr.    of  which  half  is  for  Inland 

consumption,   =   150,000  Kr.   =     30,450. 

Half  of  525,000  Kronen  as  above,   leave   ...  262,000  Kr0 

Sale  of  Molasses  (10%  of  100,000  Dz.)    ....  100,000  Kr. 

Leaving  a  balance  of  - . . . 687,500  Kr. 

Cost  of  Refining  100  Kg.  =  6,87  Kr.   =  0.63  cents  per  pound. 

On  10,000  Metric  Tons  there  remains  cash  in  hand  for  new 

campaign  after  all  expsnses  above  indicated,  a  sura  of  «...     52,000  Marks, 

Equalling , , $10, 556.00 


HOTE: 

"  The  0.63  cents  per  hundred  pounds  include  excise  tax  and 
amount  written  off  for  depreciation. 

0.63  cents  -  0.1367  leaves  0.5153  per  lb.net  cost  of  production. 


163 

(Translation  from  the   Gerrtetn) 

EXCERPT  FRCM  BlATTER  FDR  ZUCKEKRflBENBAIT.  NOVEMBER  15.   1912.   ?AG£  557. 
"WHY  DOES  £EET  CULTURE  IK  GERMANY  NOT  IHGREASE  MORE  RAPIBLI" 

By 

Councillor  of  State  Vibrans  Wendhausen. 

Germany,  by  reason  of  her  climate   and  soil,   is   one  of  the  most 
suitable  countries  for  beet  culture  and  sugar  production.       The  beet  grower 
has  no  permanent  guarantee  for  a  steady  price  for  his  beets,  and  one   of  the 
reasons  why  beets  are  not  planted  more  extensively  is  indirectly  due  to  the 
fact  that  a  heavy  tax  is  put  upon  consumption,  which  increases  the    cost  of 
sugar  7  pfenings  t>er  Ib.   (1.666  cents  per  lb.).       Assurances  were  given 
that    tiiis  tax  would  be  reduced,  but  a  year  after     it     had  been  officially 
given,  we  are   informed  that   the   Government  is  not  going  to  do  anything  in  the 
matter.       Thus,   the   farmer  has  no  guarantee   that  his  outlay  in  increased 
planting  will  be  returned  to  him  in  the   shape  of  remunerative  beet  prices* 
The  enterprising  spirit   of   the  sugar   industry  has  likewise  been  dampened  by 
the  continued  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  Governrosnt  to  get  as  much  as  possible 
out   of  the  Industry 

Since   sugar  factory  .owners  do  not  know  where  they  are  at,   it   is  not 
to  be  wondered  at  that  the  increase  in  beet  culture  is  slight.       That  it  has 
not  yet  diminished  is  mainly  due  to  the   fact  that  beet  culture  is  recognized 
as  an  excellent  help  to  obtain  higher  yields  of  other  crops.         This  factor, 
if  no  other,  should  be  carefully  considered  in  connection  with  beet  culture, 
as  it  promotes  to  a  marvelous  degree  the  yield  of  cereals,   insuring  an  ample 
supply  of  food  for  the  people.         Therefore,   instead  of  putting  continual 
brakes  on  the  wheels  of  Industry,    the   development   of  beet   culture  and  the  beet 


164 


indoistry  should  be  encouraged  in  every  way.   Indeed,  it  would  be  a  severs 
calamity  if  the  culture  of4  beets  which  has  rendered  such  an  important  service 
to  agriculture  should  cease  to  be  profitable.   But  why  should  we  ask  this 
question?     The  question  we  should  ask,  is  whether  agriculture,  taken  as 
a  whole,  on  large  estates  or  on  small  ones,  is  benefited  by  beet  culture 
or  not* 


165 


THE  INFLUENCE  OF  PHOSPHORIC  ACID  UPON  THE  CROWTH  AKD  QUALITY 

OF  SUGAR  BEETS. 

-  By- 

DR.  WIiaJER. 
EXCERPT  FROM  BLOTTER  Ffe  ZUCXERRtiBENBAU,  NOV.  15thf  1912. 

In  many  instances,  agriculturists  pay  little  attention  to  the 
needs  of  nutrition  to  our  plants,  as  the  effect  of  certain  fertilizing  materi- 
als cannot  always  be  ascertained.   However,  we  must  try  and  find  the  real 
cause  for  the  many  mysterious  processes  occurring  in  the  soil. 

The  fertilizing  may  remain  without  effect  if  either  the  soil  is 
already  rich  enough  in  nutritive  substances  required  by  certain  plants  or 
if  there  is  a  certain  condition  in  the  soil  which  hinders  the  absorption  by 
certain  plants  of  nutritive  elements  contained  in  manure,  or  artificial  fer- 
tilizers. 

In  the  first  case  a  high  yield  of  crops  will  be  attained  without 
the  respective  fertilization;  certain  fertilizers  may  even  diminish  the 
yield  of  crops  or  weaken  the  quality.   In  the  second  case,  low  yields  may 
be  obtained  in  spite  of  good  fertilization,  and  crops  may,  under  certain  con- 
ditions, be  of  a  poor  quality.   This  may  occur  in  a  case  where  the  nutritive 
elements  are  absorbed  by  the  soil  or  when  vegetation  is  hindered  by  the  poor 
constitution  of  the  soil,  too  much  moisture  or  drought,  parasites,  certain 
microbiological  processes,  deleterious  influences  due  to  industrial  establish- 
ments, etc. 

It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  ascertain  what  is  the  true 
reason  in  a  case  where  fertilizer  fails  to  produce  results  and  to  obtain  a 
knowledge  of  what  nutrition  a  certain  plant  needs;  especially  is  this  essen- 
tial with  sandy  soil  where  the  connection  between  fertilizing,  growth  of  plants 
and  yield  has  to  be  thoroughly  understood. 

The  symptoms  noticed  in  plants  caused  by  want  of  nutrition  or 
excess  of  nutrition  are  the^same  with  plants  grown  in  experimental  pots  and 
those  growing  in  the  field."  But  before  these  symptoms  were  well  known, they 
were  mistaken  for  plant  diseases  of  various  kinds  and  those  not  familiar  with 
these  symptoms  will  fall  into  the  same  error,  for  instance,  beet  phthisis, 
brought  about  by  the  activity  of  neoiatodes,  was  one  of  these  diseases, which 
could  be  counteracted  by  potash  fertilizers,  but  the  real  nature  of  this  disease 
could  not  be  ascertained.  ' 


166 


If,  after  reaching  a  certain  growth,  and  In  addition  to  the 
nematodic  activity  there  is  a  lack  of  potash,  the  plants  after  reaching 

in8tead  of 


By  one-sided  potash  fertilizing,  we  may  not  sucoeed  in  obtain 
ing  large  harvests,  but  we  may  prevent  plant  phthisis. 


oOi 


167 

MONOGRA     PR 
Sugar  Factory  Berry  -  Au  -  Bac. 

-  By- 
Paul  Marcus. 

EXCERPT  FROM  TEE  JOORHAL  des  EABRICABTS  de  SUCRE,  DEC,  4,  1912. 

This  factory  was  built  in  1867  at  the  Junction  of  two  navigable 
waterways;  the  Aisne  Canal  joining  the  River  Marne  and  the  lateral  canal 
leading  to  the  River  Aisne;  therefore  thie  factory  is  in  the  best  location 
ac  far  as  getting  beet  supplies  is  concerned. 

It  is  very  interesting  to  know  the  extent  of  its  beet  plantation, 
the  harmony  of  its  proportions,  the  excellent  way  in  which  the  factory  is 
managed  and  the  fine  quality  of  its  product;  it  represents  the  average  type 
of  an  important  sugar  factory. 

From  an  administration  point  of  view  it  has  three  (3) distinct 
divisions. 

1)   The  sugar  factory  proper; 
2}   The  commercial  division; 
3)   The  agricultural  division. 

A  director  is  at  the  head  of  each  division,  and  a  delegate  admin- 
istrator supervises  the  three  divisions  and  keeps  them  in  touch  with  each  other, 

Three  farms  aggregating  1200  hectares  (2471  acres)  belong  to  the 
factory  and  contribute  more  than  one  fourth  towards  its  needs*   The  working 
capacity  of  the  factory  is  325  tons  of  sugar  baets  per  day  (24  hours;  the 
beet  supply  reaches  the  factory  by  boat,  by  farm  carts  and  by  rail  (narrow 
guage  connecting  Reims. 

The  roots  reach  the  factory  by  means  of  a  hydraulic  transmitter; 
are  dumped  into  two  ordinary  washers,  then  into  a  Loa^e  washer  that  is  provided 
with  a  device  for  removing  gravel  and  stones.   Thence  they  pass  into  a  shaker; 
from  this  to  an  elevator  chain  of  buckets  which  lifts  them  to  the  top  part  of 
the  factory  whence  they  fall  into  a  scuttle  attached  to  a  special  type  of 
scales  which  finally  pours  them  into  the  hopper  of  a  beet  slicing  apparatus 
provided  with  trays,  each  lot,  leaving  the  scales  for  the  hopper,  weighing 
500  Kg. (1102  Ibs.) 

The  cossettes  turned  out  by  the  root  slicer  are  narrow,  clean 
cut  and  of  very  regular  shapes,  are  exhausted  in  a  battery  of  14  diffusors  of 
28  hectoliters  and  heated  by  tubular  calorisators  with  a  heating  surface  of 
8.25  meters  (9.86  sq.  yds*)  by  means  of  steam  coming  from  the  first  tank  of 
quadruple  effect. 


168 

The  juice  is  measured  in  the  gauging  tanks  that  are  provided 
with  Horsin-Deon  indicators.   The  liming  is  done  in  the  same  tanks  by  adding 
a  quantity  of  milk  of  lime  at  25°  Beaume  equivalent  to  2  Kg.  of  Ca.O.  (4.8 
pounds  per  hectolitre  of  juice  (105*  quarts).   In  consequence  of  the  excep- 
tional richness  of  the  beets  the  yield  of  juice  was  high,  having  amounted  to 
128  litres  (33.8  gallons)  per  100  Kilograms  (220  pounds)  of  "beets  worked  over. 

The  exhausted  cossettes  fall  from  the  diffusors  into  a  pit  con- 
structed of  cemented  etonos  thence  are  taken  up  by  a  chain  of  buckets  adjusted 
to  the  elevator  chain  at  regular  intervals,  which  brings  the  cosettes  to  a  wind- 
ing distributing  device  adjusted  above  4  pulp  presses;  1  press  Bergreen,  and 
3  Klusetnann.   The  pressed  pulp  is  then  taken  care  of  by  a  set  of  winding  de~ 
vioes  which  convey  them  to  wagons  or  carts  or  to  small  trolleys  that  are 
drawn,  by  animals,  to  boats  anchored  in  the  canal* 

The  diffusion  juice  treated  with  lime  as  above  mentioned,  is  sub- 
mitted to  a  temperature  of  75°  in  its  transit  through  2  heaters  of  a  heating 
surface  of  45  sq,  meters  and  heated  by  the  steam  of  the  second  set  of  evaporat- 
ing apparatus  then  carbonated  until  it  shows  1  gramme  alkalinity  per  liter 
in  a  specially  constructed  boiler  in  which  98  hectolitres  (2588  gallons)  are 
handled  at  each  operation* 

The  juice  from  the  first  carbonatation  is  taken  up  by  a  pump 
Shabaver,  is  forced  back  again  -  passing  through  2  heaters  of  a  heating  surface 
of  50  sq.  meters  (59f  sq.  yards),  making  8  circulations,  heated  by  steam  from 
the  first  set  of  heaters  -  (under  a  temperature  of  90°)  then  the  juice  is 
forced  back  again  into  the  room  where  the  filter  presses  are.   There  are  five 
filter  presses: 

a)  1  Massicot  with  30  frames  (1™  x  1*  )  39"  x  39*. 

b)  4  Bedus  with  20  frames  of  {lm  x  lm  }  . 

In  this  region,  on  account  of  the  calcareous  nature  of  the  soil, 
the  farmers  do  not  make  use  of  the  scum  coining  from  the  beet  factories «   This 
crambex-some  residue  is  dilated  at  the  factory  and  run  into  the  ditches  where 
the  waste  from  beet  washings  are  stored  for  eventual  utilization. 

The  thin  juice  of  the  first  carbon&tation,,  to  which  is  added  a 
new  quantity  of  milk  of  lime  and  mixed  with  rich  diluted  residue  obtained  from 
re-melted  syrup1,  is  saturated  with  carbonic  acid  until  the  aloalinity  is  re- 
duced to  0.25  gr.  per  litre  -  this  is  carried  pn  in  a  boiler  of  the  same  type 
and  the  same  cubic  contents  as  the  one  used  for  the  first  carbonatation. 

The  turbid  juice  obtained  by  this  operation  ie  brought  to  95° 
(in  two  heating  tanks  of  40  sq.  meters)  (47f-  sq9  yds.)  benefiting  by  the  steam 
of  the  1st*  set  of  the  quadruple  effect;  is  filtered  on  Dansk  filter  presses 
(4  elements  with  30  trays  600  x  700  centimetres  fitted  with  fine  cotton  cloth 
which  in  its  turn  is  stretched  over  a  cloth,  woven  partly  of  flax  and  partly 
oottoaj ;  then  is  filtered  on  wood  fibre  filters  snd  brought  to  an  ebullition 
temperature  in  «  boiler  of  50  sq.  meter  (59§  yards)  by  meana  of  exhaust  steam; 
finally  clarified  in  3  filters,  system  Philippe,  each  filter  having  30  frames. 


169 


The  evaporating  division  is  constituted  as  follows:- 

1st.  tank  280  sq.  meter  (334  sq.  yards) 
2nd»  "  140  sq.  meter  (166  sq.  yards) 
3rd.  "  110  sq,  meter  (132  sq.  yards) 
4th.  "  180  sq.  meter  (£14  sq.  yards) 
a  total  of  ...........  710  sq.  meters(846  sq.  yards)  of  heating  surface. 

The  first  tank  gets  exhaust  steam  and  live  steam;  it  gives  off 
steam  at  109°  ;  this  steam  is  used  in  heating  the  second  set,  the  two  "boiling 
masses,  the  4  heaters  and  the  diffusion  toilers;  the  steam  of  the  second  tank 
has  a  temperature  of  91°  and  is  utilized  to  heat  the  3rd.  tank  and  two  heaters 
containing  virgin  juice;  the  3rd.  and  4th.  tanka  produce  steam  at  70C  and 
respectively. 


The  syrup  leaving  the  quadruple  effect  is  sulphated  almost  to  a 
point  of  neutrality,  (phenol  phataleine)  brought  to  90*  in  a  heater  of  30  sq. 
meter  (35f  sq.  yards)  heated  by  means  of  steam  obtained  from  the  first  effect, 
filtered  on  2  Philippe  filters  of  30  frames  and  then  conveyed  to  the  boiling 
room  which  contains: 

1)  Apparatus  of  345  hectolitres  (9113  gallons)  fitted  with  two  serpentines 

(worms)  heated  by  live  steam; 

2)  4  Lyre-boxes  that  are  heated  with  steam  from  the  first  set  of  evaporators; 

5)  1  apparatus  of  280  hectolitres  (7,396  gallons)  fitted  with  two  serpentines 
(worms)  and  3  Lyre-boxes; 

4)  A  boiling  apparatus  of  90  hectolitres  fitted  with  two  worms  for  producing 
secondary  products. 

The  mass  for  the  first  product  is  entirely  fed  with  filtered  syrup, 
containing  as  stated  above,  a  certain  proportion  of  rich  residue  and  cf  re<* 
malted  syrup  that  was  purified  in  its  course  towards  the  second  carbonatation 
and  only  at  the  final  operation  a  variable  quantity  of  a  residue  of  poor  quality 
finds  its  way  into  the  apparatus. 

The  massecuite  for  the  first  product  is  run  into  horizontal  malaxors 
having  a  capacity  of  350  hectolitres  (9245  gallons)  ,  then  some  of  the  poor 
residue  is  added;  after  12  hours  it  is  turbinated  in  7  centrifugals  of  normal 
type.   The  residues  are  then  separated;  the  rich  residue  goes  to  a  second 
carbonatation,  the  poor  residue  is  sulphited,  reheated  and  filtered  in  a  sand- 
filter,  system  Raimbert,  -description  of  which  is  here  given: 

This  filter  is  of  a  conical  shape;  the  sand  is  between  perforated 
plates  and  maintained  at  a  distance  of  a  few  millimeters  from  the  cloth  and  a 
series  of  superimposed  rings,  a  vertical  section  of  which  has  the  appearance  of 
the  slats  of  a  Venetian  blind*   In  consequence  of  this  graduated  disposition, 
the  filtration  surface  is  not  only  made  up  by  the  upper  layer  of  sand  but  also 
by  the  free  space  existing  between  each  ring,  which  imparts  to  the  filter  at  one 
and  the  same  time,  a  horizontal  ag  well  as  a  vertical  surface  of  filtration. 


170 


The  particular  originality  of  this  filter  consist  in  the  manner  of 
washing  the  sand.   In  other  systems  the  soiled  sand  is  washed  in  the  filter 
itself  and  often  this  kind  of  cleansing  process  is  imperfect.   With  the 
"Raimbert"  system  the  washing  is  effected  in  a  tub  and  the  transfusing  of  the 
sand  takes  place  by  means  of  an  ejector  under  pressure  of  Ig-  K£.  to  2  Kg. 
(2-1/5  to  4-1/2  Ibs.)   The  sand  is  washed  in  a  special  tub  by  means  of  a  cur- 
rent of  warm  water  acting  from  below j  tbe  dirty  water  flows  away  from  the  sur- 
face without  loss  of  sand;  when  the  washing  J.B  finished  the  sand  is  forced 
back  onto  the  filter  by  another  elector,  the  orifice  of  which  is  inserted  into 
the  bottom  of  the  washing  tub.   One  tub  suffices  for  a  number  of  filters. 

At  Berry-Au~Bac,  one  set  of  "Raimbert"  filters  ins-ures  the  filtra- 
tion of  residue  derived  from  the  operation  of  325  metric  tons  of  beets  per  day, 
and  if  the  time  during  which  the  filter  remains  idle  is  taken  into  account,  we 
may  say,  that  barring  accidents,  the  "Raimbert"  filter  would  be  sufficient  to 
filter  the  residuary  liquid  of  a  factory  workir*g  over  450  tons  of  beets  per  day; 
the  sand  is  washed  out  every  36  hours* 

Filtration  by  means  of  this  ingenious  apparatus  is  so  perfect,  that 
Mr.  Chabod,  technical  director  of  this  sugar  factory  has  affirmed  that  it  is 
mainly  due  to  this  filter  that  a  crystallization  of  second  products  was  effected 
rapidly  and  with  regularity. 

The  poor  sulphited  residues  which  did  not  return  to  the  boiling  ap- 
paratus and  the  crystallizers  of  the  1st.  product,  are  boiled  in  a  not  and  run 
Into  mixers.   The  mixing  room  is  very  well  lighted,  airy,  and  admirably  fitted 
up  in  every  respect. 

There  is  a  lime  kiln  attached  to  the  factory;  dimensions  100  cubic 
meters  (130  cubic  yards).   It  utilizes  the  lime  rock  of  that  region;  two  (20 
mizerg  type  "Lacoutre"  j  prepare  the  milk  of  lime  at  25*  Beaume. 

The  factory  is  lighted  by  electricity  furnished  by  a  dynamo  of  100 
ampere,  under  110  volt,  operated  with  a  Crossley  gas  meter  of  20  H.  P. 

Thanks  to  the  energy  of  our  excellent  friend  H.  Chabod,  a  competent 
and  experienced  chemist,  the  factory  is  operated  economically;  fine  white  sugar 
is  produced,  the  diffusion  system  has  been  improved;  a  better  diluting  process 
for  scums  was  adopted  and  an  improved  system  of  mixing  secondary  products  was 
introduced. 

Berry~au~Ba<3  is  one  of  the  best  sugar  factories  of  France  and  we 
are  delighted  with  its  success* 

Therefore,  we  present  our  congratulations  to  Mr.  Duasaussory,  the 
venerable  -chairman  of  the  Council  of  Administration  of  the  Berry-au-Bac  factory. 

The  author  of  this  monography  will  never  forget  some  of  the  happiest 
years  he  spent  in  this  factory,  working  as  a  subordinate  under  this  excellent 
man,  and  which  the  undersigned  will  always  remember  with  pleasure. 

(Signed)  Paul  Marcus. 


171 

(Translation  from  the  French) 


ARTICLE  WRITTEN  BY  MONSIEUR  BUREAU,  IN  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRICANTS  de  SUCRE, 

PARIS,  DECEMBER  4,  1912. 


(The  Journal  des  Fabri cants  de  Sucre,  founded  in  1859  by  B.  Bureau,  father 
of  Georges  Bureau,  its  present  cvmer,  not  only  is  the  oldest,  but  the  moat 
conservative  and  influential  sugar  journal  in  the  world). 


"SUGAR  AT  A  GLANCE" 

Charts  and  data  prepared  by  Truman  G.  Palmer,  68  pages,  and  42  maps 
colored  charts* 


Prom  an  American  point  of  view,  to  bring  before  the  public  the  sugar 
question  in  an  impressive  style  which  the  ordinary  reader  can  easily  un- 
derstand even  if  he  ,ts  not  initiated  in  the  sugar  question  has  always  been 
one  of  the  difficult  tasks  to  be  accomplished. 

But  Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer,  who  for  a  number  of  years.,  has  made  the 
most  meritorious  efforts  to  popularize  the  economic  advantages  of  the  Beet 
Sugar  Industry  and  who  \vas  one  of  the  main  factors  to  implant  this  industry 
into  the  United  States,  has,  through  his  "Sugar  at  a  Glance"  brilliantly 
solved  the  difficulty  of  the  problem  and  his  book  has  been  printed  by  order 
of  the  Secretary  of  the  Senate  after  Mr.  Palmer  had  dedicated  it  to  this 
august,  Assembly. 

(Document  of  the  Senate  No.  890  -  62d.  Congress,  2d.  Session,  19l£.) 

In  his  introduction,  the  author  shows  the  origin  of  the  prejudice  that 
people  had  for  a  long  time  against  the  growing  of  sugar  beets  in  the  United 
States;  the  farmers  blamed  the  sugar  beet  that  it  exhausted  the  productive 
capacity  of  the  soil.   In  the  beginning,  the  farmers  were  justified  in 
this,  as  they  planted  sugar  beets  for  several  years  in  sxrccession  in  the 
same  fields  instead  of  having  alternated  with  other  plants. 

Mr.  Palmer,  then,  preaching  the  example  of  the  European  agriculturists, 
establishes  clearly  the  fact  that  the  introduction  of  sugar  beet  culture, 
if  planted  in  rotation  with  other  crops,  (1)  improves  the  soil;   (2)  in- 
creases the  yield  of  cereals;   (3)  develops  the  production  of  wheat,  etc. 

He  is  right  when  he  maintains  that  the  discovery  of  the  foregoing 
facts,  was  the  most  tremendous  advantage  gained  in  modern  times  and  by  the 
introduction  of  beet  culture  the  yield  of  cereals  was  almost  doubled  after 
rotating  with  sugar  beets. 

All  European  countries  have  taken  advantage  of  this  experience,  and 
the  great  Governments  of  the  Continent,  Germany  in  particular,  have  made 


172 


heavy  saarifices  for  the  purpose  of  advancing  sugar  beet  cult-ore'  trat 
these  sacrifices  were  not  in  vain  for  they  were  amply  compensated  by  fhe 
•vast  strides  made  in  agriculture  and  "by  prosperity  attending  agriculture  In 
general,  and  rural  conditions  in  particular. 

Only  England,  by  her  free  trade  policy  has  remained  an  outsider,  not 
sharing  in  the  benefits  enumerated,-  for  her  yield  in  cereals  has  diminished, 
and  as  far  aa  sugar  is  concerned,  she  is  entirely  dependent  on  foreign 
countries  for  her  needs * 

That  Great  Britain  has  perceived  the  folly  of  her  policy  is  proved 
by  the  fact  that  she  has  this  year  made  a  start  in  Sugar  Beet  Culture  (by 
planting  1417  hectares,  and  by  erecting  a  factory  at  Cantley,  Norfolk,  in 
which,  during  the  campaign  of  1911-12,  31,500  metric  tons  of  beets  were 
produced)  • 

In  view  of  the  striking  contrast  existing  between  the  result  of  these 
two  fiscal  policies,  diametrically  opposed  to  each  other,  practiced  without 
Interruption  for  the  last  sixty  years,  it  should  not  be  difficult  to  deter- 
mine what  policy  the  United  States  should  pursue  either  to  lower  or- abolish 
the  duty  on  foreign  sugar  advocated  by  the  Sugar  Refiners  of  New  York  and 
thereby  hinder  the  development,  if  not  entirely  ruin  the  only  competitor  of 
the  American  Sugar  Refiner  -  to  ruin  as  we  say  the  native  beet  sugar  facto- 
ries; or  to  maintain  the  existing  duty  on  sugar  and  thus  hasten  the  dey 
when  -  the  farmer  and  American  wage  earner  will  get  the  benefit  of  the 
100,000,000  dollars  which  the  United  States  annually  sends  abroad  for  sugar 
purchases.    Not  only  these  benefits,  but  also  the  hundreds  of  millions 
of  dollars  that  will  accrue  to  rural  ocannunities,  by  the  increase  In  other 
harvests,  brought  about  by  the  extension  of  sugar  beet  culture* 

The  introduction  to  "Sugar  at  a  Glance"  is  followed  by  a  speech  made 
on  the  27th  of  July,  1912,  in  the  Senate  Chamber,  by  the  Hon.  H«  0.  Lodge, 
Senator  from  Massachusetts,  with  reference  to  the  sugar  qtiiest/ionj  it  would 
take  up  too  much  space  to  analyze  this  lengthy  document. 

There  are  embodied  in  Mr.  Palmer's  Book,  photographic  views  connected 
with  the  sugar  industry  in  the  United  States,  maps  and  colored  charts. 

(1)  Cane  and  beet  sugar; 

(2)  World  Statistics  -  for  the  year  1911; 

(5)  The  growth  of  cane  and  beet  side  by  side,  from  1840  ^o  1910 j 

(4)  The  source  of  European  and  United  States  Sugar  Supply,; 

(5)  Production  of  beet  sugar  from  1898  to  1911; 

(6)  Per  capita  consumption  of  sugar  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  in 

1910,  1911.   Import  duties  and  revemie  taxes  levied  in  divers  coun- 
tries » 

(7)  Price  of  granulated  sugar  in  Europe  and  the  United  States- 

(8)  Consumption  (by  decades)  per  capita  in  the  United  States; 

(9)  Acreage  devoted  to  beet  culture  in  the  United  States; 


173 


(10)  Agricultural  daily  wage  earnings  in  the  "beet  fields  of  Europe  and 

the  United  States; 

(11)  Agricultural  progress  in  the  United  States  and  Germany,  due  to  the 

influence  of  beet  culture; 

(12)  Effects  of  the  Spanish-American  War,  and  legislation  on  the  development 

of  the  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry,  etc*,  etc* 

The  final  chapter  of  the  book  is  devoted  to  the  study  of  the  Sugar 
Beet  and  the  influence  thereof  on  agriculture,  based  on  inspiration  drawn 
from  many  Austrian  and  German  authors  distinguished  by  their  learning 
experience. 

Mr.  Palmer,  who  is  an  ardent  protectionist,  cites  John  Stuart  Mill  in 
support  of  his  edition  on  sugar,  who  advocates  temporary  protective  duties 
for  an  infant  industry,  that  is  in  course  of  adapting  itself  to  the  condi- 
tions of  a  country  (like  the  United  States  into  which  the  sugar  industry 
was  implanted  from  abroad)  . 

Let  us  add  that  Mr.  Palmer  wields  a  facile  pen;  the  book  is  written 
in  plain  language;  abundantly  illustrated  with  maps  and  charts  the  book 
suggests  new  ideas,  and  the  general  make  up  of  the  book  enables  any  layman 
to  grasp  at  a  glance,  the  varied  aspects  of  all  the  complex  questions  relating 
to  sugar. 

We  therefore  .are  bound  to  congratulate  the  author  for  his  ingenuity 
and  for  the  particularly  happy  originality  of  his  ideas. 


•oOo — 


174 


APPLIED  CHEMISTRY. 

CRYSTALLIZATION  OP  SACCHAROSE  IN  A  MORE  OR  LESS  IMPURE  MEDIUM. 

-  By- 
A.  AULARD. 

CHEMICAL  ADVISORY  ENGINEER  FOR  SUGAR-MAKING, 
Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre,  Deo.  4,  1912, 

For  est-les-Bruxelles,  Belgium. 


All  chemists  know  that  Saccharose  C^2  H^2  0*1  or  sugar  in  the  pro- 
cess of  crystallization  crystallizes  in  olinorhorabic  prisms  or  in  henvihedral 
compositions  of  two  elements  -  hard  to  the  touch  and  anhydrous. 

Saccharose  can  only  crystallize  when  chemically  prure  "but  several 
small  crystals  joined  to  each  other  or  the  surfaces  of  which  adhere  to  siach 
other  at  some  point,  may  at  any  time  intorpose  between  the  edges  of  their  sur- 
faces some  particles  of  the  watery  mother-juico,  which  causes  the  sugar  to  have 
a  greyish  or  yellowish  tint;  this  tint  vidll  depend  on  the  medium  in  which  the 
crystals  were  formed. 

It  is  therefore  important,  that  the  sugar  factories  who  wish  to 
produce  sugar  directly  for  consumption,  see  to  it  that  the  massecuite  be  in  a 
state  of  fluidity  and  as  colorless  as  possible.   This  fluidity  and  discolora- 
tion will  reach  their  maximum  by  the  Judicious  use  of  the  oulphi-carbonatatiom 
process  of  J.  Weisberg;  but  if  the  massecuite  is  of  the  quality  described  above, 
other  conditions  are  imperative. 

It  is  necessary,  that  at  a  given  moment  of  the  boiling  process, 
no  syrup  of  a  poorer  quality  or  of  greater  density  be  added,  as  such  an  un- 
reasonable irrational  course  would  counteract  the  norwal  formation  of  crystals. 

Let  us  take  for  granted  that  the  syrup  is  regularly  fed  into  the 
pans;  let  us  say  92°  and  in  analyzing  samples  taken  from  the  boiling  apparatus, 
which  being  examined  under  a  microscope,  it  will  be  noticed  that  auch  samples 
will  show  shortly  after  crystallization,  that  all  the  email  crystals  will  be 
regularly  formed  with  a  perfect  clinorhombic  crystallization;  however,  in  ber- 
coming  larger,  gradually,  by  reason  of  being  additionally  fed  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  saline  mother-  fluid  and  by  organic  elements  floating  around  them, 
they  will  become  deformed  as  the  mother-fluid  may  degenerate  to  a  purity  of 
84°  or  even  80°, 


175 


In  the  apparatus  there  are  formed  different  strata  of  a  saline 
and  organic  composition;  new  syrup  is  always  introduced  from  below,  the 
rhombic  base  of  the  crystals  which  have  a  tendency  to  gravitate  towards  a  vac- 
uum, becoming  enlarged,  that  part  which  is  heaviest,  "being  on  the  lower  side 
in  a  newly  arrived  medium,  from  which  it  can  draw  its  nutrition  easier  than 
from  above,  is  only  following  a  well  defined  crystallographic  law  governing 
physical  bodies.   On  the  other  hand,  in  a  medium  that  is  unfavorably  disposed 
towards  the  normal  development  of  crystals  and  by  reason  of  a  resistance  which 
ouch  crystals  meet  in  unfavorable  surroundings  in  a  medium  that  is  poorer  towards 
the  upper  part  of  the  apparatus  (there  where  salts  of  potash  and  soda  and  or- 
ganic matter  accumulate),  the  crystals  are  flattened  out  at  some  point  where 
their  angles  or  ridges  or  dihedral  lines  meet;  there  will  then  appear  crystals 
of  all  possible  shapes,  even  needle-like  crystals  as  is  often  the  case  during 
the  sugar  extraction  process  from  Molasses.   And.  the  evil  becomes  even  greater, 
if  at  the  final  stage  of  boiling  there  is  introduced  into  the  boiling  appara- 
tus, syrup  of  a  high  density  and  of  inferior  purity;  inferior  fco  that  of  the 
mother  liquid,  in  which  the  crystals  are  already  floating,  in  that  case  the 
crystals  are  liable  to  become  dented,  worn  away  and  even  break  into  fractional 
parts,  instead  of  growing  normally  larger  on  all  their  facets. 

In  order  therefore,  to  get  pretty  crystals,  it  is  expedient  for 
the  first  product  that  the  time  of  tubular  boiling  process  (in  prefernce  to  all 
others) ,  should  be  limited  to  fron  6  fco  8  hours  -  at  the  utmost.   The  syrup 
to  be  favorable  to  crystallization  should  be  of  a  density  (56  to  58  Brix)  at 
a  temperature  of  80°  to  85*  C.,  and  should  be  as  fluid,  as  pure  and  as  colorless 
as  possible,  when  entering  the  Boiling  Apparatus;  then  in  carrying  on  the  ope- 
rations rapidly  without  admixture  and  without  admitting  any  fcurbinating  residue, 
regular  crystals  will  be  formed  that  will  approach  the  regular  classical  type. 

If,  on  the  contrary,  the  cooking  is  slow  with  more  or  less  copious 
returns  of  poor  residues,  the  crystals  will  be  deformed  and  the  sugar,  after 
being  turbinated  will  have  a  dull  appearance,  because  many  crystals  will  have 
lost  their  natural  classical  shape.   This  mass  will  be  run  with  6$  water  at 
84°  -  85°  C.  into  crystallizers,  Ragot  type,  which  are  found  to  be  superior 
to  others,  because  in  these  crystallizers  the  cooling  points  are  in  notion 
within  a^arm  and  fluid  mass. 

Turbination  is  completed  six  hours  after  the  running  in  of  the 
raassecuite,  the  temperature  of  which  is  still  60°  C. 

Refrigeration  must  be  carried  on  in  such  a  manner  that  a  drop  of 
4*  per  hour  will  take  place. 

During  malaxation  and  the  cooling  of  tne  nsseecuite,  the  warm 
saturated  turbinating  residue  is  added  (the  temperature  of  which  is  75  to  80f 
Celsius) ,  in  such  a  manner  that  during  the  turbination  the  mass  will  have  8-5/10 


176 


to  9$  of  water;  it  will  be  in  a  state  of  fluidity  and  warm  at  60"  C.  as  stated 
above.   In  this  way,  splendid  crystals  without  any  dull  appearance  whatsoever 
will  Toe  obtained,  that  will  stand  a  relatively  favorable  comparison  with  the 
cryatale  obtained  from  93°  or  99°  pure  products,  of  the  refineries  where  crys- 
tallization is  more  uniform  and  classical. 

The  Refineries  Tirlemontoise  in  Tirlemont,  Belgium,  where  sugar 
of  99.50  purity  is  manipulated,  crystallization  is  admirably  effected,  be-* 
cause  the  boiling  is  carried  on  rapidly  and  moulds  "Adant'1  are  used,  the  crystals 
are  small,  but  uniform  and  brilliant,  and  this  is  partly  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  boiling  is  carried  on  rapidly  and  that  no  impurities  are  allowed  to  enter 
into  the  mother- syrup. 

In  talcing  artificially  colored  water  with  which  a  lump  of  sugar  is 
Moistened,  a  -uniform  colored  impregnation  takes  place,  which  proves  that  the 
mother  liquid  was  very  pure;  if  a  lump  of  sugar  is  thus  tested  and  no  uniform 
colored  impregnation  takes  place,  then  the  mother  liquid  was  somewhat  impure; 
it  is  therefore  advisable,  in  starting  this  work  at  the  sugar  factories  and 
refineries,  that  the  products  be  in  a  good  state  of  fluidity  and  as  pure  as 
possible;  that  the  boiling  be  carried  on  rapidly  so  that  the  crystals  retain 
their  clinorhombic  shape  as  well  as  that  brilliant  limpidity  which  make  them 
resemble  small  diamonds,  being  similar  in  composition  (pure  carbon). 

That  is  why  we  have  not  yet  arrived  at  perfection  in  the  process 
of  continuous  boiling  or  with  crystallization  into  sugar  of  a  warm  saturated 
mass  by  a  cooling  process.   Douelle  Say,  Lambert,  Mastaing,  Kestner,  Del- 
fosse  *  LaGrange,  have  not  yet  given  us  their  finai  improvements. 

In  the  process  Kestuer,  If  properly  understood  and  judiciously  ap- 
plied, there  is  a  new  idea  involved  which  would  do  away  with  a  lot  of  cumber- 
some machinery  and  apparatus  in  use  at  the  present  day  -  and  help  us  to  progress 
to  heights  hitherto  unknown,  because  it  is  based  onphysical  and  crystallographlc 
laws  which  can  be  applied  industrially  with  success. 

Crystal B  howsoever  small  they  be  which  are  formed  in  a  pure  or  an 
irapure  mass  are  always  of  the  same  shape  if  they  are  quickly  eliminated  from 
the  mass  in  which  they  were  formed.  These  crystals  keep  their  shape  so  much 
better,  the  less  they  will  have  undergone  the  deprecating  influence  of  impuri- 
ties, with  whicn  they  may  have  come  into  contact  whilst  in  motion  in  the  the 
mother-fluid  and  the  less  they  will  have  rubbed  against  each  other  whilst  in 
the  process  of  formation.   I  have  no  doubt  that  Mr.  M.  P.  Kestner,  who  has  al- 
ready given  the  sugar  industry  hie  juice  concentration  apparatus,  an  apparatus 
which  supercedes  and  antiquated  and  cumber some const ruction  for  that  purpose  - 
will  ultimately  succeed  in  giving  us  a  simple  practical  apparatus  for  con- 
tinuous boiling  operations,  If  the  sugar  people  will  consent  to  abandoning 
antiquated  methods  of  making  sugar. 

oOo- 


December  12,   1912. 
177 


(Translation  from  the  Germanl 


EXGERPT  FROM  BllTTER  FttR  ZTOCKERBflBEKBAU.   PAGE  395. 

BEET  SEED  PLANTING  AND  PROTECTION  AGAINST  PARASITES.   BY 

H.  WIESE. 

Take  5  pounds  of  beet  seed  per  Morgan  (A  Prussian  Morgen  «  0.6309 
acres),  mix  thoroughly  with  every  5  Ibs*  of  seed,  10  Ibs.  dried  boiled  barley 
and  fix  the  drill,  coupling  at  15  Ibs.  per  Morgen. 

The  germinating  power  of  the  barley  is  destroyed  by  reason  of  its 
haying  been  boiled.   It  has  been  found  that  barley  is  a  favorite  article  of 
food  in  the  varied  menu  of  beet  parasites  and  full  estimated  crops  have  been 
obtained  in  every  case  where  dried  boiled  barley  was  mixed  with  beet  seeds. 
Three  farmers  each  having  planted  3  acres  in  this  way  were  able  to  deliver 
from  these  3  acres,  36,  45  and  54  tons  of  beets  or  a  total  average  of  15  tons 
per  acre,  whereas,  the  total  average  without  an  admixture  of  barley  was  10 
tons  per  acre  from  15  Ibs.  of  seed.   By  mixing  boiled  barley  with  beet 
seed  the  thinning  and  pulling  of  the  young  beetlets  is  likewise  simplified 
and  more  economical. 

Not  only  the  saving  in  seed,  but  the  saving  in  wages  has  here  to 
be  considered.  Here  is  a  practical  demonstration  of  a  farmer  stealing  a 
march  on  men  of  science  looking  toward  economy  in  the  matter  of  beet  seed 
planting. 


178 
(Translation  from  the  German)  Page  374. 


OENTHALBI&TT  FOR  DIE  2PGKER I  INDUSTRIE.  DECEMBER  14.  1912. 

Moat  of  the  large  German  Beet  seed  growers  have  formed  a  syndicate 
(30  growers)  ,  and  according  to  one  of  the  Articles  of  Agreement,  a  M6(five) 
fine  is  imposed  for  every  centner  seed  sold  below  the  price  fixed  by  the 
Association.   The  Association  is  in  force  until  June  30,  1914* 

1)  Purity  of  seed  is  guaranteed; 

2)  Germination  is  guaranteed; 

If  the  agricultural  controlling  station  at  Halle  a/S.  decides  that  the 
seed  does  not  come  up  to  the  required  standard  the  grower  or  seller  of 
the  seed  is  bound  to  refund  the  money  paid  for  seeds* 

3)  If  the  seed  does  not  yield  1800  Eg.  per  hectare   the   seller  is  liable 
for  the  value  of  the  difference  between  the  actual  quantity  harvested 
and  said  1600  Kg. 

The  seller  of  beet  seed  shall  not  be  liable  for  more  than  the  invoice 
price  of  the  seed;     for   instance,   if  a  buyer  purchases  200  Ctr.  at  30  marks 
he  shall  in  no  case  be  liable  for  more  than  6000  marks,  but  this  only  refers 
to  cases  where  other  beet  seeds  are  mixed  with  sugar  beet  seeds. 

But  even  this  figure  is  fixed  too  low  for  I  know  of  one  case  where 
seed  was  bought  and  when  the  beets  were  harvested  it  was  found  that  150,000 
were  nothing  else  but  ordinary  beets  with  a  sugar  content  of  only  6%  and 
suffered  a  loss  of  150,000  marks. 

It  would  be  desirable  that  a  permanent  agreement  relating  to  the 
sale   and  commerce   of  beet  seed  should  be  arrived  at  both   satisfactory  to 
buyer  and  seller,   so  that  the  present  uncertainty  in  the  seed  market  should 
disappear. 


179 

BEET  CULTURE. 


(Extract  from  the  Pamphlet  "The  Sugar  Beet"  written  by  and  edited  by 
J.  B.  Puviee,  fils.  General  Representative  of  Wohanka  &  Co.,  Prague 
Reprinted  in  the  Supplement  of  Journal  des  Fabrioants  de  Sucre*) 


Every  beet  grower  is  aware  of  the  fact  that  a  rational  selection 
of  varieties  of  plants  that  are  to  be  cultivated  contribute  vastly  towards 
reducing  the  cost  of  production  and  consequently  towards  increasing  the 
net  receipts. 

A  rational  selection  of  varieties  of  plants  is  as  important  as 
the  labor  bestowed  on  the  soil*  the  manure  used  and  the  rotation  of 
crops  adhered  to  -  having  gross  or  net  profits  in  view. 

Certain  varieties  of  plants,  whether  selected  or  not  have 
varied  needs  such  as  a  good  soil, proper  manure,  favorable  climate,  work 
bestowed  on  the  plants  during  their  growth,  etc.   They  do  not  give  us 
a  yield  to  their  full  capacity  except  when  their  needs  are  fully  satisfied, 
Therefore,  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  decide  what  variety  should 
be  selected  in  order  to  make  sure  of  a  good  and  abundant  harvest  and  that 
a  judicious  selection  should  permanently  influence  agricultural  conditions, 
in  a  given  locality,  also  that  the  variety  selected  should  be  adapted  to 
the  soil  in  whidh  it  is  to  be  planted. 

Let  us  take  for  instance  the  Sugar  Beet,  as  a  rule  the  grower 
uses  the  seed  that  had  been  recommended  and  was  shipped  to  Mini  he  seldom 
worries  about  its  germinating  power,  its  tendency  to  mature  late  or  early; 
its  tendency  to  root  blight;   he  does  not  stop  and  ask  does  the  seed  delivered 

to  him  belong  to  a  variety  that  will  accommodate  itself  to  his  method  of  fer- 


180 


tilizing  his  fields  or  has  the  selection  been  made  with  a  view  to  being  planted 
in  a  dry  or  humid  climate  and  in  a  soil  approaching  to  that  in  which  the  seed 
was  raised? 

The  laws  of  nature  that  govern  growth  are  the  same  in  regard  to  all 
plants,  the  sugar  beet  included;  therefore  all  seed  growers  and  other  modern 
establishments  connected  with  beet  culture  should  study  these  laws,  conform 
to  them  and  make  their  selection  of  seeds  accordingly. 

The  work  of  seed  growers  has  been  greatly  facilitated  by  their  adoption 
of  a  method  of  selection  by  families. 

At  most  of  the  important  experiment  stations  two  varieties  of  beets 
are  produced,  which  for  bre-vity's  sake,  we  may  designate  as  one  variety  for 
producing  quantity,  and  the  other  for  producing  quality.   The  main  object 
to  be  attained  in  both  is  to  get  on  one  and  the  same  area  the  highest  possible 
yield  of  sugar  and  not  only  have  the  varieties  been  taken  into  account  as 
far  as  selection  is  concerned,  but  also  with  reference  to  conditions  of  vegeta- 
tion, such  as  th*  vigor  and  humidity  of  the  soil,  manure,  tillage,  etc. 

The  honest  seed  grower  will  have  two  objects  in  view  in  carrying 
on  Ins  work.  First  the  rendement,  the  harvest  and  -polarization,  have  such 
a  relation  to  each  other  that  the  higher  gross  yield  of  sugar  could  be  obtained 
on  a  given  surface.   Some  beets  are,  on  an  average ,    rich  In  sugar,  but  give 
quantitatively  an  abundant  harvest.   Second,  in  rich  beets  the  care  about 
weight  is  not  neglected,  but  mainly  efforts  are  directed  towards  getting  a 
high  polarization. 

The  small  number  of  producers  of  selected  beets  who  foreshadow 

ing 
in  their  advertisements  a  "universal  beet "I unit- Bunder  any  and  every  condition 

the  two  points  referred  to) have  ample  great  hopes  to  succeed  in  producing  such 
&  beet.     The  laws  of  nature  are  unerring;  upon  them  depend  the  work  of  se- 


181 


lection  and  their  success.   Whether  the  ripening  be  more  or  less  early, 
more  or  less  late,  there  is  an  automatic  result  in  the  two  varieties  and  the 
methods  followed  in  the  work  of  selection.   The  first  direction  followed 
corresponds  with  the  needs  of  a  variety  that  ripens  early,  the  second  direc- 
tion followed  corresponds  with  a  variety  of  those  that  ripen  late. 

The  creation  of  a  variety  of  rich  beet  or  of  a  variety  that  yields 
a  large  quantity  is  the  result  of  the  work  of  selection  carried  on  for  a  numbei 
of  years  be  it  oy  experiments  in  the  laboratory  or  in  the  field* 

It  is  evident  that  a  beet  rich  in  sugar  cannot  be  produced  except  by 
continuous  selection  of  the  richest  specimens  and  their  immediate  descendants 
while  the  selection  of  a  variety  of  a  large  yield  requires  experiments  to  fee 
carried  on  in  the  fields  on  in  the  laboratory  for  a  great  number  of  years, 
special  attention  being  given  to  the  yield  in  weight,  taking  care  at  the  same 
time that  the  beets  are  satisfactorily  rich  in  sugar. 

If  efforts  are  made  to  increase  the  sugar  in  a  variety  without 
neglecting  to  produce  a  rational  weight,  the  grower  will  succeed  gradually 
to  produce  a  variety  that  may  be  rich  in  sugar, on  the  other  hand,  where  the 
quantity  in  weight  is  to  be  increased  -  not  neglecting  the  sugar  content 
provided  the  phenomena  of  correlation  permit  it  -  a  variety  of  an  increase  in 
weight  can  be  produced. 

Physiologically,  the  diversity  of  external  and  internal  structure  of 
the  varieties  of  sugar  beets  can  easily  be  explained  by  the  two  modes  of  se- 
lection. 

a)  We  have  the  Wohanka  extra  rich  in  sugar; 

b)  Then  we  have  the  Wohanka  beet  giving  a  big  yield  in  weight. 

We  will  not  discuss  the  details  about  the  modification  of  the  inter- 


182 


nal  anatomical  structure  of  these  two  well  known  varieties. 

Each  one  has  evidently  some  well  defined  needs  as  far  as  nutrition 
is  concerned,  needs  of  certain  climatic  conditions,  etc.,  which  the  beet  grower 
has  to  take  into  consideration,  but  which,  however,  he  often  fails  to  do* 

An  immutable  law  of agriculture  provides] 

That  the  variety  giving  the  greatest  yield  in  wright  will  always 
be  the  one  which  can  utilize  completely  all  the  given  conditions  of  manure, 
soil  and  climate*    Only  through  a  practical  test  in  culture  can  the  best 
information  be  obtained  as  to  the  variety  most  suitable  under  certain  condi- 
tions*  Such  a  test  will  cost  money,  but  in  the  long  run  the  outlay  will 
be  amply  recouped* 

The  appellation  "rich  in  sugar*1  or  "large  yield"  are  only  relative 
terms;  but  in  the  selection  of  seed  the  following  rules  should  be  adhered 
to:   'The  Woharitaa  seed  (extra)  rich  in  sugar  should  be  exclusively  used  if 
the  climate  is  damp,  and  on  land  where  the  earth  is  vigorous  and  deep  - 
the  same  rule  holds  good  Where  fallow  ground  Is  brought  under  cultivation  in 
low  lands,  after  clover  -  or  beans,  when  strong  fertilizers  are  used* 

Seed  from  the  Wohanka  beet,  giving  a  large  yield  in  weight,  may 
be  used  in  oases  where  these  conditions  do  not  exist,  that  is  to  say,  on 
high  ground,  in  less  vigorous  soil,  in  dry  districts  and  where  close  sowing 
is  done* 

However,  you  must  not  conclude  that  the  "rich  in  sugar"  variety 
of  one  selection  will  give  only  such  rich  varieties  everywhere,  or  that  a 
selected  variety  of  large  yield  will  give  quantitatively  big  harvests  only; 
as  the  products  of  selection  possess  in  a  latent  state  a  hereditary  tendency, 
their  development  in  the  course  of  vegetation  depends  upon  circumstances;  above 


183 


all,  upon  the  distribution  of  rain,  manure,  fertility  of  the   soil,  the  care 
which  the   farmer  bestows  upon  the  beet,   etc.,   etc* 

Therefore  it  is  up  to  the   farmer  to  observe  and  examine  the  two 
varieties  at  the  different  stages  of  growth  during  several  years. 


184 

FMNCE. 
KIKD  OF  SUGAR  USED  IN  FRANCE  IN  MAKING  PRESERVES.  CANDIES.BTC. 

Statement  of  Mr.  Georges  Bureau,  Director  Journal  des  Fatirl  cants  de  Sucre, 

Paris,  France. 

(See  letter  of  Mr.  Lucien  Bureau  of  December  23,  1912  -  Los  Angeles,  Calif.) 

"No  special  quality  of  sugar  is  manufactured  for  preserves.   The 
preserves,  candies  and  chocolate  manufacturers,  canned  fruit  makers,  etc., 
use  white  granulated  sugar  of  fine  quality,  whose  manufacturing  cost  is 
lower  than  that  of  refined  sugar,  not  only  because  it  has  no  refining  costs, 
but  also  because  it  is  frse  of  the  so-called  "taxe  de  rafflnage",  whose 
amount  la  2  francs  per  100  kilograms  of  refined  sugar1*. 


185 


EXCERPT  FROM  BL&TTER  Fife  ZUCKSRRtiBMBAU.  DECEMBER  31.  1912.  PAGE  567. 
OOMDITION  OF  THE  FOREIGN  LABOR  MARKET 
By  Freiherr  von  Busche  Kessel, 

Director  of  the  German  Labor  Bureau,  Berlin. 

In  considering  the  business  year,  regarding  the  development  which 
has  occurred  in  the  German  labor  market,  we  find  that  in  the  Spring  of  the 
year  we  had  an  ample  supply  of  it,  especially  rrom  Russia,  but  even  at 
Easter,  labor  became  scarce,  the  supply  not  entirely  meeting  the  demand  (during 
Summer  and  Fall)  made  by  industrial  and  agricultural  centers*   Notwithstanding 
the  high  commission  offered  to  labor  agencies  the  efforts  made  to  bring  foreign 
laborers  in  considerable  numbers  to  Germany,  were  fruitless.    This  was  due 
to  bad  weather  at  harvest  time  nere  and  abroad,  which  lengthened  the  period 
of  harvesting.   Consequently,  a  great  number  of  farm  hands  who  would  have 
come  to  Germany  for  work  were  unavoidably  detained  in  their  own  country. 

Although  we  succeeded  in  procuring  a  good  supply  of  labor  for  Spring 
work,  as  stated  above,  during  the  Sunnier,  and  after  Easter,  the  supply  did 
not  correspond  with  the  demand.    If  we  did  get  enough  laborers  to  help  us 
out  until  the  latter  time,  we  owe  it  to  Russia,  for  she  sent  us  far  more  men 
than  in  the  previous  year,  and  there  was  not  only  a  relative,  but  an  absolute 
decrease  in  this  respect  from  Galicia. 

If  you  follow  my  figures  in  thie  article  carefully,  you  will  find 
that  Galicia  can  no  longer  be  looked  upon  as  a  favorable  recruiting  ground 
as  imnigration  from  that  quarter  is  gradually  diminishing. 

Now  as  to  the  ensuing  year:   We  must  expect  an  increased  demand  for 
foreign  labor,  particularly  as  related  to  our  industries,  as  we  are  still 
on  the  upward  curve  in  Industrial  activity.   In  looking  over  contracts  and 


186 


reports  of  important  financial  institutions  and  of  large  industrial  es- 
tablishments, we  find  everywhere  that  orders  are  abundant,  the  execution  of 
which  will  last  well  into  the  summer  and  it  will  require  a  large  force  of 
workmen  to  execute  these  orders.         Transportation  reports  from  the  railways 
and  other  signs  of  the  times,  point  in  the  same  direction. 

The  Balkan  war  (if  limited  to  the  po\sers  warring  at  present),  will 
scarcely  affect  our  industrial  development.       But   if  a  world  war  breaks  out, 
the  conditions  would  be  different.       The  fanner  would  not  worry  about  lack 
of  workmen  the  factory  needs,  but  immigration  for  the  benefit  of  either  in- 
dustry or  agriculture  would  cease.       In  such  a  case,  we  have  no  means  of 

finding  a  remedy.        However,  it  would  be  a  greater  calamity  for  Germany  if, 

at  home 
without  her  men  going  to  fight,  Austria  and  Russia  were  to  mobolize  and  keepythe 

men  who  otherwise  would  emigrate 

Under  normal  conditions,  we  shall  require  a  large  number  of  immigrants 
to  satisfy  the  needs  of  our  flourishing  industries.     The  following  tables 
show  how  many  workmen  we  procured  from  abroad  and  the  proportion  that  were 
engaged  in  our  industries: 

1909.  Total  of  workmen  • ...............643,000 

In  agriculture  275,000  «         58.3$ 
"Industries       268,000  «         41.7$ 

1910/11  "  Immigrants   696,000 

In  Agriculture  388*000  *         55.7% 
"  Industries     308,000  *         44.$ 

1911/12  "  Inmigrants   .- 729,000 

In  Agriculture  397,000  =         55    % 
*     Industries     332,000  =         45J-  % 

Although  we  had  33,000  more  imigrants   this  year     than  last,  yet 
24,000  went  to  work  in  industrial  establishments  and  only  9,000  on  farms. 
Summing  up  the  foreign  labor  supply,  the  proportion  of  industrial  workers  has 
recently  increased  much  more  rapidly  than  that  of  agricultural  laborers. 


187 


On  account  of  the  rising  curve  in  the  extension  of  our  Intensive 
agricultural  methods,  we  must  look  to  foreign  countries  next  Spring,  for  an 
increase  in  our  demand  for  agricultural  laborers,  also  because  the  preparatory 
work  on  too  farms  has  been  delayed  in  Russia  owing  to  unfavorable  weather  con- 
ditions.  This  will  delay  the  usual  contingent  coming  from  there  to  help 
us  in  our  work. 

A  considerable  number  of  our  agriculturists  in  different  parts  of 
Germany  are  behind  in  their  farm  work  and  they  will  have  to  apply  intensive 
methods  in  order  to  make  up  for  lost  time.    This  will  absolutely  compel 
them  to  employ  (this  Spring,  1913),  an  increased  number  of  foreign  laborers 
far  in  excess  of  the  number  employed  last  season*   Our  Bureau  will  be  kept 
exceedingly  busy  in  consequence  of  this,  and  we  are  apprehensive  lest  the 
demand  shall  be  greater  than  the  meager  supply  we  will  have  to  offer.   Last 
year's  bad  harvests  in  Russia,  forced  a  vast  number  of  laborers  to  ooraa  to  us 
for  work,  who  otherwise  would  not  have  come.   However,  as  Russia,  this  year, 
had  a  good  harvest,  the  incentive  on  the  part  of  many  to  emigrate  does  not 
exist.   We  will  be  curtailed  in  this  direction  and  fears  are  entertained 
that  the  decrease  in  immigration  from  Galicia  will  further  hamper  us  in  the 
way  of  a  sufficient  supply  of  workers. 

Now  we  come  to  the  Poles  and  Huthenians,  who  make  up  a  large  quota  of 
our  foreign  laborers  and  we  find  that  Galicia  proper,  has  given  us  only  114,000 
farm  laborers  in  1909/10;  in  1910/11  only  109,000;  and  last  year  only  97,000, 
a  minus  of  17,000  as  compared  with  two  years  ago;  and  a  minus  of  12,000  as 
compared  with  the  previous  year.   These  figures  are  sufficiently  eloquent 
without  my  having  further  to  comment  on  them* 


188 


Of  course,  Russia  has  helped  us  hitherto  Dy  sending  us  in 

1909/10 242,000  agricultural  laborers; 

1910/11 ....238,000      "        " 

1911/12 c... .262,000      "        " 

However,  it  is  a  serious  matter  for  us  Germans  to  have  to  depend  more  and  more 
on  "Russia"  for  our  supply  of  agricultural  laborers.    I  put  emphasis  on 
the  word  "Russia"  as  there  the  police  not  only  pry  into  the  political  conduct 
of  the  workmen,  but  also  have  their  say  in  rural  economics.    In  the 
matter  of  migration,  the  will  of  the  Police  is  supreme.   In  order  to  cross 
the  frontier,  every  foot  of  which  is  closely  guarded,  a  Russian  subject  must 
be  provided  with  a  specified  permit  and  those  -permits  are  issued  according 
to  commercial  treaties  made  between  Russia  and  Germany  from  time  to  time,  - 
and  when  you  bear  in  mind  that  Russia  is  a  country  which  largely  exports 
agricultural  products,  you  will  then  realize  the  gravity  of  the  situation 
which  confronts  Germany  with  respect  to  the  latter  having  to  depend  mainly 
on  Russia  for  her  supply  of  agricultural  laborers. 

Men  who  know  Russian  conditions  in  the  interior,  believe  that  she 
is  on  the  eve  of  a  new  revolution  and  it  only  requires  some  sort  of  foreign 
complication  to  fan  the  glowing  embers  into  a  flame.-   China,  Persia, 
the  Balkans,  -  the  mention  of  any  of  these  three  names,  will  give  us  food 
for  thought.     Therefore,  not  to  be  entirely  dependent  on  Russia  for  our 
labor  supply,  we  must  bestow  our  attention  on  Galicia.    And  why  has  the 
supply  of  laborers  from  Galicia  decreased?   Let  us  examine  this  uizestion. 
First  of  all,  we  have  competitors  in  the  European  labor  market. — 

Last  year  we  offered  for  men  per  day,      1  M.  74  (41.4  cents) 

11  women  "   "       1  M.  51  (36  cents  j 

or  allowances  converted  into  the  same  amount  of  money. 


189 


Denmark,  at  that  time  made  contracts  paying 

Men  per  day 1  M.  90   (45.2  cents) 

Women"     " 1  M.  49   (35.4  cents) 

For  man  a  plus  Of  16  Pfg.       =         (3.  8  cents  1 
"  wraaen  a  minus  "  2     n  »         (0.47  cents)   per  day. 

The  national  Central  Bureau  of  Prague  which  hires  the  largest  per- 
centage of  laborers  for  the  Bohemian  landowners  offered  men  M.I* 73  (41.1  cents) 
per  day,  and  women  1*52  Marks   (36*1  cents) 

The  great  Agricultural  Central  Bureau  in  Vienna,  which  hires  people 
for  all  Austria  at  Mk.  1*73  (41.1  cents)  also  offered  the  women  M.I. 55 
(36.9  cents) . 

The  Emigration  Union  of  Crakow, agents  for  "Austrian  Landowners'1  of- 
fered :       Men,  Mk.  1.77  (42.1  cents)   and 

Women,  **       1.60  (36        "       )   per  day,   that  is  to  say,  3  pfenings 

(0*714  canta)  more  for  men  and  9  preninga   (2«14  oents)     for  women. 

These  figures  show  that  our  European  competitors  are  trying  to  dis- 
lodge us  from  the  field.       Then  we  must  "bear  in  mind  that  work  in  a  man's 
own  country  is  accompanied  by  many  advantages:     and  added  to  that  fact 
the  workman  as  a  rule  is   subjected  to  a  greater  supervision  and  discipline  in 
Prussian  Germany  than  is  the  case  in  Moravia  and  Bohemia,  where  surroundings 
are  more  congenial,  and  you  will  not  be  surprised  to  see  that  trie  laborer 
is  inclined  to  prefer  working  there  than  in  Germany. 

If  you  read  the  newspapers,  you  will  find  therein  articles  written 
oy  Poles,  advising  laborers  not  to  go  to  "Prussian  Germany".       Thus  the 
Poles  try  to  make  use  of  any  means  they  can  to  harm  German  agriculture  by  boy- 
cotting German  employers  of  labor.         One  of  the  meane  also  consists  in  pub- 
lishing letters  alleged  to  have  been  written  to  their  relatives  by  workmen 
employed  in  Germany,  in  which  complaints  are  made  of  the   terribls  treatment 


\ 

and  sufferings  entailed.    Although  the  very  exaggerated  accounts  bear  the 

impress  of  untruth,  yet  we  have  taken  the  trouble  with  the  aid  of  the  authori- 
ties, in  the  locality  named,  to  investigate  these  allegations,  and  we  invariably 
have  found  that  on  confession  of  the  writers  of  such  letters,  the  accounts  were 
untrue.   Also  that  some  incidents  in  the  laborer* s  daily  routine  work  were 
grossly  misrepresented  and  exaggerated. 

The  "Polish  Emigration  Union"  is  specially  active  in  this  work  and 
boasts  in  pages  of  its  weekly  paper  that  it  will  not  cease  to  agitate  until  all 
laborers  will  decide  to  go  to  other  countries  rather  than  to  Germany..   One 
object  of  this  agitation  is  to  secure  for  other  countries  their  share  of  the 
labor  available  and  to  which  the  Poles  are  more  favorably  inclined. 

We  are  living  in  a  period  of  a  highly  advanced  economic  development, 
and  with  the  increased  cost  of  living  the  world  over,  the  price  of  goods  material- 
ly increased,  wages  must  of  necessity  rise  accordingly*   Therefore,  Germany 
ought  to  make  efforts  towards  bettering  and  strengthening  her  position  in  the 
field  of  competition,  for  to  stand  still,  would  mean  stagnation  in  agriculture, 
which  not  only  must  compete  with  a  foreign  element,  but  raust  right  here,  in 
Germany,  compete  for  her  labor  supply  with    industrial  establishments*    We 
mast  also  bear  in  mind  that  Easter  of  1913,  will  be  earlier  than  usual;  those 
who  make  up  their  minds  to  celebratd  it  at  home  will  not  leave  their  country  to 
go  abroad  until  after  Easter,  this  fact  is  well  known  to  all  of  us.  Therefore, 
if  we  wish  to  supply  our  demand  for  1913,  we  must  make  strenuous  efforts  to 
secure  an  early  and  abundant  flow  of  immigration* 

What  mast  we  do? 

To  Russian  laborers  who  demand  contracts  with  more  cash  payments  and 
scarcely  any  allowance  for  firewood,  etc.,  we  ought  to  grant  an  increase  in 


191 


per  ^day 
wages  of  say  3  Pfgs./ (0.7 14  cents)    for  menand  2  Pfgs.   (0,476  cents)    for' 

women.  To  Galician  workmen  who  make   contracts  on  the  basis  of 

less  cash  and  more  subsistence  in  lieu  of  cash,  we  ought  to  grant  4  Pfgs, 
per  day  for  men,  and  4  Pfgs.   (0*952  cents)    for  women,   the   increase  in  wages 
granted  by  our  competitors. 

I  believe  we  ought  to  grant  this  increase  in  wages,   as  we  cannot 
get  around  it,  and  it  would  not  be  too  heavy  a  burden  for  our  agriculturists 
to  bear.         I  have  received  a  list  of  44  employers  of  labor  -  of  contracts 
made  on  the  Russian  frontier  -  where  alone,  contracts  for  large  numbers  can  be 
made,   either  by  employers  or  their  Agents.       This  list  comprises  44  farms 
located  in  different  parts  of  Prussia  and  Germany. 

Below,  I  give  you  a  comparative  statement i 

"We  offered  for  menper  day  M.1,96  146.6  cents)    inclusive  allowance 

rtconverted  into  a  cash  equivalent  M.  1.45  «  (34.5  cents)    for  women.       These 

"44  employers  give  men  M.  2ol7  =  (51.6  cents),  women  M.   1*59  =   (37.8  cents) 

"a  plus  of  21  Pfg.   (4o99  cents)    for  men,  and  a  plus  of  14  Pfgs.   (3.33  cents) 

"for  women. 

I  recommend  therefore,  in  view  of  market  conditions  described,  that  the 
resolution  I  herewith  introduce  be  faithfully  passed,  which  will  enable  us 
to  offer  foreign  workmen  a  higher  rate  of  wages  than  those  we  have  heretofore 
agreed  to  pay,  and  I  request  you  gentlemen,  to  vote  favorably  on  this,  ray 
resolution. 


192 


"SUGAR  AT  A  GLANCE" 

EXCERPT  FROM  WILLETT  &  GRAY*  S  STATISTICAL  JOURNAL. 

Jan.  2,  1915. 

Charts  and  tables  by  Truman  G.  Palmer,  Secretary  of  the  U.  S.  Beet  Sugar 
Industry,  901-903  Union  Trust  Building,  Washington,  D.  C.:   This  pamphlet 
brings  the  sugar  problems  to  the  ordinary  reader  in  a  way  easily  understood, 
and  is  the  valuable  result  of  Mr.  Palmer's  efforts  at  home  and  abroad  for 
many  years  to  solve  the  difficulties  in  the  way  of  a  perfect  understanding 
of  the  advantages  of  the  domestic  beet  sugar  industry  to  the  United  States 
in  all  its  several  applications,  including  those  of  the  fanning  interests, 
especially  through  the  rotation  of  crops » 

He  shows  that  the  introduction  of  beet  culture  has  almost  doubled  the 
yield  of  cereals  after  rotating  with  sugar  beets. 

The  book  is  written  in  plain  language,  and  is  largely  illustrated  with 
maps  and  charts,  bringing  the  whole  subject  within  the  grasp  of  a  layman  at 
a  glance.    "Sugar  at  a  Glance"  received  the  high  courtesy  of  having  its 
charts  and  data  printed  as  a  document  of  the  United  States  Senate,  August  1, 
1912. 


Mle  Bulletin"  of  Stock  Exchanges  and  Markets. 
29  Hue  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau,  Paris,  Prance.      January  3,  1913* 

We  nave  received  from  Washington,  D.  C.  U.  S.A. ,  an  extremely- 
interesting  literary  booklet  entitled  "Sugar  at  a  Glance1*  written 
'by  an  expert  on  the  sugar  question,  Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer. 

Wo  believe  that  Mr.  Palmer  has  been  the  champion  in  America, 
in  popularizing  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry.  He  has  been  one  of  the 
principal  factors  in  developing  the  industry  in  the  United  States. 

It  is  a  well  knoTOi  fact  that  for  a  long  time  the  farmers  were 
opposed  to  beet  culture,  which  they  thought  would  exhaust  the  soil, 
as  they  were  in  the  habit  of  planting  beets  with  year  after  year  in 
the  same  fields  instead  of  alternating  beets  with  other  crops.  Mr. 
Palmer  convinced  them  that  beet  culture  with  a  system  of  rotation  of 
crops,  improved  the  soil  and  helped  to  almost  double  the  yield  of 
cereals  normally  harvested  without  beet  culture.  European  countries 
prove  this,  except  England,  where  sugar  beet  culture  was  not  liked 
until  lately,  and  England,  attached  as  she  is  to  a  free  trade  policy 
will,  for  a  long  time  to  come,  be  dependent  on  foreign  countries  for 
her  sugar  supply. 

Mr.  Palmer's  book  contains  numerous  colored  charts  and  diagrams, 
which  are  remarkably  exact  as  regards  the  world's  production,  consurap 
tion,  retail  prices,  etc.,  etc.,  and  justifies  fully  the  title  given 
by  Mm  to  his  work;  as  with  one  glance,  the  reader  is  able  to  grasp 
the  complex  details  relating  to  the  sugar  question  in  all  its  aspects. 


194 


EXCERPT  FROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUCKERIHDUSTRIE,  JAU.  10.  1913.     {page  58) 
FACTORY  BEETS  AMD  SHAREHOLDERS1  BEETS* 

Beets  acquired  by  various  factories  in  Germany  1911/12.  The 
factories  planted  beets  partly  on  their  own  land,  partly  on  rented  land;  some 
beets  were  furnished  by  agricultural  associations  (who  delivered  the  beets 
according  to  contract)  so-called  contract  beets.   Of  all  the  beets  used  in  Ger- 
man factories,  the  largest  part  were  such  as  were  delivered  by  individuals  and 
associations  in  excess  of  vftiat  their  contracts  called  for  (Uberrttben  (excess) 
=  Purchase  beets) . 

Beets  which  were  bought  from  growers  where  no  contracts  had  been 
entered  into  between  the  parties,  growers  that  were  neither  shareholders  nor 
those  who  belonged  to  any  agricultural  or  industrial  associations.   These  are 
called  Purchase  beets.   Even  this  class  (purchase  beets)  are  based  on  a  deliv- 
ery agreement  according  to  which  certain  conditions  must  be  adhered  to  by  the 
growers,  the  principal  one  being  that  of  planting  only  a  certain  specified  Kind 
of  beet;  this  agreement  extends  usually  over  several  years. 

The  Klein-Wanzleben  beet  is  the  favorite  one  planted,  as  designated 
and  stipulated  by  the  factories.   The  seed  thereof  is  either  furnished  free  of 
charge  or  the  factory  is  refunded  the  actual  cost  price. 

In  1911/12,  somewhat  higher  prices  were  paid  for  Pnrchasebeets 
than  in  the  previous  year  (1910/11) ;  but  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  statistics 
regarding  prices  for  purchase  beets  cannot  be  absolutely  relied  on,  as  the  out- 
lay for  transportation  to  the  factory,  storage  and  other  incidental  costs  are 
in  some  cases  included  in  the  purchase  price  -  in  some  cases  not.   Furthermore, 
beeta  are  not  paid  for  everywhere  according  to  weight.  Some  factories  pay  a 
fixed  sum  plus  a  percentage,  in  conformity  with  the  proved  sugar  content.  Prices 
are  also  modified  according  to  the  quantity  of  slices  the  grower  gets  free  of 
charge  from  the  factory.   The  price  for  shareholders'  tests  fluctuates  con- 
siderably, owing  to  the  fact  that  the  net  profit  earned  by  the  factory  is  dis- 
tributed in  the  shape  of  payment  for  beets.   In  many  cases,  the  fixing  of 
prices  occurs  during  the  progress  of  the  campaign  at  certain  intervals  -  either, 
increasing  or  lowering,  then  -  according  to  anticipated  profits  to  be  earned 
by  the  sugar  factories,  or  according  to  the  fluctuation  of  prices  on  sugar 
delivery  sales  of  which  the  factory  notified  the  rowers  within  a  given  period. 
(The  factories  have  nothing  to  do  with  the  fixing  of  prices  on  sugar  delivery 
sales)  . 


195 

(Translation  from  the  French)  Page  49 

EXGBRPT  FROM  IA  SUGBBRIE  INDIGEKB  BT  GQLONIAIE.   PABIS.   JANUARY  15.   1913, 

REFERENCE  TO   "SUGAR  AT  A  GLAlKjStf 

The  beet  sugar  industry  of  the  United  States  has  made  strenuous  efforts 
to  extend  the  beet   culture  in  regions  where  it  already  exists  and  to  introduce 
it  into  regions  where  beets  were  almost  unknown. 

One  of  the  most   energetic  champions  of  beet  culture  is  Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer, 
who  has  sent  us  along  with  a  very  amiable  letter  -  a  booklet  entitled  "Coup 
doeil  sur  le  Sucre11   (Sugar  at  a  Glance). 

Thanks  to  the  continued  efforts  of  Mr.  Palmer,  who  is  Secretary  of  the 
United  States  Beet  Sugar  Industry,   the  production  of  beet   sugar  will  reach  this 
year  630,000  M  tons.     These  results  are  so  much  the  more  remarkable,  for  the 
reason  that  the  cultivation  of  the  beet  has  had  to  struggle  against  an  enemy, 
the  lack  of  laborers  to  cultivate  the  fields,  these  had  to  be  supplied  by 
emigration* 

Ever  since  the  first  waves  of  eastern  civilization  lapped  the  shores  of 
the  United  States,  the  pioneers  of  agriculture  vho  came  to  settle  in  the  northern 
part  of  America  had-to  fight  off  the  redskin  -  Indians,  who  were  enemies  of 
civilization  pure  and  simple,  but  never  co-workers  with  these  pioneers.       In  the 
southern  part  of  the  United  States,   in  Louisiana,  which  at  that  time  was  French 
territory,  negroes  were  imported,   but  the  soil  of  the  northern  part  has  always 
been  tilled  by  laborers  belonging  to  the  white  race  who  came  from  all  parts  of 
Europe,  especially  from  Germany  and  Italy. 

To  say  that  these  immigrants  were  experts  In  beet  culture  would  be  assert- 
ing too  much;  and  even  now  the  success  in  this  culture  has  not  been  brilliant 
as  yet,  on  account  of  the  class  of  emigrants  who  oame  face  to   face  with  agri- 
cultural conditions,  wl;ich,  to  Improve,  required  money  and  skill.     Under  such 


196 


conditions,  with  Ignorance  on  one  hand  and  poverty  on  the  other,  not  much 
could  be  expected  from  them  although  there  were  no  more  redskins  to  fight. 

In  order  to  overcome  the  difficulties  that  were  in  the  path  of  beet 
culture,  powerful  sugar  associations  were  organized,  and  these  organizations 
made  the  initial  outlay  to  promote  the  cultivation  of  "beet  culture  in  new 
territories. 

Numerous  failures  attended  the  starting  of  new  factories,  "but  the  American 
character  admits  of  no  defeat.  This  is  why  we  are  not  surprised  to  see  them 
apply  a  prompt  remedy;  they  will  dismantle  an  unsuccessful  factory  and  erect  one 
in  a  locality  more  favorably  situated  or  where  the  beet  cultural  conditions  are 
more  thoroughly  understood- 

At  present,  it  is  no  longer  the  redskins  who  are  the  enemies  of  a  branch  of 
American  agriculture,  the  beet  sugar  as  well  as  the  cane  sugar  industry,  but  the 

0 

enemy  is  the  new  tariff  policy.     The  import  duty  amounts  to  about  20  franos  per 
100  Hgs.   sugar.     The  lowering  of  this  duty  would  diminish  the  chances  of  an 
extension  of  beet  culture  and  consequently  decrease  the  production  of  sugar. 
It  sounds  very  alluring  for  representatives  Of  the  people  to  promise  them  free 
sugar  in  their  campaign  speeches  and  then  endeavor  to  get  from  other  sources, 
the  revenue  that  was  derived  from  sugar, 

Mr.  Palmer's  books  is  part  of  Senate  Document  No.  890,   and  appreciating 
the  importance  thereof,   the  august   Senate  Assembly  has  ordered  it  to  be  embodied 
in  their  state  documents. 

In  the  beginning-,  beet   culture  in  America  as  was  the  case  in  Europe,   was 
not   looked  upon  with  favor.     Mr.  Palmer  brings  out  in  his  book  the  advantages 
accuring  to  agriculture  through  the  cultivation  of  the  beet,   advantages  which  we 
all  know.     He  also   shows  that  there  ie   a  certain  antagonism  existing  between  the 


197 

producers  of  beet   sugar  and  the  refiners.     The  refiners  would  like  to  see  the 
duty  on  sugar  removed  in  order  that   they  may  get  cheap  supplies  from  BJurope. 
However,   this  foreign  sugar  would  soon  dislodge  native  sugar,  as  -it  costs  more 
to  produce  sugar  in  the  United  States  than  in  foreign  countries. 

In  Mr.  Palmer* s  opinion,   instead  of  lowering  the  duty  it   should  be  raised- 
so  as  to  keep  at  home  the  hundreds  of  millions  of  dollars  that   are  now  sent 
abroad  for  foreign  sugar.     He  also  advocates  the  production  at  home,   of  all 
sugar  consumed  by  the  American  people. 

Snbodied  in  Mr.  Palmer's  books,  is  a  speech  on  the  sugar  question  made  by 
Senator  Lodge,   on  the  floor  of  the  Senate,  the  27th  of  July,  1912.     The  book 
likewise  contains  pretty  photographs  relating  to  beet  culture  and  42 
colored  charts   showing  acreages,  rotation  of  crops  and  the  increase  in  acreage 
due  to  the   culture  of  beets.     Let  us   enumerate  a  few  of  these  charts:     Produc- 
tion of  cane  sugar  side  by  side  with  the  beet  sugar  in  1910,  1911;     The  gradual 
increase  of  cane  and  beet  sugar  by  decades,  and  countries  from  Id40  to  1910; 
The  production  of  American  beet   sugar  from  1898  to  1911,   showing  a  gradual 
increase  from  36,368  tons  in  1393  to  509,846  tons  in  1909  and  606,033  tons  in 
1911.     We  likewise  find  charts  on  per  capita  consumption  in  all  countries  on 
retail  prices  of  sugar,   etc;     In  Italy  this  is  highest  -  in  England  the  lowest. 
Maps  show  the  gradually  diminishing  sphere  of  Influence  of  the  New  York 
refiners  which  is  due  to  the  increasing  quantities  of  beet  sugar  brought  onto 
the  market.     We  also-. find  an  interesting  chart  showing  the  amount  of  sugar 
consumed  by  an  American  workingman's  family:  such  a  family  consumes  sugar  to 
the  value  of  $15.76,  fresh  beef  to  the  value  of  $60,05.  milk  $21*32;  bread  $12,44, 

butter  $28*76.       By  other  charts  he  proves  that  beet  culture  causes  an  increased 
yield  of  wheat  by  27.6$  and  a  corresponding  increase  of  other  cereals*   • 

Mr.  Palmer  concludes  by  quoting  Helot,  Knauer,  yon  Ruemker,  Humbert,  Lilienthal, 
Briem  and  others,  whose  articles  corroborate  what  he  has  so  clearly  and  lucidly  put 
before  us  in  his  "Coup  d'ceil  sur  le  sucre11     (Sugar  at   a  Glance) 


198 

Au  s  t  r  i  a-Hungar  y « 
EXCERPT  FROM  THS  PBAGER  ZUCKEBMARZT.  JAN.  8.  1915. 


COMMENTS  OK  "3UGAS  AT  A  GLANCE**.  DATA  ON 
HIGH  COST  OF  LIVING, 


On  account  of  the  great  interest  of  this  question  to  the  Sugar 
Industry  in  general,  we  wish  here  to  discuss  the  most  Important  points: 

Sugar  is  one  of  the  few  commodities  which  does  not  participate  in 
the  general  rise  of  prices  but  on  the  contrary,  became  cheaper  with  every 

* 

decade*    This  is  so  much  the  more  surprising  when  we  consider  the  con- 
stantly growing  world's  consumption  of  sugar,  for  as  a  general  rule,  in- 
creased demand  causes  a  corresponding  rise  in  prices.   We  may  ascribe 
the  reason  for  this  to  the  unlimited  possl  Dili  ties  in  the  sugar  supply  as  the 
advantages  of  beet  culture  have  induced  the  European  farmers  to  raise 
beets  in  abundance  and  a  corresponding  decrease  in  the  cost  of  production 
of  sugar  took  place* 

In  1370,  the  consumption  of  sugar  in  the  United  States  was  32.7 
pounds  per  capita  -  the  New  York  wholesale  price  is  13.51  cents,  and  in 
1910,  the  per  capita  consumption  was  79.9,  but  the  wholesale  price  fell  to 
4*97  cents  per  pound* 

The  per  capita  consumption  of  sugar  increased  (from  1870 'to  1910), 
by  144. 3;£,  whereas  the  price  fell  by  63, 2£  per  capita. 

Statistics  on  consumption  of  sugar  by  2567  workingmen's  families 
(which  is  confirmed  by  the  statistics  of  the  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Labor)  show 
that  in  1909  each  family  consumed  268*5  pounds  annually,  and  the  balance  Is 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  candy,  condensed  milk  and  other  sugar  containing 

preparations.   Other  statistics  show  that  the  average  retail  price  of  sugar 


199 


for  each  100  Ibs.  was  only  82^  cents  higher  than  the  New  York  wholesale 
price  so  that  82|-  cents  represented  the  average  cost  of  distribution  for 
100  Ibs.  during  17  years. 

Proceeding  from  these  premises,  we  may  state  that  in  1870,  the 
head  of  a  family  of  five,  bought  122.6  Ibs.  of  sugar;  in  the  year  1910 
299.6  Iba;  in  1870,  he  paid  $17.57  for  122.61bs;  in  1910  he  paid  $17.36 
for  299.61bs.  That  is  to  say,  for  an  additional  144. 3#  of  sugar  he  paid 
out  21  cents  less  than  he  did  in  1870.   In  other  words,  notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  the  yearly  average  consumption  in  1910  was  177  Ibs.  higher 
than  in  1370,  the  price  of  sugar  fell  to  such  an  extent  that  the  increased 
quantity  consumed  did  not  increase  the  cost  of  living  as  far  as  sugar  is 
concerned. 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  total  amount  disbursed  for 
sugar  by  a  workingraan's  family  wjas  only  5%  of  the  total  expenditure  for 
other  necessaries  of  life,  and  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  price  of 
sugar  in  the  United  States  is  lower  than  in  any  of  the  European  countries 
England  excepted  -  yet  the  refiners  of  Imported  raw  sugar  have  combined 
to  propose  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  ta  take  off  the  duty  on 
imported  sugar.   They  give  as  their  reason  for  so  doing,  the  price  of 
sugar  in  the  United  States,  maintaining  that  it  is  a  burden  on  the  consum- 
er and  also  allege  that  it  was  a  contributing  cause  to  the  unreasonable 
high  cost  of  living. 

According  to  a  report  to  the  Senate  Finance  Committee,  the  total 
saving  per  capita  on  sugar  would  be  14  cents  per  annum  in  favor  of  the 
consumer.   It  is  likely  that  the  refiners  would  adhere  to  low  prices 
with  a  view  to  ruin  their  only  competitor,  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry,  and 


200 


as   soon  as  this  was  accomplished,   force   the  price  up  in  order  to  ultimately 
put  into  their  pockets  the  $51,000,000  which  the  National  Government  now 
gets  in  the  shape  of  import  duties. 

A  marked  contrast  to  the  movement  of  sugar  prices  show  the  prices 
of  other  conmodities  which  2,567  workingman's  families  were  obliged  to 
"buy  in  1901,  as  compared  with  that  of  1910,  and  it  is  assumed  that  the 
rise  in  retail  prices  has  advanced  correspondingly  with  that  of  wholesale 
prices* 

EXCERPT  PROM  BUREAU  OF  LABOR  BULLET IN  105.  PART  I.   PAGE  32. 
AVERAGE  COST  PRICE  OF  SELECTED  FOODSTUFFS  CONSUMED  PER  F/lMILY  IN  1901-1910. 


Quantity  Used 
Per  Family. 


Cost  Price   Cost  Price  Increase 

Of  same  to    Of  same  Of  cost 

each  family.  Quantity  to  to  each 

each  family.  Family. 


1901. 

1901. 

1910. 

1910. 

Fresh  "beef 

Pounds. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 

Dollars. 
15.01 

349.7 

50.05 

65.06 

Butter 
Eggs,  (dozen) 
Milk  (quarts) 
Meal,  flour 
Salted  Pork  Products 

117.1 
85.2 
354.5 
680.8 
110.5 

28.76 
16.79 
21.32 
16.76 

13.89 

40.57 
26.72 
29.87 
24.84 
21.11 

11.81 
9.23 
8.55 
8.08 
7.22 

Coffee 

46.8 

10.74 

15.79 

5.05 

Lard 

84.5 

9.  .35 

13.18 

3.83 

National  Federal 

Legislation  as 

a  Barometer 

for  the  Development 

Of  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry. 

When  the  Dingley  Tariff  till  became  law  in  1897  it  looked  as  if 
the  United  States  were  going  to  produce  all  the  sugar  needed  for  consump- 
tion.  The  bill  promoted  the  expansion  of  the  sugar  industry  a:nd  one 
year  after  its  enactment  7  new  sugar  factories  were  erected,  J.4  new  ones 
projected;  and  in  1899  the  Agricultural  Department  reported  the  prospect 
of  107  new  projected  factories. 

Each  Agricultural  Association  that  was  able  to  guarantee  the  plant- 
ing of  1000  to  2000  acres  of  sugar  beet  was  assured  of  the  erection  of 


201 


a  half  million  to  one  million  dollar  factory  in  their  midst. 

The  erection  of  such  giant  structures  exceeded  the  capacity  of 
the  farmers  to  supply  the  beets  which  these  factories  needed  in  order  to 
operate  them  profitably.   Again,  the  sugar  beet  was  a  new  plant,  the  agri- 
culturists were  indifferent  to  it,  but  the  investor  was  not  discouraged. 
Then  came  the  war  with  Spain  and  the  annexation  of  sugar  producing  islands  - 
and  five  years  later,  Cuban  Reciprocity.   Capitalists  who  prior  to  this, 
had  invested  in  the  beet  sugar  industry  eagerly,  paused,  and  diverted  their 
energies  and  capital  into  other  channels.   Out  of  86  projected  factories 
that  were  to  cost  $49,000,000,  only  eight  were  erected,  and  the  other  78 
projects  fell  through  on  account  of  Cuban  Reciprocity. 

Before  the  Cuban  Reciprocity  era,  although  the  technique  of  the 
Baet  Sugar  Industry  was  not  very  well  understood,  there  were  erected  within 
6  years,  43  giant  factories,  and  after  the  enactment  of  Cuban  Reciprocity 
only  27  new  factories  were  erected  within  nine  years. 

Now  the  capitalist  became  discouraged  and  the  farmers  became  en- 
thused, so  that  at  present  about  a  half  million  acre  are  annually  planted 
to  beets,  aril  their  efforts  to  interest  additional  capital  in  beet  culture 
are  in  vain.  t 

Although  beet  growers  have  contracted  for  five  years  in  advance  to 
plant  5,000  to  7,000  acres,  they  have  not  been  able  to  secure  the  erection 
of  additional  factories  and  the  same  state  of  affairs  will  continue  as  long 
as  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  is  undecided  whether  it  is  in  harmony 
with  sound  national  economics  to  let  Americans  produce  at  home  all  the  sugar 
needed  for  home  consumption  or  whether  the  existing  Beet  Sugar  Factories 
shall  be  allowed  (with  the  co-operation  of  the  Sugar  Refiners)  to  be  trans- 
formed into  picturesque  historical  tarrification  ruins. 


202 


BKGBRPT  FROM  LaSUCHERIS  BKLGS.  JAN  .  15.  1913.  p.  222. 

The  "Gazette"  of  Brussels,  publishes  the  following: 
Bad  news  comes  to  us  from  our  sugar  refiners.    It  will  affect 
our  agriculturists  who  depend.  011  this  industry  for  a  livelihood,  the  Bel- 
gian Government  not  even  consenting  to  take  off  5  Francs  of  the  revenue 
tax.    A  group  of  Russian  refiners  will  shortly  open  a  sales  agency  here 
for  their  sugar. 

Here  we  have  a  group  of  foreigners  who  are  going  to  compete  with 
our  producers  in  the  English  market,  and  England,  establishing  a  sugar 
industry  of  her  ownf  at  home,  her  market  will  be  lost  to  us. 
The  Magdeburger  Zeitung  telegraphs  as  follows: 
"The  Russian  Syndicate  of  Sugar  Manufacturers  establishes  a 
branch  (Sales  Agency)  at  Brussels,  with  a  view  of  selling  Russian  sugar 
to  Belgium,  Holland  and  France" • 

Mr.  Brodsky  of  Kiew,  ia  at  the  head  of  this  combination. 


203 

CIRCULAR  OF  EMILE  PLUCHET,  AGRICULTURIST  &  SUGAR  MANUFACTURER. 
PRESIDENT  OF  THE  AGRICULTURAL  ASSN.  •  OF  FRANCE. 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOURNAL  des  FABRI CANTS  de  SUCRE,  JANY.15,1913, 

oOo 


To  ray  Colleagues,  Farmers  and  Sugar  Manufacturers: 

Poring  the  paafc  thirty  years,  I  have  farmed  700  hectares  of  land 
of  which  200  hectares  were  planted  in  rotation,  annually,  to  beets.   During 
that  period  I  managed  and  operated  a  factory  using  25,000,000  Kg.  annually 
(35.115.600  pounds  »  27,558  short  tons) • 

I  have  witnessed  many  difficulties  and  apparent  conflicts  between 
grower  and  factory  (caused  invariably  by  misunderstandings)  whose  interest e 
are  identical,  but  who  frequently  seen  to  be  opposed  to  each  other.   Having 
retired  from  active  work*  I  am  today,  less  directly  interested  in  the  sugar 
question,  and  am  in  a  better  position  to  permit  my  colleagues  to  benefit  by 
the  results  of  ray  long  experience  which  may  guide  them  to  smooth  over  their 
little  difficulties,  dissipate  misunderstandings  and  conciliate  the  interests 
Of  farmers  and  factories,  which,  I  repeat,  are  absolutely  identical. 

Technical  knowledge,  executive  ability,  method  and  economy,  play 
an  important  part  in  the  manufacture  of  sugar,  but  we  may  assert  without  fear 
of  contradiction  that  the  commercial  element  with  the  growing  of  beets  and 
the  operating  of  a  factory  largely  contribute  towards  the  success  or  the  failure 
of  a  beet  sugar  enterprise. 

Due  to  an  ancient  custom,  established  when  the  beet  sugar  industry 
was  in  its  infancy,  the  manufacturer  is  compelled  to  buy  his  raw  material, 
the  sugar  beet,  in  February  or  March  -  2  months  before  the  seed  is  entrusted 
to  the  soil. 

And  upon  vfoat  basis  and  in  what  proportions  are  the  purchases  of 
beets  generally  made? 

First  of  all  as  to  quantities  purchased  the  hectare  is  taken 
as  a  basis.   The  owners  of  a  factory  with  a  capacity  of  30,000  tons,  estimat- 
ing that  the  average  yield  in  their  district  will  be  30,000  Kg.  per  hectare, 
will  endeavor  to  contract  for  a  harvest  of  1000  hectares.   But  this  is  a 
very  haphazard  way  of  providing  for  the  future.   The  grower  will  have  sold 
the  future  yield  from  a  given  number  of  hectares  which  he  sets  apart  for  beet 
culture  although  it  is  uncertain  what  that  yield  will  amount  to;  but  the  buytr 
does  not  know  even  approximately,  what  will  be  the  amount  supplied  to  his  fac~ 
tory  and  which  he  has  agreed  to  take. 


204 


In  consequence  of  climatic  conditions,  very  favorable  or  unfavor- 
able, as  the  case  may  be,  the  yield  varies  often  25$  above  or  below  the  estimat- 
ed average  per  hectare  (in  1911  there  was  in  uany  cases  a  deficit  of  40$  to 
SQfi)  ;  the  sugar  factory  buyer  of  beets  from  100  hectares  is  liable  to  get 
22,500  kg.  or  37,500  kg.  of  beets  per  hectare,  that  is  to  say,  quantities  that 
are  the  minimum  or  maximum,  with  a  result  of  increasing  general  operating  ex- 
penses per  ton  of  beets  and  of  extending  the  period  of  operation  and  conse- 
quently, cause  a  considerable  loss,  either  by  reason  of  the  beets  remaining  too 
long  in  silos  or  heaps  which  would  naturally  diminish  the  rendement  in  sugar. 

These  few  remarks  I  believe  are  sufficient  to  show  that  the  mode 
of  buying  beets  quantitatively  as  done  at  present,  is  defective.   .And  the  beet 
is  the  only  agricultural  product  sold  in  this  way.   In  the  case  of  wheat,  oats, 
potatoes,  product  of  vineyards,  etc.,  etc.,  the  agriculturist  sells  all  these 
products  in  fixed  and  well  defined  quantities,  and  not  an  unkribwn  yield  to  be 
derived  from  a  number  of  hectares  the  yield  of  which  may  vary  in  considerable 
proportions. 

This  method  of  buying  and  selling,  it  seems  to  me  ought  to  be  Im- 
proved upon. 

We  understand  very  well  that  the  agriculturist  does  not  wish  to 
run  the  risk  of  carrying  on  an  expensive  culture,  demanding  great  care,  outlay 
in  fertilizer,  laborers'  wages,  etc.,  without  being  first  asstired  that  his  crop 
will  find  a  buyer.    But  he  could  easily  sell  a  fixed  quantity  if  he  were  to 
contract  at  seed  time,  to  deliver,  say  3/4  of  the  yield  that  he  was  getting 
per  hectare  on  an  average  during  each  year.   If  he  sows,  let  us  say,  10  hectares 
of  beets,  in  anticipating  30,000  Kg.  per  ha.,  he  could  sell  a  fixed  quantity 
of  250,000  Kg.  and  reserve  to  himself  the  right  of  selling  the  surplus  if  any  - 
at  harvest  time,  or  sell  at  seed  time,  300,000  Kg*  with  the  option  of  increasing 
or  diminishing  this  quantity  by  10  or  19$. 

In  this  manner,  the  Item  of  chance  is  for  the  grower  as  well  as 
for  the  factory,  reduced  to  a  minimum;  the  grower  is  sure  of  selling  his 
yield,  the  factory  is  sure  of  getting  a  regular  supply.   I  do  not  believe  that 
any  serious  objections  can  be  made  to  this  mode  of  procedure. 

BASIS  OF  PRICKS, 

factors  have  hitherto  been  considered  In  this; 


1)   The  quality  of  the  beets  furnished, 

2}   The  market  price  of  sugar  in  Paris  during  the  month  of  manufacturing  such 
as  quoted  at  the  time  of  sale. 

The  quality  of  the  raw  material  In  the  beets  is  determined  by  the 
density  of  the  beet  juice  at  the  time  of  delivery.   The  price  per  ton  of  beets 
is  fixed  if  the  beet  yields  a  density  of  1070  grammes  per  litre  which  in  prac- 
tice is  called  a  beet  with  a  7°  density,, 


205 


Eaoh  tenth  below  or  above  causes  a  rise  or  decrease  of  prices 
varying  from  0  fr.  30  to  o  fr.  50  per  tenth,  according  to  the  special  agreement 
made  between  the  parties.   We  could  discuss  this  empirical  method  as  the  density 
of  a  beet  does  not  alv/ays  give  an  exact  indication  as  to  what  is  its  sugar  content. 
In  other  countries,  for  instance  in  Belgium,  the  basis  of  prices  for  the  beet 
is  fixed  according  to  its  real  sugar  content  vAiich  is  determined  after  a  complete 
analysis.   It  would  be  a  good  thing  if  this  were  done  in  Prance  also. 

The  second  item  which  is  considered  by  the  factory  to  fix  the  price 
of  the  beet  showing  7e  is  the  difference  (represented  by  cost  of  manufacture 
plus  profits)  between  the  price  of  a  quintal  (220  Ibs.)  of  sugar  No.  3  (white 
sugar)  quoted  on  the  Peris  Bourse  whatever  that  may  be  during  the  month  of  ex- 
traction at  a  time  of  sale  -  and  that  of  1000  Eg.  of  beet  at  7  degrees  of  density 
delivered  at  the  factory. 

This  difference  may  vary  in  proportion  to  improvements  in  machinery, 
the  quantity  of  production  and  according  to  the  particular  economic  conditions 
under  which  the  factory  is  operated. 

It  is  presumed  that  the  difference  would  not  be  less  than  six  francs 
($1.158)  which  would  bring  it  down  to  5  francs  ($0.965)  if  the  sugar  is  delivered 
at  the  factory,  as  100  Kg.  (220  Ibs.)  will  coat  about  one  franc  (19.3  cents)  for 
transportation  and  brokerage  oharges. 

Such  are  briefly,  the  essential  conditions  under  which  sales  are 
usually  made*   The  prudent  and  serious  minded  manufacturer  should  protect  him- 
self by  sales  of  sugar  in  advance  and  make  his  purchases  of  beets  gradually, 
in  proportion  to  contracts  entered  into  for  sugar  sales. 

Under  present  conditions  governing  purchase  beets,  with  the  hectare 
as  a  basis  f>r  quantity  -  could  this  be  done?   No,  except  one  relies  on  chance, 
because,  as  we  have  explained  above,  the  harvest  iiay  vary  considerably. 

In  1911  (an  exceptional  year)  the  yield  of  beets  showed  a  deficit  of 
50$  in  certain  districts.   All  beet  growers  -  in  consequence  of  excessively  dry 
weather  in  1911  may  bear  this  in  mind.   I  may  add  that  the  long  delayed  rainfall 
in  September  and  October,  causing  the  fertilizer  to  act  only  then  upon  the  soil, 
by  dissolving  the  nitric  and  ammoniac  elements,  phosphates,  potash,  lime,  etc., 
introduced  into  the  beet  juice  impurities  which  created  serious  difficulties  in  the 
sugar  extraction"  and  gave  a  very  inferior  rendenvent. 

In  consequence  of  all  this  a  very  considerable  rise  in  sugar  took 
place  and  certain  manufacturers  had  to  buy  sugar  to  cover  their  contracts  as 
they  could  not  get  enough  beets  to  manufacture  the  sugar  themselves  and  had  to  pay 
10  to  15  francs  more  for  a  bag  of  sugar  than  they  got  for  it.   But  you  will  tell 
me  that  this  is  an  exceptional  case.   True,  but  these  exceptional  cases  may  crop 
up  now  and  then  in  varying  proportions*   Such  facts  however,  ought  to  condemn  the 
present  system  of  buying  beets.   How  shall  we  go  about  it  to  reconcile  the  in- 


206 


terests  of  both  grower  and  manufacturer?   In  a  very  simple  way  -  in  selling  the 
beet  based  on  the  difference  in  price  of  sugar  (the  difference  to  be  the  manu- 
facturing costs,  and  a  reasonable  profit  for  the  factory)  and  the  price  of  beets. 

I  would  like  to  have  the  grower-seller  fix  the  date  when  to  sign 
a  contract  for  the  sale  of  his  beets.  If,  for  instance,  at  the  time  when  he 
sells  his  approximate  yield  of  beets  in  February  or  March,  the  price  of  sugar 
during  the  campaign  month  appears  to  him  too  low  he  may  Inform  the  factory  so 
that  he  will  delay  fixing  the  price  of  his  beets. 

He  will  have  the  option  at  such  time  as  convenient  up  to  30 
September,  to  fix  his  price  for  the  beets  based  on  the  Paris  Exchange  market 
prices  for  sugar  No*  3  as  quoted  for  the  three  months  of  October,  November,  and 
December,  taking  into  consideration  the  difference  between  the  price  of  a  quin- 
tal (220  Ibs.)  of  sugar  and  a  metric  ton  of  beets  (10  quintals  of  beets.) 
All  the  grower  will  have  to  do  is  to  inform  the  factory  by  letter,  and  the  price 
of  beets  contracted  for  in  the  early  Spring  will  be  determined  according  to  the 
market  quotation  of  sugar,  the  price  to  be  received  by  him  for  beets  will  hold 
good  from  the  day  following  the  receipt  of  his  letter  addressed  to  the  factory. 
If  this  date  chosen  by  the  seller  falls  on  the  campaign  period,  the  price  for 
a  ton  of  beets  will  be  that  of  a  quintal  (3rd  of  October}  of  sugar  less  the 
difference  of  manufacturing  cost  and  a  reasonable  profit  for  the  factory. 

If,  however,  the  date  fixed  is  later  than  the  campaign  period  that 

difference  will  be  increased  by  Fr.  0.25  for  each  month  of  delay  so  as  to  pro- 
tect the  factory  for  cost  of  storage,  insurance,  etc.,  etc.    To  make  myself 
well  understood,  I  will  here  give  you  an  example: 

In  the  month  of  March  1913  Mr.  X beet  grower,  sells  to 

Mr.  Y. _..  manufacturer  of  sugar,  400,000  Kg.  of  beets  on  the  basis  of 

7  degrees  of  density  at  6  francs  difference  -  delivered  at  the  factory.   On  that 
date  sugar  No.  3  is  quoted  for  3d.  October,  29  francs  the  100  Kg.,  which,  with 
a  difference  of  6  francs  would  make,  the  price  of  beets  23  francs,  a  price  at 
which  Mr.  does  not  want  to  sell. 

Between  March  and  30  September,  sugar  deliveries  of  3d.  October 
are  quoted  at  31  francs  the  100  Kg.  The  farmer  wants  to  make  sure  of  25  free, 
for  his  beets,  1000  Kg.;  he  informs  the  factory,  and  the  price  for  400,000  Kg. 
beets  is  definitely  fixed  (according  to  3d.  October  quotation  on  the  Paris 
Bourse) ,  the  day  following  the  receipt  of  the  letter  by  the  manufacturer. 

On  the  other  hand,  if  Mr.  X         does  not  see  the  3d.  October 
sugar  rise  before  the  30  September,  the  fixing  of  the  price  for  beets  remains 
in  abeyance.   At  that  time  he  starts  making  his  deliveries  of  beets  and  at  a 
given  moment  he  sees  4th  May  sugar  quoted  at  34  francs.    This  price  appearing 

satisfactory,  he  informs  his  manufacturer  Mr.  Y that  he  fixes  the 

price  of  hie  beets  according  to  the  4th  May  quotation  of  34  francs. 


207 


The  price  therefore,  will  be  34  francs  less  the  6  francs  (the 
difference  agreed  upon)  less  Z  francs  -  at  the  rate  of  0.25  per  month  for  the 
6  months  during  which  Mr.  X        was  holding  back;  total  9  Frca.  « 
($1.54.3)  Frcs.  34  -  38  »  26  Pros.,  the  price  he  would  receive  for  a  ton  of 
beets*    This,  you  see  is  not  a  complicated  calculation.. 

In  this  manner  the  manufacturer  whose  mind  is  not  worried  "by 
commercial  fluctuations  can  apply  all  his  intelligence  and  all  his  energy  to 
the  good  administration  and  management  of  his  factory  in  such  a  manner  as  to 
obtain  the  highest  possible  rendement;  in  converting  his  raw  material  into 
sugar  at  as  low  a  cost  as  possible. 


As  far  as  Mr.  X the  farmer  is  concerned,  he  remains  own- 


In  adopting  this  method  of  buying  and  selling  beets  the  in- 
terests of  manufacturer  end  farmer  would  be  absolutely  identical,  and  I  am 
convinced  that  all  the  little  misunderstandings  that  occur  in  connection  with 
beet  deliveries  would  disappear. 


— - — oOo — - — 


Page  51. 
EXGERPT  FROM  La  SUORKRIE  IKDIGO£  et  GOLDNIALE.  JAN.  15. 19 15. 

AZOTE  Afl  ESSENTIAL  BI£M£M?  IB  THE  NUTRITION  OF  PUflTS. 

Of  all  the  interesting  elements  that  enter  into  the  nutrition 
of  plants  Azote  is  without  doubt,  the  most  important  *"ifl  the  most  precious,' 
the  vegetable  protoplasm  which  constitute  the  living  parrs  of  the  plant 
are  mostly  made  up  of  an  azote  combination  if  it  is  to  be  judged  by  its 
average  composition  which  is  as  follows :- 

1)  Phosphorated  albuminoid  substances  Dry  Weight  40$ 

2)  Albuminoid  substances  and  such  pertaining  to  fermentation 

3)  Diverse  azotized  bodies 

4)  Hydrates  of  carbon 

5)  Fata  12% 

6)  Mineral  substances  6*5% 

It  therefore  follows  that  in  agricultural  plant  production,  the 
production  of  dry  substances  is  intimately  related  to  the  quantity  of 
azote  that  plants  have  assimilated;  this  fact  has  been  verified  by 
Hellriegel,  who  noticed  that  vegetation  (growth  development)  was  promoted 
proportionately  to  the  quantity  of  azote  that  had  been  added.   The  plants 
giving  the  largest  yield  (to  the  hectare)  in  dry  substances  are  the  most  ex- 
acting as  far  as  azote  is  concerned. 

Azote 

A  beet  harvest  on  40  hectares  requires •••• Kg.  102.5 

An  average  rye  harvest  "         (20  ha.)  "  40 

"             "         Barley       "  "            (25  "   )  "  38.1 

'•             «         Bean           »'  (16  "   )  "  64.4 

«•             ••         Peas           "  <18  "   1  "  90.0 


209 


Azote 

An  average  of  Mangolds   (40,000  Kg.)  Kg.   132 

"         "  "  sugar  beet  roots  (30.000  roots)  "       84 

Potatoes         "  (18,000  tubercles)  "       78.6 

Cabbage-plant  (40,000  Kg.   leaves)  "     137.4 

Porage   corn  60,000  Kg.   green  "     170 

This  being  the   case,   it  would  be  very  interesting  to  ascertain 
the  sources  of  .azote  that  are  at  the  disposal  of  plants  and  by  studying 
them  make  sure  that  they  meet  the  present   and  future  requirements  of  our 
agricultural  production. 

Those   sources  are    fortunately  very  numerous,  but  does  that  mean 
that  the  needs  of  our  cultural  plants  are   satisfied?       Very  far  from  it. 
The  actual  consumption  of  azotised  fertilizers   scarcely  reaches  (notably  in 
France)    1/4  of  what  it   ought   to  be. 

The  principal  stock  of  azote  that  the  plants  can  draw  from  comes 
from  the  soil  Where  the   store  is  replenished  by  periodical  manuring  of  the 
fields-       These  manures  are  organic,   atntnoniacal  and  nitric.       Formerly  these 
manures  were  exclusively  organic  -  that   is  to  say,   in  the  main  barn  manure  - 
dead  leaves*  and  vegetable  matter  in  the   course   of  decomposition;     all  these 
made  restitution  to  the  soil  of  such     elements  as  had.  previously  been  taken 
out  by  whatever  plants  were  harvested;     among  those  elements  is  azote  of 
which  we  know  and  the  cyclic  transformation  in  the  soil.       Organic  azote 
or  the  complex  azote  of  organic  matter  cannot  always  be  utilized  by  plants, 
except  by  symbiotic  mushrooms  which  adhere  to  the  roots  of  certain  plants 
growing  in  moors  and  forests  and  which  absorb  the  organic  azote   by  direct 
assimilation,     the  plants  themselves  thus  getting  a  direct  benefit,    from  it. 


210 


Organic  substances  when  in  the  soil,  are  liable  to  become  a  prey 
of  specific  bacteria  which,  transform  them  into  carbonic  acid  and.  ammonia 
which  oxydised  by  nitrous  and  nitric  ferments  of  Wyngradsky  produces 
nitric  acid  and  finally  nitrates,  which  by  reason  of  their  great  tendency 
to  solubility  are  the  principal  azotised  factors  in  plant  foods. 

Ammoniac  as  an  intermediary  product  can  also  be  assimilated  directly, 
as  was  demonstrated  by  experiments  made  by  Muntz,  but  it  is  influenced  by 
nitrification  factors  so  that  we  fully  assert,  that  the  plants,  a  few  of  them 
excepted,  draw  their  azotic  nourishment  mostly, if  not  entirely,  from  nitrates 
of  the  soil. 

Boussingault  was  the  first  who  ascertained  in  1856,  what  part  nitrates 
played  in  plant  life  and  that  they  are  absorbed  by  the  plants  previous  to 
their  flowering;  they  are  then  under  the  influence,  of  solar  rays  gradually 
transformed  into  albumenoixi  azotes  which  help  to  elaborate,  plant  protoplasme 

Grandeau  tells  us  that  the  nitrates  of  soil  are  rather  nitrates  of 
calcium  as  the  lime,  necessary  to  nitric  acid  saturation  that  result  from 
ammoniacal  oxydation  (Sitrosation  and  Nitration)  undet  the  influence  of  ni- 
trous and  nitric  ferments  which  are  always  existing  in  the  soil  in  large  quan- 
tities and  more  abundantly  than  the  average  supply  of  Potassium.   The 
ground  supplies  the  plants  with  only  thinned  solution  of  nitrates,  so  ex- 
tensively dissolved  that  we  may  assume  that  the  plants  absorb  rather  the 
ions  Az.  O3  than  the  nitrates  themselves. 

Intensive  production  is  characteristic  of  the  actual  conditions  of 
agriculture  and  the  immediate  removal  from  the  fields  of  harvested  products 
help  considerably  to  impoverish  the  soil  -  thus  carting-  to  distant  cities 
considerable  quantities  of  nitrates  which  find  ultimately  their  way  into 


211 


into  sewere,  rivers,  and  finally  into  the  sea,  where  they  are  lost  forever 
to  agriculture  and  manure  restitutes  to  the  farm  only  a  meager  fraction 
of  thequantity  taken  away  by  the  crops  harvested  so  that  the  question  of 
azotized  fertilizers  at  present  is  a  serious  one  and  may  be  summed  up  as  fol- 
lows: 

The  most  important  element  that  a  plant  needs  is  azote  and  this  must 
be  supplied  before  anything  else.     The  question  has  been  asked  in  what 
form  and  with  what  combination  is  azote  preferable  and  various  classifications 
of  the  principal  azotized  fertilizers  have  been  suggested  according  to  the 
cultural  value  of  their  azote  content. 

Wagner's  table  gives  a  pretty  good  idea  (nitrates  being  represented 
by  100) . 

Nitrate  of  soda • 100. 

Sulf at e  of  Ammoniac 90. 

I)ried  blood,  ground  horny  substances  green  plants  not 

liquified .... *.. 70. 

Bone  meal,  powdered  meat,   fish  guano, 60. 

Barn  manure   ....• 45. 

Refuse  of  wool  or  hair 30 . 

Ground  leather  waste 20. 

Airmonia  sulfaie  which  is   obtained  by  mixing  with  sulfur ic  acid 
the  ammoniac  yielded  from  the   distillation  of  sluice  water  and  from  water 
used  in  purifying  illuminating  gas  is  utilized  in  enormous  quantities,   the 
world fs  production  of  which  in  1910  was  1,117,000  metric  tons,  which  exceeded 
the  1909  consumption  by  152,000  tons  one  third  of  which  was  produced  by 
Germany;     the  latter1  s  production  was  6000  tons  more  than  that  of  the  United 
Kingdom. 

Chilean  nitrates  of  soda  furnish  the   largest  portion  used  in  agri- 
culture;    their  layers  are  produced  by  the  nitrification  of  guanos,   seaweed  ana 


212 


marine  plants  thrown  on  land  "by  volcanic  action  and  due  to  a  great  scarcity 
of  rain  they  are  kept  in  a  good  state  of  preservation  for  an  indefinite 

period. 

Sea  salt,   sulfate  of  sodium  and  iodine   formations  are  mixed  with  these 
nitrates  but  they  are   freed  from  them  "by  a  special  process,   in  factories 
specially  equipped  for  that  purpose. 

Chilean  Nitrate  of  soda  is  delivered  to  the  farmer  95$  pure  and  contains 
from  15$  to  16$  of  Azote;     Chilean  Nitrate  of  Soda  is  equivalent   quantitative- 
ly speaking,   to  3  times  the  fertilizing  value   of  "barn  manure.       The  produc- 
tion of  Chilean  Nitrate  of  Soda  was  2,470,000  metric  tons  in  1910,   355,000 
tons  more  than  in  1909;     520,000  tons  more  were  consumed  in  1910   than  in  1909. 
U.S.  .America  consumed  110,000  tons  more   than  in  1909|       Germany  80,000  tons 
more  than  in  1909;     France   53,000  tons  more   than  in  .1909;     Belgium  40,000 
tons  more  than  in  1909;     Holland  33,000  tons  more  than  in  1909.       France 
consumed  350,000  tons  in  1910.       The  total  of  Germany's  consumption  was 
700,000  tons. 

Nitrate  is  used  in  increasing  quantities  year  after  year;     we  have 
established  the  fact  that  these  sales  constitute   ordinary  plant  food  whether 
such  salts  are  the  remnants   of  previous  organic  ammoniacai  manure  or 
that  they  are  a  covering  in  the   shape  of  nitric  fertilizer  -  and  thus 
mixed  with  the  .soil.  » 

Compared  with  other  azotised  fertilizers  their  use  in  agriculture  will 
therefore  be   constant  on  account  of  being  easily  assimilated  and  considering 
their  low  prices  compared  with  the  price  of  Azote  quoted  at  Dunkerque. 
Besides  Nitrates  are   saturated  salts  suitable  for  all  kinds  of  soil  from 
which  they  require  very  little   food  and  that  do  not  depend  on  the   activity 


213 


of  soil  microbes  for  their  assimilating  capacity  nor  upon  a  chemical  reaction 
of  whose  conditions  of  equilibrium  we  know  so  very  little  and  there  is 
no  doubt  that  in  thdse  salts  both  are  nicely  adjusted. 

We  have  intentionally  omitted  to  refer  to  the  absorption  by  leguminous 
plants  of  the  Azote  of  the  air.    We  have  already  shown  that  these  cultures 
need  generally  a  larger  supply  of  azote  which  as  is  well  known  get  this 
azoti zed  food  from  the  atmosphere  and  through  the  medium  of  nodosities  of 
the  roots. 

Willfarth  and  Hellriegel  have  demonstrated  in  their  experiments  that 
this  fixation  of  atmospheric  azote  was  a  living  phenomena  due  to  certain 
soil  bacteria  which  adhering  to  the  roots  of  leguminous  plants  live  with 
it  in  symbrosis.   Formerly,  it  was  known  that  leguminous  plants  enriched  the 
soil,  but  before  Hellriegel,  the  cause  was  not  known.   As  regards  the 
nodosities  on  which  the  bacteria  for  azote  fixation  are  developed,  some  call 
them  "Storehouses,  indicating  abundance",  some  only  consider  them  parasitic 
mushrooms. 

It  has  been  noticed  that  nodosities  occur  on  the  roots  in  an  inverse 
ratio  to  the  richness  of  the  soil  in  Nitrate  and  it  appears  that  their 
function  is  to  help  to  bring  azote  to  the  plant  if  the  soil  has  not  a  suf- 
ficient supply  for  the  needs  of  the  plant. 

Under  ordinary  conditions,  a  leguminous  plant  ripening. to  maturity 
lives  at  the  expense  of  nitric  azote  and  at  the  cost  of  the  "azotes  of 
microorganisms*1  existing  on  nodosities;  nitrates  are  in  fact  very  useful 
to  the  plant  up  to  the  time  tubers  are  formed  on  its  roots. 

What  particular  part  Azote  fixation  bacteria  play  has  not  been  elucidat- 
ed; thus  the  total  absence  of  nodosities  from  2,  3,  4  and  six  years  lu- 
cerne has  not  been  explained.    It  is  however  well  known  that  the 


214 


use  of  azotised  fertilizers,  if  it  is  not  indispensable  towards  getting  a 
tolerably  good  yield,  has  always  resulted  in  an  increased  yield;  we  may 
incidentally  mention  a  report  made  by  Beyerinck,  in  1890,  in  which  he  refers 
to  the  bacillis  radicicola  and  other  ground  bacteria  that  retain  free  azote 
(Azotobacteria)  that  are  able  to  assimilate  nitrates  and  other  soluble  com- 
posites and  to  immobilize  them  into  an  unsoluble  force  in  the  vicinity  of 

leguminous  plants,  which  would,  according  to  Kayser,  constitute  a  favorable 

to 
condition  under  which  they  would  draw/themselves  atmospheric  azote  during  the 

first  stage  of  vegetation  and  store  up  a  reserve  supply  of  azote,  easily 
soluble  that  could  be  utilized  by  the  plant  as  soon  as  its  nodosities  disappear. 

It  is  an  established  fact  that  the  leguminous  plants  draw  upon 
the  vast-  stock  of  Azote  (floating  in  the  atmosphere)  for  its  azotised  food  and 
for  a  good  many  years  efforts  have  been  made  to  extend  this  interesting  azote- 
absorptive  privilege  to  all  our  cultures  -  a  privilege  which  certain  sea- 
weeds possess  and  might  benefit  other  plants  with  which  they  lead  a  symbiostic 

existence* 

°/f 
To  take  out/the  atmosphere  the  azote  which  mixed  with  oxigene  forms 

4/5  of  its  volume  was  one  of  the  most  interesting  problems  to  solve  and  the 
solution  of  which  seems  to  have  been  found  by  the  process  Berkeland  ••  Eyde 
in  the  preparation  of  artificial  nitrates  called  Norwegian  Nitrates* 

Unfortunately,  the  process  of  getting  a  supply  of  nitrogen  direct 
from  the  air  with  existing  appliances  to  utilize  it  in  plant  culture  is  very 
costly,  and  when  we  bear  in  mind  how  beautifully  simple  the        microbian 
reflex  action  in  the  soil  is  that  nature  effects  without  artificial  aid,  we  have 
only  one  thing  to  regret,  and  that  is  its  principal  defect,  that  of  being-  specific 
in  its  character. 


The  industry  of  making  artificial  nitrates  to  which  I  have  alluded  Is 
not  less  interesting  and  has  a  great  future  before  it.   Carried  .on  in  electric 
furnaces,  it  is  in  principle  an  oxydatioa.  of  the  Azote  of  the  air  by  means 
of  the  oxygen  itself  that  makes  part  of  the  atmospheric  mixture. 

Natural  forces  have  to  supply  the  power  that  is  necessary  to  activate 
the  production  of  nitrates. 

The  Norwegian  Azote  Society  utilizes  waterfalls,  which  will  give 
an  energy  of  400,000  H.  P.  once  the  improved  plant  is  completed  and  wherever 
there  are  waterfalls,  conditions  for  producing  artificial  nitrates  or  obtaining 
asote  are  admirable. 

In  the  most  favored  regions  of  the  French  Alps  the  cost  of 

producing  1  Kg.  of  Azote  according  to  Mr.  Plasin  of  the  University  of  Grenoble, 
would  amount  to  1.75  to  2.48  francs,  whereas,  1  Kg.  of  Azotic  nitrate  of  soda 
is  sold  in  France "at  1*50  fr. 

We  are  therefore  led  to  believe  that  this  Industry  has  not  yet 
reached  the  desired  -stage  of  development,  and  if  we  cannot  as  yet  cheapen  the 
cost  of  its  production  then  we  will  have  to  admit  that  it  has  come  to  the 
front  a  hundred  years  too  soon.    It  takes  1,000,000  tons  of  nitrate  to  produce 
240,000  tons  of  azote  and  in  proportion  as  you  take  Azote  from  the  soil  you 
ought  to  replace  it,  so  as  to  keep  up  the  productivity  of  the  land*   Another 
way  of  getting  Azote  from  the  air  has  been  pointed  out  by  Franck  whose  process 
consists  in  producing  calcic  cyanide,  which  is  already  manufactured  in  Ealma- 
tia,  Austria,  Germany  and  France.   Calcic  cyanamide  is  obtained  by  fixation 
of  Azote  distilled  from  liquid  air  by  means  of  carburetted  calcium,  or  upon 
a  mixture  of  lime  and  coal  at  a  temperature  equal  to  that  of  an  electric  oven; 


216 


the  azote   should  above  all  be  free  from  oxygen  the  elimination  of  which  is 
effected  by  the  distillation  of  liquid  air  by  the  process   of  Linde  and 
Claude,  by  which,   at  Terni,   Italy. and  Alby,   Sweden,  azote  at  a  purity  of 
99.8$     is  furnished. 

These  are  the  principal  sources  of  supply  of  Azote,   an  inert 
gas  which  promotes  neither  respiration  nor  combustion  but  the  part         it 
plays  in  the  ecomomy  of  agricultural  production  is    so  important  that   it 
justifies  us  in  declaring  in  reference   to  Beet6"L'azote   c'est  la  vie." 
"Azote   is   life  "I 


217 

(Translation  from  the  German)  Jan  22,   1913 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  7/OCKENSCHRIFT  DE3  CSHTRALVEREINSS  FUR  DIE  ZUCKER INDUSTRIE  -     -     - 

"Sugar  at   a  Glance". 
(Comments  on  Mr.  Palmer's  work) 

Truman  G.   Palmer,  who  has  been  an  advocate  of  the  introduction  and  extension  of 
sugar  beet  culture  in  the  United  States  and  the"  beet   sugar  industry  in  general,  has 
•  in  the  panphlet   before  us,    solved  the  problem  of  how  to  bring  before  the  public  in  a 
comprehensive  form  and  in  a  manner  easily  understood,  the  great  advantages  resulting 
from  beet   culture.     In  his  writings,  he  clearly  demonstrates  not  only  the  great  bene- 
fits aocuring  to  agriculture,  but  also  to  the  whole  economic  life  of  the  United 
States  through  the  cultivation  of  sugar  beets* 

In  a  short  introduction,-  the  autnor  refers  to  the  history  relating  to  the 
introduction  of  beet   culture  into  the  United  States  and  also  alludes  to  the  dis- 
appointment experiences  by  the  farmer  during  the  first   few  years,   owing  to   the 
fact  that  year  after  year,   the  same  area  was  planted  to  beets  which  naturally  led 
to  the  exhaustion  of  the   soil.     It  was  only  after  they  started  to  follow  the 
example  of  the  great   sugar  producing  countries  of  Europe  by  adhering  to  well 
regulated  crop  rotation,   that   beneficial  results  were  notices,  not  only  in  the 
improvement   of  the  soil  and  the  higher  yields  obtained,  but  also   in  the  increased 
yield  of  cereals. 

The  author  goes   on  to  mention  the   relation  existing  between  the  sugar  industry 
and  the  political  aspect  with  regard  to  this  industry.     He  especially  refers  to 
Germany  and  states  that   by  making  enormous  sacrifices  a  flourishing  sugar  industry 
was  created.     He   contrasts  Germany  with  Great   Britain,  which  is  entirely  dependent 
on  foreign  countries   for   its   supply  of  sugar. 


218 

The  author  maintains  that   in  order  to  strengthen  the  beet  sugar  industry 
and  thereby  contribute  to  the  furtherance  of  the  general  welfare  of  the  agricultural 
population  of  the  United  States,   there  is  but  one  thing  to  do,  and  that  is  to  keep 
a  high  protective  tariff  on  sugar. 

An  excerpt  of  the  speech  made  by  Senator  Lodge  on  the  floor  of  the  United 
States  Senate  on  the  occasion  of  the  contemplated  change  in  the  tariff  on  sugar, 
accompanies  the  introduction  of  the  author's  -work.     The  pamphlet  is  illustrated 
with  a  number  of  photographs,   charts,  etc,,  which  give  an  interesting  insight  into 
conditions  of  production,   consumption,  prices,  wages,  etc.,  of  the  most  important 
beet  sugar  producing  countries  as  compared  with  the  United  States. 

The  author  has  also  embodied  In  his  book  a  few  excerpts  from  the  work  of  well 
known  European  authors  whose  authority  on  beet  culture  and  on  the  sugar  industry  is 
unquestioned.     Let  us  hope  that  Mr.  Palmer's  work  will  be  not  only  a  factor  for 
those  Otiose  mission  it  is  to  further  the  sugar  beet: industry  in  the  United  States, 
but  that  it  will  meet  well  merited  appreciation  from  the  public  in  general,   on 
account  of  the  wealth*  of  information  "Sugar  at   a  Glance"  contains. 


EXCERPT  FROM  LA.  SUGRERIE  INDIGENE  et  OOLONIALE.  JAHAURY  22.  1913. 

SUGAR  AS  FOOD  FOR  MAN  AND  ANIMALS . 

Lecture  Given  before  the  Industrial  Association  of  Amiens,  by  M.  J.  Crochetellef 
Director  of  the  Agronomic  Station  of  the  Department  of  Somme. 

Learned  men  of  all  countries  have  studied  the  question  of  sugar  in  re- 
lation to  food  of  men  and  animals  from  the  time  the  immortal  Lavoisier  pointed 
out  what  part  oxygen  played  in  the  production  of  heat  and  energy  generated 
in  our  organism.   Research  work  was  carried  on  relating  to  the  composition 
of  foodstuffs,  fheir  transformation  in  the  body  and  the  energy,  they  produce. 

The  United  States  has  well  equipped  experiment  stations  for  the  pur- 
pose of  carrying  on  these  interesting  studies.   In  our  country  we  are  indebted 
to  Professor  Grandeau  for  a  considerable  number  of  articles  written  on  the 
subject. 

Professor  Ohauveau  had  added  to  our  knowledge  on  the  subject  in  specify- 
ing the  part  that  hydro- carbonated  substances  pl&y  in  the  assimilation  of  XH*- 
tritive  substances.    The  composition  of  nutritive  substances  has  been  thor- 
oughly studied  by  M.  Baland,  the  well  known  chief  pharmacist  of  the  Army.   Un- 
fortunately, it  seems  that  our  country  does  not  wish  to  be  benefited  by  the  work 
of  its  eminent  masters,  whereas,  the  Americans,  a  practical  people,  par  excellence, 
aPPly  in  their  colleges,  barracks  and  workshops,  the  experience  and  deductions 
obtained  from  that  scientific  work  and  we  seem  to  be  indifferent  about  it. 

The  research  work  of  our  learned  men  has  vastly  helped  us  to  improve 
the  feeding  of  our  animals*  but  we  have  completely  ignored  the  help  science 
offered  us  for  improvements  in  the  nutritition  of  human  beings.    This  is 
singularly  anomalous,  and  it  is  high  time  that  we  compel  our  race  to  produce  the 
maximum  of  energy  of  which  it  is. capable* 


220 


We  "believe  that  a  study  of  scientific  alimentation  and  its  general 
application  to  laboring  classes  would  be  very  beneficial  to  our  country  in 
preventing  the  degeneracy  of  our  race  that  occurs  in  certain  regions,  in 
diminishing  the  ravages  made  by  alcoholism;  finally  to  compensate  to  a 
certain  extent,  by  an  increased  production  of  energy  in  the  individual,  the 
relative  race  suicide  going  on  in  those  regions. 

To  ensure  the  maintenance  of  life  in  animals,  a  regular  supply  of 
new  alimentary  substances  must  be  furnished  them;  these  substances  play 
three  principal  parts,  i.e., 

1.  To  form  new  tissues, 

2.  To  replace  the  waste  of  tissue,  constantly  going  on  in  the  system. 

3*   To  produce  energy  that  is  indispensable  to  life  -  whether  this  energy 
manifests  itself  in- the  shape  of  vital  force,  heat  or  mechanical  energy. 

The  first  two  functions  may  be  going  on  jointly  and  we  will  include 
under  the  head  of  aliments  all  the  tissue  forming  substances,  those  that  can 
furnish  energy,  also  those  that  play  a  two-fold  part. 

The  study  of  alimentation  has  for  its  object  to  investigate  the  chem- 
ical nature  of  foodstuffs  adapted  to  absorption  and  to  the  maintenance  of 
life, the  nutritive  value  of  each,  the  quality  necessary  for  a  thorough  alimen- 
tation, and  lastly,  we  may  add,  the  facility  with  which  the  living  being  can 
procure  for  itself  the  necessary  elements  of  nutritive  value. 

In  considering  the  nutrition  of  mankind,  we  all  know  that  the  varied 
alimentary  substances  are  mixtures  of  numerous  bodies  which  are  separately 
classified  according  to  their  chemical  composition: 

1)      Under  the  head  of  proteic  or  azotized  substances  we  Include  substances 
that  are  analogous  to  the  flesh  of  the  body  such/ albumine  of  the  white  of 


E21 


the  egg,  Casein  of  milk,  legumine,  etc. 

2)  Under  the  head  of  hyduocarbonated  substances  we  include  those  that 
contain  no  longer  azote;  they  principally  consist  of  carbon,  in  combination 
with  the  elements  of  water.    These  are  real  combustibles  such  as  starch, 
amylaceous  substances  of  plants,  farina,  sugar,  and  we  may  likewise  add, 
alcohol. 

3)  Fatty  substances  as  their  name  indicates  such  as  oils,  fats,  butter 
and  fatty  acids. 

4)  Mineral  substances  which  include  mineral  salts  and  water  making  up 
70$  of  our  bodiesj  the  principal  ones  of  these  are  chloride  of  sodium,  sea 
salt,  carbonate  and  phosphate  of  lime,  of  which  the  bony  frame  of  our  body  is 
made  up. 

For  the  present,  we  will  only  discuss  the  three  first  classes  of  ali- 
mentary substances. 

Until  rsceat  years  long  and  tedious  discussions  v/ere  carried  on 
daily  on  the  subject  of  different  kinds  of  foodj  physiologists,  chemists, 
and  technical  men  who  made  aniroal  chemistry  their  study  took  part  in  those  _ 
polite  discussions  and  although  some  of  the  fighting  adversaries  have  not  yet 
been  disarmed,  we  believe  that  some  light  is  going  to  be  thrown  on  the  sub- 
ject by  Professor  Chauveau,  who,  for  many  years  past  has  investigated  the  part 
sugar  plays  in  nutrHion,  by  assimilation,  in  human  beings  and  animals. 
SUGARY  SUBSTMGESt 

"The  glucose  of  grape  sugar  is  a  direct  aliment  for  muscular  work. 
( Laulanie ) " . 

The  muscle o,  whilst  working,  consume  sugar  in  the  shape  of  glycogene 
(a  substance  that  generates  glucose).    By  experiments,  it  has  been  proven 
that  the  production  of  sugar  in  the  liver  is  promoted  during  working  hours 


222 


and  during  a  consecutive  period;  muscular  contractions  and  the  physiological 
work  of  the  muscles  are  sources  of  heat  that  help  to  a  large  extent  to  make 
up  animal  heat. 

The  activity  of  the  muscles  is  permanent  in  the  immobility  of  re- 
pose. They  act  silently  -  transform  energy,  and  constitute  one  of  the  most 
important  sources  of  animal  heat.    It  is  estimated  that  they  furnish  three- 
fourths  of  the  total  of  glycogene. 

It  is  therefore  from  hydro carbonated  substances  (sugar,  starch,  al- 
cohol), that  the  bodily  system  draws  the  direct  aliment  for  the  needed  ten>- 
perature  and  for  its  muscular  contractions.    These  substances  that  formerly 
used  to  be  known  under  the  name  of "respiratory  principles"  are  now  known 
as  sources  of  muscular  energy. 

FATS;   Fats  are  reserve  substances  of  energy  that  are  drawn  upon  to  intervene 
when  the  system  is  not  furnished  with  sufficient  hydrocarbonated  elements; 
they  likewise  intervene  whilst  normal  work  of  the  body  is  carried  on  and 
during  consecutive  states  of  rest,  in  order  to  renew  the  waste  of  glucose* 
ALBUMINQIDES;    Sugar,  is  the  aliment  of  Force  (strength);  Protein  is  the 
aliment  of  matter;  that  is  to  say  if  sugar-  produces  force,  azotized  substances 
supply  the  necessary  butritive  elements  for  building  up  our  bodies.   Matter  of 
which  our  body  is  made  up  is  undergoing  a  continual  waste  even  whilst  we  are 
resting;  we  must  not  only  furnish  the  fuel  necessary  to  drive  the  machine, 
we  must  keep. this  machine  in  good  working  order,  and  by  taking  good  care  of 
it,  make  sur*  that  it  will  perform  its  work  satisfactorily. 

Azotized  substances  have  still  another  part  to  play;  through  oxydation 
these  can  be  Ijrans formed  into  hydrates  of  carbon  and  into  fats,  their  azote 
"being  eliminated  during  their  transformation.    In  consequence  of  this  transfor- 


223 


mat  ion  Proteine  becomes  a  source  of  energy,  but  the  experiments  made  by  Chauveau 
proved  that  azotized  substances  are  not  directly  productive  of  energy  -  that 
proteic  substances  do  not  furnish  any  of  their  constituent  substances  towards 
muscular  activity.     Their  energetic  function  is  a  result  of  their  transfor- 
mation into  hydrates  of  carbon- 
All  the  immediate  operative  causes  are  capable  of  aiding  the  transforma- 
tory  operations  of  the  liver  with  glycogene.    In  giving  hydrates- of  carbon 
we  save  the  human  system  the  trouble  of  manufacturing  these  with  other  things; 
but  let  us  also  furnish  Protein  so  as  to  keep  the  digestive  apparatus  in  good 
working  order  and  make  sure  of  the  digestibility  of  the  greater  part  of  any 
ration  taken  into  the  system. 

In  consequence,  of  this  knowledge  acquired  mostly  during  recent  years, 
sugar  has  been  recommended  as  being  a  valuable  addition  to  alimentation  and 
mankind  realizing  its  beneficial  effects  upon  the  body,  consumption  of  sugar 
in  one  form  or  another  has  gone  up  by  leaps  and  bounds. 

As  regards  the  effect  of  sugary  food  upon  human  beings,  we  have  only 
a  limited  number  of  experiments  to  relate, one  of  these  being  the  fact  that  be- 
fore a  bayonet  charge  soldiera  were  supplied  with         sugar  rations  or 
rations,  very  rich  in  sugar,  and  the  fury  of  the  massacre  that  followed  in  the 
ranks  of  the  enemy  was  mainly  due  to  the  energy  supplied  by  sugar \  and  I  believe 
that  learning  a  lesson  from  the  soldier  on  the  battlefield  we  ought  to  supply 
our  working  men  with  plenty  of  sugar  to  enable  them  to  perform  their  work  more 
effectually. 

The  substitution  of  sugar,  preserves  jellies,  etc.,  to  alcohol,  would 
be  of  great  benefit  to  humanity  and  we  could  be  successful  in  this  if  we  were 
to  enlighten  mankind  on  the  subject  of  sugar  and  sugary  foodstuffs,  and  how 
to  use  them  rationally. 


284 


The  Department  of  the  Somme  has  a  traveling  school  with  headquarters 
at  Amiens;  this  mebryonic  means  of  instruction  will  be  the  starting  point 
for  a  vast  improvement  in  the  rational  of  our  working  classes.   We  no  longer 
believe  the  fairy  tale  in  which  we  are  told  that  sugar  causes  "toothache". 
Ever  since  sugar  has  been  produced  in  France,,  animals1  fodder  was  mixed  with 
residuary  molasses. 

Prominent  men,  like  the  Marquis  of  Havrincourt,  Tetaro  de  Gonesse, 
Decombecques,  Sarrazin  de  Mesbrecourt,  used  molasses  in  their  food  mixed  with 
rice  flour,  boiled  cereals,  etc. 

The  Germans  showed  us  the  way  to  use  sugar  in  oat  tie  fodder  -  and 
we  were  forced  into  following  their  footsteps  in  consequence  of  a  crisis 
that  occurred  (about  1895)  -  ( extraordinary  fall  in  prices  by  reason  of  over- 
production).   Prejudices  existing  until  then  against  using  sugar  or  molasses 
for  animal  fodder  were  removed  by  the  convincing  arguments  of  Strohmer,  Gon- 
nermann,  Kellner,  Schulze,  Grandeau,  .Sanson  and  Malleve.   All  of  these  learned 
men  proved  that  sugar  played  a  very  important  part  in  alimentation.   At  first, 
plain  molasses  was  givgn  to  animals,  but  very  soon  it  was  found  that  it  was  more 
advantageous  to  mix  it  thoroughly  with  an  absorbent  containing  more  or  less  nu- 
tritive, elements. 

Molasses  always  has  the  same  constituent  parts,  namely: 

Water  . . , from  23%  to  35$ 

Sugar  (total)  45$  to  50$ 

Organic  matter  . 15$  to  25$ 

Mineral  substances 9$  to  12$ 

Half  of  the  mineral  substances  consist  of  potassium  and  soda,  but  a  maximum 
quantity  of  40  to  50  granmes  which  animals  /conveniently  digest  if  mixed  in  one 
normal  ration  does  not  harm  them. 


225 


Azotized  matter  mainly  consists  of  Asparagine,  Betaine  and  other 
amide  composite  that  are  generated  in  the  course  of  carbonatation.   Molasses 
do  not  contain  any  albuminoid  substances  because  the  combined  action  of  heat 
and  lime  causes  their  coagulation*   It  is  therefore  proved  that  molasses, 
apart  from  its  supplying  hydrates  of  carbon  has  no  other  nutritive  value.  We 
may  add,  however,  that  they  are  essentially  soluble  and  consequently  very  di- 
gestible* 

Animal  fodder  substances  usually  mixed  with  molasses  may  be  divided 
into  two  classes.   Those  that,  in  addition  to  their  absorbent  power,  contain 
nutritive  elements  and  others  that  have  no  food  value  whatsoever, 

One  of  the  most  interesting  consistent  substances  which  is  found  in  the 
first  class  is  undoubtedly  kiln  malt  of  breweries,  the  average  composition  of 
which  is: 

According  to  Grande au  According  to 

analysis* 

Humidity                                                                              11.8  9.60 

Ashes                                                                                          7.6  7.45 

Azotized  Matter                                                                23.3  24.06 

Amylaceous  Matter                                                            42.8  24.06 

Fat                                                                                           2.1  0.45 

Cellulose  12.4  17.05 

i 

In  addition  to  its  good  nutritive  value  it  has  a  minimum  absorbent 

power  equal  to  three  times  its  weight.      At  an  experiment  made  at  our  station, 

/  /  ^^ 
we  were  enabled  to  incorporate  330  grantees  (  0*2%0iib}     Molasses  to  100  grammes 

(  0.  *h%otr(o}   of  kiln  malt  which  M.  Delaport,  a  brewer  at  Amiens  had  kindly  placed 
at  our  disposal.       We  may  also  mention  i'arina,   rrom  diverse  grains,   beans,  rice, 
oats,  marc  of  grapes  and  apples. 

Mons.   Saillard  mentions  a  molasses  fodder  with  a  base   from  the  residue 
of  creameries  obtained,  from  the  precipitation  of  Casein  of  Milk,   the  clabber 
obtained  is  subjected  to  pressure  and  other  nutritive   substances  are  added  such 


226 


as  Oil, Cake,  rice,  bran,  etc*,   A  highly  concerntrated  aliment  is  thus  obtained 
which  has  a  co-efficient  of  digestibility  to  a  marked  degree* 

In  the  second  class  we  find  the  shells  of  peanuts,  of  cacoa  and  coffee; 
although  these  substances  have  a  pretty  good  chemical  composition  they  have  only 
a  slight  alimentary  value  (the  coefficient  of  digetibility  is  zero)* 

Grandeau  gives  the  following  values: 

Coffee  husks,  interior  and  exterior  covering  with  no  nutritive  value, 
rich  in  cellulose.   Peanut  shells  -  alimentary  value  nil*   Cacao-bean  shells 
with  a  small  portion  of  nutritive  value  which  may  be  compared  with  the  straw 
from  winter  cereals;  in  this  class  we  may  put  turf  which  has  a  great  absorbent 
power  which  according  to  Quillard  and  Pellet  is  as  follows: 

Raw  cellulose  ••• .£7*70 

Saccharistine  Cellulose  •*.. 5*60 

Azotized  Matter 4.11 

Ashes  •• 1.50 

Undefined  substances ........••27*35 

Humic  (relating  to  Humus) substances  ..23.04 

With  this  a  molasses  peat  is  obtained  which  contains: 

Molasses  •*. 86  to  87% 

Peat  in  a  dry  state 13  "  1A% 

Messrs.  Quillard  and  Pellet  who  have  studied  this  question  exhaustively 
have  found  that  peat  possessed  certain  remarkable  qualities  especially  that  of 
absorbing  Potassium  and  Soda.   This  fact  has  been  established  by  Sidersky  and 
the  experiments  made  by  Saillard  have  likewise  confirmed  it.   In  fact,  M.  Sail- 


combination.  Mons.  Quillard  and  Pellet  have  found  that  humates  of  potash 
and  soda  are  non-hydroscopic  and  for  that  reason  they  can  be  kept  in  storage  for 
an  indefinite  time. 


227 


Schulze.  among  other  German  authors,  also  says  that  molasses  can  be 
preserved  indefinitely,  and  as  regards  molasses  fodder,  the  conclusion  is  as 
follows:- 

1}     When  the  water  content  is  high,  forrage  is  liable  to  deteriorate* this  de- 
ter i  or  i  at  ion  is  more  rapid  in  summer. 

2)  Molasses  peat  scarcely  undergoes  any  change* 

3)  In  order  to  make  then  keep  well,  humidity  must  be  kept  if  possible  under 
20%  else  the  sugar  will  deteriorate*  Last  year,  we  ourselves,  analyzed  a  sample 
of  old  molasses  (taken  out  from  several  flasks)  and  to  our  greatest  surprise 

we  found  scarcely  any  sugar  in  it. 

One  of  the  objects  we  have  in  view  is  to  make  a  comparative  study 
of  molasses  fodder  and  its  varied  combinations  with  nutritive  and  non-nutritive 
substances. 


228 

(translation  from  the  French) 

FROM  THE  MONTHLY  REVUE,  PARIS,  FRANCE, 
79  Boule-ward  St.  Germain. 

LECTURE  POUR  TOUS* 
SILK  AMD  SUGAR. 


The  crushing  victory  according  to  the  1'Revue  Universelle" 
which  the  Democrats  obtained  is  essentially  a  French  victory.   Our  earport 
trade  haa  suffered  largely  in  consequence  of  the  Customs  Tariff  passed 
under  the  McKinley  administration. 

As  the  Wilson  program. embodies  a  solemn  promise,  we  are 

sure  that  a  radical  reform  with  the  American  tariff  policy  will  take  place, 
a  reform  which  will  react  beneficially  on  our  own  industries. 

The  seven  year  period  of  the  fat  cows  of  the  Trust  is  at  an  end, 
they  have  been  swept  away  with  the  party  that  fattened  them.   Our  French 
'industry  which  hitherto  had  to  fight  against  the  powerful  American  trusts 
will  be  able  to  take  the  offensive  on  American  soil,  and  we  Frenchmen  have 
come  again  into  our  own,  become  again  as  of  old,  the  masters  of  the  markets 
of  the  world  v&ich  rightfully  belong  to  us  and  be  able  to  fight  successfully, 
American  competition,  for  we  consider  the  civilized  world  as  one  large 
family,  all  the  members  of  which  ought  to  have  their  respective  interests 
in  common  and  the  election  of  Mr.  Wilson  is  an  event,  the  economic  importance 
and  advantage  of  which,  for  France,  cannot  be  overestimated. 


229 


SXCEBP?  FROM  PIS  PSUTSGHS  ZUCKEfllKDUSTHIB.  JAN.  31.  1913.        p.  97 

WHAT  IS  THE  COST  OF  PRODUCTION  OF  1  POUND  OF  CAKES  SUGAR  IN 

CUBA. 


Much  has  been  written  about  the  low  cost  of  production  of  sugar  in 
Guba.   Reports  and  opinions  about  this  vary  greatly,  and  it  is  difficult 
to  get  a  uniform  average  for  the  whole  of  Guba.    Many  reports  are  as  "in- 
oorrect"  as  the  calculations  by  rule  of  thumb  which  distinguishes  Americans 
in  general,  as  for  instance  the  assertion  that  a  Cuban  Cane  Sugar  Factory 
with  cane  lands  belonging  to  it  was  worth  ten  times  as  much  in  dollars  as 
there  are. bags  of  sugar  produced. 

If,  during  three  consecutive  campaigns,  a  factory  produces  100.000 
bags  of  sugar,  then  a  million  dollars  would  be  a  fair  value  of  the  factory. 
These  figures  are  superficial  and  seldom  correct.   The  American  Consul  in 
Havana,  makes  the  same  kind  of  mistakes  when  he  informs  his  countrymen  that 
Cuban  sugar  plantations  and  cane  nails  usually  pay  15%  on  their  capital. 
Of  course,  there  are  factories  that  pay  25  to  30/£  on  the  capital  invested, 
but  profits  fluctuate  with  prices  and  the  general  condition  of  stocks,  etc*; 
such  profits  depending  on  many  factors  operating  independently  of  each  other. 
Some  of  these  factors  are  the  agreement  with  reference  to  cane  deliveries, 
management  of  the  establishment,  geographical  situation,  disturbances  due 
to  conflagrations  and  other  causes  entailing  enforced  idleness  and  not  -the 
least  of  these  factors  is  the  yield  of  sugar. 

I  will  do  my  best  to  base  my  calculations  for  this  report  on  actual 
factory  records  that  are  unfortunately  never  published  so  as  to  give  you 
a  true  picture  of  what  the  cost  of  production  really  is. 

It  is  a  well  known  fact  that  factories  situated  on  the  coast,  owning 

ample  and  good  cane  land,  obtain  low  freight  rates  for  sugar  and  material 


230 


shipped  to  the  factory,  and  are  in  a  better  position  than  factories  situated 
in  the  interior  of  the  island,  where  means  of  transportation  facilities  are 
scant  and  where  high  charges  obtain  for  transportation  of  wood,  sugar,  etc. 

Furthermore,  we  must  take  into  consideration  whether  the  factory 
is  located  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Island  or  in  the  old  cane  producing 
district  of  Matanzas,  where  60  year 3  of  continuous  cane  culture  without 
allowing  the  land  to  lie  fallow  or  rotate,  has  almost  exhausted  the  soil, 
and  where  the  soil  is  what  may  be  called  "Cane-fatigued",    Most  of  the 
land  in  the  East  is  still  virgin  soil,  and  a  higher  yield  is  obtained  there 
without  any  thorough  method  of  cultivation.   In  addition  to  higher  yields, 
newly  planted  cane  lands  show  better  and  purer  juice  quotients;  here, 
eight  years  usually  elapses  before  having  to  replant  the  cane,  whereas,  in 
the  Santa  Clara  Province  replanting  has  to  be  done  every  5  to  6  years*   Then 
it  depends  whether  the  land  belongs  to  the  factories  or  to  small  planters 
who  get  fixed  prices  for  their  sugar  cane.    If  the  former,  then  the  cost 
of  production  naturally  will  be  cheaper.   The  factory  can  only  then  work 
its  own  fields  to  advantage  when  cheap  labor  can  bs  hart  in  abundance  and 
when  the  management  is  in  capable  hands.   If  such  is  the  case,  then  it  is 
better  to  let  the  small  farmer  or  colonist  do  the  planting  and  clearing  the 
cane-fields,  who  will  invariably  -  working  independently  of  each  other  - 
make  efforts  to  raise,  and  deliver  cane  of  better  quality*   Colonists  are 
very  seldom  joint  shareholders  with  the  factory  as  is  often  the  case  with 
German  beet  growers. 

An  important  item  in  the  cost  of  production  is  that  of  transporta- 
tion; if  the  factory  has  its  own  railroad,  that  item  will  be  low;  if,  how- 
ever, large  quantities  of  cane  have  to  be  shipped  by  rail  from  distant  points 
that  item  will  be  high.    Operating  expenses  are  about  the  same  in  all  modern 
factories. 


231 


Old  factories,  with  inferior  equipment,  with  faulty  evaporation 
and  juice  extraction  apparatus  will  keep  the  extraction  as  low  as  75$  with 
a  correspondingly  low  rendement. 

I  succeeded  in  figuring  a  grand  total  rendement  of  11$,  polari- 
zation 96  degrees,  averaging  5  arrobas  of  sugar,  that  figure  being  made  as 
payment  by  the  factory  for  every  100  arrobas  of  sugar  cane. 

The  factories  (situated  in  Different  districts)  show  the  cost  of 
production  delivered  at  the  nearest  port  (net  price  in  port  not  f.  o.  b.) 
of  Cuba  including  cane,  wages,  bags,  taxes  and  all  operating  expense  without 
any  profit  what s over  2.04  centavos  Spanish  gold  per  pound  or  500  grammes 
1/2  kilo  m  7.96  pfenigs  equal  to  $0.01.55.348  per  pound  avoirdupois. 

These  figures  correspond  with  the  usual  cost-tables  kept  in  Spanish 
and  Cuban  factories  where,  taking  sugar  at  5  reales  s  $8.125  per  bag  « 
with  a  rendement  of  96  degrees  net  profits  should  be  2  Spanish  gold  dollars 
(per  325  Ibs.  Spanish).   Thus  from  the  $8.125  we  take  6.125,  leaving  $2.00, 
and  there  will  be  a  cost  of  production  of  3.77  reales  per  arroba.  If  the 
price  of  sugar  delivered  in  port  falls  to  3.77  reales  per  arroba,  then  the 
majority  of  Cuban  factories  will  be  unable  to  make  any  money. 

American  factories  in  Cuba  calculate,  with  a  10$  rendement  (96  de~ 
gree  polarization)  sugar  as  being  produced  at  1.5  cents  per  American  pound  s 
6.95  pfenig  a  metric  pound  (500  grammes)  -  but  this  is  1  pfenig  per  pound 
less  than  my  calculations  run  to,  but  we  must  bear  in  mind  that  American 
factories  equipped  with  modern  machinery  and  with  a  large  capital  at  their 
disposal,  buy  their  coal,  bags,  etc.,  wholesale;  pay  no  interest  on  loans, 
and  with  otner  economic  advantages  over  Spanish  and  Cuban  factories,  may, 
under  favorable  conditions,  reduce  their  cost  of  production  by  one  pfenig 
per  pound  (1/4  cent  per  pound). 


332 


The  larger  the  factory  and  the  more  cane  they  can  use  within  a 
given  period,  the  lower  will  be  their  average  expenditure  for  wages,  lu- 
bricating oils,  etc. 

For  the  last  6  years  wages  have  gone  up  steadily  until  they  are 
now  5Cg£  higher  than  they  were  in  1906.   Prices  of  sugar  bags  have  gone  up 
23%.   Of  course,  these  items  are  equalized  by  increased  efficiency  and  speed 
in  operating  the  mills,  by  the  adoption  of  improved  methods  and  by  a  higher 
rendement.   Fluctuations  in  gross  and  net  profits  realized  by  the  fac- 
tories correspond  with  the  fluctuation  of  prices  for  sugar* 

Enormous  profits  are  made  by  factories  as  soon  as  the  price  of  sugar 
per  arroba  exceeds  5  or  6  reales  (2.4  cents  and  2*8  cents  per  Ib. ).  Whereas 
Berlin  capitalists  have  already  made  some  investments  in  municipal  electric 
stations  at  Matanzas  and  Cardenas,  etc*,  it  would  be  desirable  to  see  in 
the  near  future  capital  invested  in  Cuban  sugar  plantations  -  before  the 
American  will  have  cornered  all  the  good  things  going.    At  this  time  of 
writing,  I  find  that  36$  of  all  cane  mills  are  controlled  by  Americans  and 
Canadians o 


oOo- 


£33 


"SUGAR  AT  A  GLANCE" 
EXCERPT  FROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUCKERIUWJSTRIE,  FEBRUARY  7,  1913. 


Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer,  the  valiant  champion  of  the 
Beet  Sugar  Industry,  in  his  "Sugar  at  a  Glance"  makes  a  final  effort  and  appeal 
to  the  Senate,  to  prevent  that  body  from  taking  steps  prejudicial  to  the  culture 
of  beets  and  to  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry  in  general,  a  prejudice  which  is  natu- 
rally feared  by  the  latter  body,  for  it  might  abolish  the  tariff  on  sugar. 

The  author  has  shown  very  effectively,  by  charts  and  curves,  the 
gradual  development  of  the  world's  sugar  industry  and  the  complex  questions  re- 
lating thereto.   His  booklet  is  an  excellent,  impressive  work,  and  its  purpose 
is  well  planned.   He  has  handled  the  subject  with  great  cleverness,  and  the 
instrument  is  so  carefully  executed  that  the  Senate  has  honored  him  In  embodying 
it  in  their  official  records.   We  believe  that,  to  a  certain  extent,  the  author 
will  accomplish  the  object  he  has  in  view. 

However,  we  are  in  duty  bound  to  refer  to  the  item  of  "wages"  which 
he  claims  are  paid  on  the  .American  Sugar  Beet  farms.    He  states  that  the  wage 
is  $2-.  60  per  day,  while  that  on  the  German  Sugar  Beet  farm  is  47  cents  per  day. 
He  seems  to  put  the  wages  for  America  too  high  and  those  for  Germany  too  low. 
He  also  states  that  field  laborers  earn  $2.60  (Mks.  1092)  per  day  and  that  facto- 
ry workers  earn  $2.99  (12.56  Marks)  per  day.    This  refers  to  a  stretch  of 
country  from  Michigan  to  California,  the  central  and  western  parts  of  the  United 
States. 

In  considering  this  wage  question,  we  believe  we  are  right  in  as- 
suming that  no  matter  how  high  the  wage  might  be,  the  rate  could  not  be  higher 
than  it  Is  in  Pennsylvania,  one  of  the  richest  industrial  States  in  the  Union. 
According  to  official  reports  of  the  German  Consul  for  1909,  workmen  in  Penn- 
sylvania Cement  factories  receive  $1.65  per  day,  *  (Mks.  6.85),  and  it  seems 
rather  strange  that  North  American  Beet  Planters  should  be  forced  to  pay  one  dol- 
lar more  per  day  than  the  Cement  manufacturers  of  Pennsylvania. 

We  also  wish  to  call  Mr.  Palmer's  attention  to  the  fact,  that  Thaer 
was  not  an  English  Agriculturist,  but  a  good,  full-blooded  German,  he  having  the 
distinction  of  being  the  founder  of  our  "Rational  System  of  Agriculture",  a  man 
with  whom  we  are  loath  to  part. 

We  do  not  in  any  way  wish  to  direct  these  criticisms  against  the 
whole  or  Mr.  Palmer's  book,  for  in  countries  who  have  an  eye  on  American  condi- 
tions with  respect  to  the  sugar  industry,  his  work  deserves  well-earned  consider- 
ation. 


oOo 


234 

(Translation  fron  German) 


EXCERPT  ?ROM  PIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUCKERHTOJaflRTB  .  FEB.   7.   1915.    (Page  117) 

Mr*  Stefan  Richter  Central  Director  of  the  Domaines  (Estates  of 
Rossitz-Eichhorn)   reported  to  the  Sugar  Industry  at  Brunn,  Moravia,  his 
results  of  strict  book-keeping  carried  on  during  several  years,   and  as  very 
little  was  hitherto  known  about  the  exact  costs  of  production  in  Austria,  we 
are-  therefore  indebted  to  Mr.  Riohter  for  hia  information  about  production 
which  he  is  ready  to  prove  by  granting  the  privilege  of  inspecting  his  books 
to  any  one  who  may  care  to  do  so* 

COST  OF  PRODUCTION  FEE  HECTARE  ABD  DQUTtt.T?  2SHSHER 

OF  BSET3. 

Minimum  of  working  one  hectare  (2047104  acres)  of  beets  458  Kronen 
($92*97)   equal  to  $37*62  cents  per  acre.       To  produce  one  double  zentner 
beets  (220  Ibs.)  an  average  of  expense  of  1*89  Kronen  ($3.48  at  the   farm 
per  short  ton)   was  incurred. 

For  1  double  Zentner  (220  Ibs.)    Sugar  6.7  double  aentner  beets  are 
necessary.     When  you  then  deduct  1.5%  molasses,   i.e.,  6.7  x  1.5  »  10  Kg. 
at  8  heller  per  Kg.  -  it  will  give  you  80  hellers  per  100  Kg.  of  Sugar  * 
|1.50  per  short  ton. 

Freight,  Seed,  Manufacturing  tax.  Return  freight  of  Pulp,   and  all 
other  incidental  expenses,  4  Kronen  per  100  Kg*  «  ($7.30  per  short  ton  of 

sugar). 

GRAM)  TOTAL  OF  COST  OF  PRODUCTION. 

Maximum  of  100  Kg.  of  sugar       a)   26  kronen  =  ($5.27  per  100  Kg.)  per  short  ton  $47.90 
Minimum     "  "  b)    22       «         =   ($4*46     «         "     n  )      "         "         "     40.14 


£35 


In  1911-  IE  large  sales  were  made  in  advance  and  those  who  could  not 
produce  their  sugar  at  22  kronen  or  less,  could  not  make  any  appreciable   • 
profit.   Fortunately,  in  December,  1912,  sugar  prices  took  an  upward  trend 
to  the  extent  of  1  Krone  per  100  Kge.  or  ($1.26  per  short  ton). 


BXCBBPT  FROM  THE  JOUBNAL  dee  FABRICANI3  de  SUOKB. EBB.  12/15 

PROVINCE  OF  3AKQNY. 
Bxcerpt  from  Leading  Article. 

In  consequence  of  better  offers  having  been  made  for  beets  by 
i 

the  factories  it  is  not  likely  that  a  diminution  of  acreage  to  beets  will 
occur  in  Germany  (Province  of  Saxony )f  therefore  1  M.  to  Mk.1.10  for  50  Kg. 
of  beets  will  be  paid  (equal  to  $4.31  per  short  ton);  in  addition  the  grow- 
er is  to  receive  50$  of  pulp. 


p  rr  /; 

(Translation  from  the  French) 

EXCERPT  FBOM  THE  SUGRERIB  BELGS.  FEBRUARY  15.  1915.  PAGE  269.  • 

DOSAGE  330  SUCRS  HANS  la  BKTTEBAYE. 
.     WEIGHING  THE  INGREDIENTS  OF  SUGAR  IN  THE  BEET. 

UNIFORM  METHODS  OF  SUGAR  ANALYSIS, 

By  F.  Strohraer. 

Ever  since  the  introduction  of  •  chemical  supervision  in  sugar  factories, 
a  supervision  which  could  be  developed  only  through  the  application  of  the 
polariraetric  method  for  the  determination  of  the  sugar  content  has  been 
facilitated,  and  beet  analysis  for  sugar  has  become  one  of  the  most  important 
questions  in  connection  with  the  sugar  industry*    This  question  hae  been 
discussed  by  numerous  learned  men  and  if  I  were  to  explain  in  detail,  all  the 
experiments  made  by  them  in  this  connection,  it  would  take  me  several  hours  • 
to  do  it;  but  such  a  report  is  not  necessary  at  the  present  meeting,  and  the 
names  of  the  members  of  this  Commission  constitute  ample  guarantees  for  the 
improvement  in  the  method  of  analyses  of  sugar  content  in  the  beet;  the  ad- 
vantages and  disadvantages  of  each  are  well  known  to  you  and  consequently 
I  can  bring  forward  direct,  positive  propositions* 

As  an  introduction  to  my  remarks,  I  may  state,  that  the  methods 
proposed  for  analyses  of  the  sugar  beet  to  determine  its  sugar  content  may 
chronologically  be  divided  into  three  groups. 

1)     The  method  on  pressed  juice; 
2}      "    "    of  extraction; 
3)      "    "    of  digestion. 

The  method  of  juice  obtained  by  pressure  consists  in  converting 
the  beets  to  be  analyzed  into  raspings  and  to  submit  them  to  pressure.   The 
sugar  in  the  juice  thus  obtained  is  weighed  and  calculated  on.  100/£  of  beet 


237 


by  means  of  a  co-efficient. 

This  method  was  found  to  "be   inexact,   Sachs,   Stammer  and  myself, 
experimented  according  to  this  method  and  we  found  that  the   composition  of  the 
juice   differed  according  to  the  manner  in  which  it  was  obtained,as  there   is 
no  -uniform  way  of  obtaining  the  juice  *   neither  is   there  any  way  of  applying 
invariably  the   same  co-efficient. 

The  method  employed  with  pressed  juice  had, however,  its  rail  son 
d'etre  { justification)    so  long  as  the  process  of  pressing  the   juice  served 
as  a  basis  of  juice  production  in  manufacturing  operations  and  consequently 
these  two  methods  harmonized  with  each  other. 

At  present,   this  method( the   same  as   the  process  by  pressure)   has  been 
entirely  abandoned 

The  method  of  extraction  consists  in  extracting  the  sugar  from  the 
raspings  by  something  that  dissolves  the  sugar  but   does  not  dissolve  the  non- 
sugary  substances,  which  are  visibly  active   during  the  experiments,  and  to 
determine  this  extract  by  polarization. 

The  moat  important  of  these  methods  was  the  alcoholic  extraction  of 
Seheibler  which  is  still  consictered,  even  today,  as  the  surest,  for  the  purpose 
of  determining  the  sugar  content  of  the   beet  and  is   the  only  method  that 
should  be  employed  in  experiment 8  of  a  purely  scientific  nature.       It  is, 
however,  too  difficult  and  too  complicated  for  practical  purposes  in  general  - 
and  for  manufacturing  purposes  in  particular. 

The  methods  of  digestion  are  based  on  this  principle!     that  raspings 
of  beet  rasped  as  finely  as  possible  are  digested  by  means  of  alcohol  or 
water  -  cold  or  warm.       The  length  of  true  required  for  aqueous  or  alcolholic 
digestion  depends  upon  the  fineness  of  the  raspings;     then  a  certain  volume 
of  water  or  alcohol,   is  added  to  the  beet  raspings  according  to  the  volume 


S38 


of  beet  sub  stance,  and  the   sugar  content  is  determined  from  the  strained  mixture 
that  has  been  digested.       These  very  methods  of  digestion  were  employed  in  num- 
erous experiments  during  the  last  few  years,  demanding  laborious  scientific 
research  work,  and  the  results  are  well  known  by  all  members  of  this  Inter- 
national Commission. 

The  methods  of  alcoholic  digestion  ore  no  longer  used  and  aqueous 
digestion  as  initiated  by  H.  ?ellet,   is   the  only  method  now  generally  in 
use*       Numerous  experiments  conducted  according  to  Pellet's  principle  have 
proved  this  to  be  the  exact  method  -  which,  moreover,   corresponds  with  the 
modern  method  of  juice  extraction  during  actual  operations  in  beet  sugar  facto- 
ries and  in  the  presence  of  so  many  serious  minded  men  gatheredbere,   I  will  leave 
out  of  the  question  the  fanciful  conceptions  of  so-called  sugar  revealed 
to  us  lately  by  R.  Chappelle's  theory. 

At  the  present  time,  no  difference  of  opinion  exists  on  this  subject 
except  on  one  point: 

1)  Whether  we  should  add  a  certain  quantity  of  water  to  a  given  mass  of 
beet  rasping; 

2)  Or  add  a  certain  quantity  of  raspings  to  a  given  volume  of  water. 

Personally,  I  believe  that  the  method  advocated  by  Kaiser  and  Lewenberg 
(Listy  Cukrovarnicke)     and  emphasized  by  Sachs,   is  the  right  one,  namely  to  add 
a  given  quantity  of  water  to  a  given  mass  of  beet  gratings,   and  I  hope  that  most 
of  my  colleagues  hore  will  share  my  views  on  the   subject. 

This  method  eliminates  the  principal  source  of  errors  in  regard  to 
volume,   errors  due  to  the  existence  of  air  in  the  juice. 

On  the  other  hand,   if  we  wish  to  become  independent  of  the  composition 

of  the  raspings,  as  far  as  their  degree  of  fineness  to  which  they  were  reduced 


239 


is  concerned,  the  application  of  heat  is  advisable. 

However,  great  care  should  Toe  exercised  in  this  matter  of  heat,  other- 
wise it  may  happen  that  ingredients  visibly  active  may  in  consequence  of  an 
excessive  heat  dissolve  in  such  quantities  that  they  could  no  longer  be  com- 
pletely  precipitated  by  the  amount  of  clarifying  matter  used  (sub  acetate  of 
lead) . 

All  these  conditions  are  fulfilled  by  the  method  employed  by  the 
Institute  of  the  Germany  Sugar  Industry;  the  Commission  appointed  by  the 
German  Sugar  Industry,  the  Association  for  Agricultural  Laboratory  research 
work  of  Austria,  by  the  Commission  of  Russian  sugar  factory  chemists  have 
adopted  this  method  and  we  may  say  it  bears  now  the  stamp  of  international 
approval. 

We,  ourselves,  have  used  this  method  for  the  last  two  years  in  our 
weekly  investigations  which  we  made  for  the  International  Commission  of  Sugar 
Statistics  during  the  period  of  progressive  beet  improvement  and  with  a  varied 
number  of  samples  sent  us  from  different  countries  for  experimental  purposes, 
and  with  beets  that  were  in  different  stages  of  maturity. 

Based  on  my  experiments,  I  propose  that  the  International  Commission 
make  this  method  compulsory  to  determine  the  sugar  content  of  the  beet. 

In  regard  to  the  apparatus  to  be  used  (which,  however,  changes  nothing 
in  the  principle  of  the  method)  it  is  entirely  a  matter  of  taste;  we  nave 
found  out  that  all  classes  of  apparatus  submitted  for  this  purpose  enabled 
us  to  arrive  at  exactly  the  same  results  when  the  apparatuses  were  well  construct- 
ed. 

I  herewith  submit  for  your  guidance,  the  following  points  to  keep  in 

mind  when  using  this  method: 


240 


The  normal  quantity  of  raspings  is  weighed  in  a  metallic  tube 
which  is  introduced  into  a  dry  iron  flask  the  opening  of  which  could  be  closed 
when  needed,   177  cc.  water  containing  sub-acetate  of  lead  is  added  (25  cc. 
of  S/A  of  lead  for   each  liter  of  water) .     Shake  the  metallic  flask  that  now 
is  closed  and  heat     30  minutes,   putting! t  into  a  water  bath  at  a  temperature 
of  75  -  80°;     then  let  it  cool  to  20°,  then  shake;     then  filter  by  means  of 
a  dry  filter  and  polarize  the  filtered  mass. 

The  use  of  a  tube  of  400  millimeters  is  recommended.       It  is  advisable 
to  have  a  large  quantity  of  metallic  receptacles  of  equal  weight  so  as  not  to 
have  fco  ascertain  the  tare  each  time  a  tube  is  used. 

We  likewise, would  advise  to  follow  the  instructions  of  LeDoct   (Process 
Sachs  -  LeDoct) ,   in  regard  to  metallic  flasks  and  for  the  proper  construction 
of  the  percolating  tube  containing  water  and  sub-acetate.     This  method  does 
not  necessitate  an  extraordinary  fineness  of  raspings. 

If,  by  this  method,  results  obtained  by  different  chemists  vary,  it   is 
not  due  to  flaws  in  the  method  but  to  the  manner  of  sample  taking  which,  as 
you  know,  is  rather  difficult   in  the  case  of  beets. 

The  only  way  to  overcome  this  difficulty  is  to  adopt  a  rational  and 
uniform  method  of  taking  beet   samples.     The  International  Commission  should  issue 
instructions  on  this  subject. 

The  official  chemists  employed  by  the  Austrian  Sugar  factories  have 
for  many  years  past  had  standing  rules  for  taking  samples  of  beets  for  the 
purpose  of  experiments.       These  rules  helped  towards  obtaining  good  results  and 
were  also  adopted  by  the  Union  of  Public  Agricultural  Stations. 

I  advise  the  International  Commission  to  adopt  them.     They  are  as  follows: 
In  order  to  get  a  good  average   sample  of  beet  raspings  for  analysis,   the  whole 
beet  should  be  rasped,   in  case  there  are  only  a  few  beets  available-     but  if  a 


241 


sufficient  quantity  of  beets  are  available,  a  portion  of  raspings  is  taken 
from  each  beet  (a  section  or  a  segment  cut  lengthwise). 

For  obtaining  one  analysis,! the  sugar  content  of  the  beet  to  be  as- 
certained), a  maximum  not  exceeding  20  beets  should  be  used.  If  the  shipment 
exceeds  20  beets,  they  should  be  divided  into  several  samples  each  of  equal 
weight  and  the  arithmetical  average  of  the  results  obtained  should  be  consider- 
ed as  the  analysis  of  the  sample. 

When  similar  samples  of  beets  are  sent  to  two  different  chemists 
the  beets  should  be  weighed  after  being  topped  and  cleaned  and  then  jplaced  on 
a  table  in  a  row  according  to  weight  or  judged  by  sight  according  to  size  - 
placing  as  No.  1  in  the  row  the  smallest  and  finishing  the  row  with  the 

* 

largest  beet* 

The  beets,   1,   3,   5,   7,   9  that  is  to  say,    the  odd  numbers  will 
constitute   the  1st.   sample;       beets  2,  4,   6,  8,   10,   that   is  to  say  the  ever* 
nunbers  will  be   the  second  sample. 

In  order  to  keep  in  view  the   eventually  dessication  of  the  beets 
which  might  brttig  about  a  change   in  their  composition,   the  correct  weight 
(before   shipment)  ,   of  the   total  of  clean  beets   should  be  carefully  recorded. 
In  regard  to  fresh  oossettes,   it    is  also  advisable,   to  make  for  their  analysis 
certain  rules  similar  to  those  established  by  the  Commission  for  methods  of 
analysis  and  supervision  in  German  factories, 

Those  methods  consist  in  taking  every  10  minutes  a  handful  of 
cossettes  from  the  middle  part   of  the  Diffusor;     these  cossettes  are  than  di- 
rectly put  into  a  condenser  which  can  be  conveniently  closed;      the  cortente 
of  this   condenser  are  well  shaken  and  mixed  and  renewed  every  three  IK/UTS  •*  a 
sample  of  cossettes  is  then  taken  amounting  to  one  kilogram  in  weight  with 
which  the  analysis  is  made. 


242 

In  bringing  these  methods  into  general  use  a  working  "basis  for  a 
comparative  supervision  of  the  International  Sugar  Industry  could  be 
established  for  a  controlling  element  is  necessary  to  be  able  to  deter- 
mine the  exact  sugar  content  existing  in  the  raw  material.   I  therefore 
take  the  liberty  of  advising  you  to  adopt  these  methods. 

Determine  the  per  cent  of  sugar  by  the  hot  water  digestion  method- 
Ten  grammes  of  the  beet  pulp  may  be  digested  made  up  to  38.7  cc» 
and  polarized  in  a  200  m.m.  tube, 

The  raspings  may  be  placed  in  a  tarred  dish  and  the  whole  weighed} 
the  pulp  is  then  washed  into  a  100  cc.  flask  if  the  sample  amounts  to  about 
to  about  13  grams  ,  or  into  a  200  cc.  flask  if  it  is  nearly  26  gr.  and  a 
water  digestion  is  made  in  the  usual  way. 

The  per  cent  of  sugar  obtained  multiplied  by  the  relation  of  the 
weight  of  sample  used  to  26  grams  gives  the  percentage  of  sugar  present. 
A  correction  should  be  made  for  the  space  occupied  by  the  mark,  E6  grammes 
of  ptilp  occupying  0*6  c.c. 

The  'basic  lead  acetate  solution  is  practically  the  only  one  used 
for  clarifying  beet  solutions  for  polarisation. 

The  clarifying  power  of  this  solution  depends  somewhat  upon  its 
basicity  •   Gare  must  be  taken  in  the  preparation  of  the  basic  lead 
acetate  solution.   Boil  3  quarts  (by  weight)  of  neutral  lead  acetate  and 
1  quart  of  yellow  litharge  with  10  parts  of  water  until  tfce  reaction  is 
completed  or  the  material  is  practically  all  dissolved.   This  takes 
generally  not  over  half  an  hour. 

Cool  and  dilute  the  solution  with  water  to  a  specific  gravity  of 
1.25  or  53.7  Briz.   The  solution  is  filtered  and  allowed  to  stani  until 
clear.   The  bottle  should  be  kept  tightly  corked  as  the  composition  of  the 
solution  changes. 


243 


The   procedure   in  the  Sachs  Ledoct  cold  isiater  extraction  method 
is  modified  as  follows,   for  hot  digestion: 

The  weighing  and  the  vessels  used  are   the    same,   also  the  quantities 
of  lead  sub  acetate  and  water  are  the  same,  177  cc«      A  special  rubber 
disk  cover  is  provided  for  the  digestion  vessel.       Put  thia  in  place  and 
after  shaking  the  vessel .immerse  it  in  a  water  bath,  kept  at  80  c.   c. 
for  30  minutes  or  for  25  minutes  if  the   temperature   is  85°   C.       The  tem- 
perature during  extracting    .should  not  however,  exceed  this  figure. 

Remove  the  cups  and  immerse  ia  cold  water  bringing  the  temperature 
down  to  20°   C,   shake,  remove   the   covers,  and  polarize  after  adding  a  drop 
or  so  of  acetic  acid. 

Herzfeld  in  harmony  with  the  Sachs  LeDocte   ,  uses  this  method.     He 
uses  an  extraction  vessel  of  nickel-plated  sheet   iron  instead  of  tin  - 
ceated  copper  beakers.       This   extraction  vessel  is  round.       He  also  uses 
small  weighing  glasses  holding  26  grammes  of  material  which  can  be   introduced 
with  the  beet  cuttings  into  the  extraction  vessel,  these  glasses  are  filled 
to  equal  weight     and  numbered  consecutively,  as  are  also  the  extraction  ves- 
sels,  the   procedure   is  as  follows: 

Weigh  26  grammes  of  the  beet  pulp  on  a  watch  glass  and  transfer  to  the 
^extraction  vessel,  then  run  in  177  c.   c.  of  dilute  basic  lead-acetate  solu- 
tion (5  parts  of  basic  lead  acetate  solution  Brix  53.5  to  100  parts  of  wa- 
ter)   shake  and  plaoe  a  stopper  which  has  been  covered  with  tinfoil  lightly 
in  the  opening.         Submerge  the  whole   in  a  water  bath  at  75°   to  80°   C.  for 
30  minutes   shaking  intermittently.     When  all  air  hag  been  expelled  (generally 
after  5  minutes)    tighten  the  stopper  in  the   vessel.       At   the  expiration 
of  the   time  remove   and  cool. 

Take   out  the  stopper  after  shaking  thoroughly,    filter  and  polarize   in 


244 


in  a  400  mm.  tube  after  an  addition  of  a  drop  of  acetic  acid  to  determine 
the  per  cent  of  sugar'  in  the  beet. 

This  method  does  not  require  very  fine  pulp  and  is  open  to  but  a 
few  chanoes  of  error. 


245 


EXCERPT  FROM  PIS  DEUT3CHB  .ZUCKERINDU3TRIB.  FEBRUARY  21.  1915.  PAGE  175. 
ANNUAL  MEETING  OF  EAST  GERMAN  UNION  OF  STJGAH  FACTORIES. 

BEET  CULTURE  IN  GERMANY  AMD  THE  GERMAN  SUGAR  INDUSTRY  THREATENED  WITH  STAG- 
NATION III  VIEW  OF  THE  SUPPLY  OP  LABOR  NOT  BEING  EQUAL  TO  THE  DEMAND  IN 
FIELD  AND  FACTORY. 

By  Dr.  01.  Mayer,  Berlin. 

"THE  IMPORTANCE  OF  FOREIGN  LABORERS  IN  RELATION  TO  RURAL  ECONOMICS  IN  GERMANY" « 

You  are  all  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  German  Sugar  Industry  and 
the  beet  growing  agriculturists  depend  very  largely  on  foreign  labor  to 
carry  on  their  work.   Dark  clouds  have  appeared  on  the  political  horizon 
and  our  peaceful  security  may  be  threatened  at  any  time.   To  use  the  words 
of  the  Imperial  Chancellor,  MA  conflagration  over  the  whole  of  Europe  -  a 
war  involving  many  nations  -  is  still  within  the  range  of  possibility". 

These  war  clouds  have  materially  influenced  the  labor  market  and 
may  well  give  us  food  for  thought  with  regard  to  the  future  of  the  Beet 
Sugar  Industry. 

If,  at  a  given  moment,  war  should  break  out,  involving  Central 
and  Eastern  Europe,  we  must  take  it  for  granted  that  all  wage  earners  now 
flocking  to  our  fields  from  Austria  and  Russia,  will  be  forcibly  kept  at 
home,  thereby  inflicting  a  tremendous  injury  to  our  Sugar  Beet  Industry. 
The  question  is  what  can  we  do  about  it? 

Some  time  ago,  this  question  was  discussed  in  Berlin  and  many  came 
to  the  conclusion  that,  in  case  of  -war,  during  the  time  it  lasted,  our  Sugar 
Industry  would  stagnate  or  remain  entirely  idle. 

If  such  a  contingency  should  arise,  if  it  is  thought,  that  such  a 
thing  might  happen,  then  it  is  our  duty  to  calmly  picture. to  ourselves 

the  calamitous  consequences  of  such  an  occurrence  and  to  think  out  \vhat 

t 
sort  of  a  remedy  tc  apply. 


246 


The  vast  number  of  men  and  -women  that  cross  and  recross  annually 
our  frontiers,  is  greater  than  the  migration  of  people  we  read  about  in 
history,  people  who  came,  saw,  conquered  and  settled  down,  but  here  we  have 
hundreds  of  thousands  who  come  here  to  work,  donft  settle  down,  carry  off 
over  100,000,000  marks  annually,  and  may  be,  never  to  return. 

I  have  brought  wi-ch  me  colored  charts,  from  which  you  will  gain 
an  idea  as  to  the  number  of  foreign  workmen  engaged  in  agriculture  and  the 
industries  as  reported  by  district  officials  and  Councilors  of  State  (of 
course  these  statistics  refer  to  1905,  1906,  1907  and  1908),  these  figures 
are  also  applicable  to  the  present  time. 

FOREIGN  WORKMEN  IN  PRUSSIA  fby  occupations  in  Industries). 
Industries.  Number.  Agriculture  Total  Number 

1905  229,000  207,000  454,000 

1906  369,000  236,000  605,000 

1907  475,000  253,300  733,000 

1908  471,000  309,000  780,000 

FOREIGN  LABORERS  IN  PRUSSIA.     BY  COUNTRIES  OF  ORIGIN. 

* 

Per  Cent. 

(341,600  43.8  Prom  Austria-Hungary, 

(184,000  23.5  "  Russia 

1908    (105,300  13.5  "  Italy 

(103,800  13.3  "  Netherlands 

(7,600  1.0  lf  Belgium 

(  37.700  4.9  "  Other  countries 

Total  No.   780,000  (Foreigners) 

But  we  may  safely  estimate  however,  that  800  to  850,000  people 
male  and  female,  cross  our  frontiers  to  find  work  here  and  2/3rds  come 
from  the  East,  that  is  to  say,  from  Austrian  provinces  and  Russia  and  1/3 
from  other  States.   There  are  Poles,  Italians,  Ruthenians,  Dutch  and 
Belgians,  Germans  from  Austria-Hungary,  Danes,  .Swedes,  Norwegians  and  others. 


247 


More  workmen  are  claimed  by  industrial  establishments  than  are* 
in  demand  for  agriculture.-    There  are  certainly  310,000  if  not  330,000 
foreigners  at  work  in  agriculture  and  450  to  48QfOOO  in  the  Industries, 

I  wish  to  point  out  the  prejudice  caused  by  these  foreigners  to 
our  national  economic  life:   100,000,000  marks  are  carried  out  of  Germany 
by  these  foreigners  in  the  shape  of  wages  -  which  is  certainly  a  considerable 
item  to  the  debit  of  our  financial  balance • 

We  must  admit  that  through  the  influx  of  these  foreigners  wages 
for  our  own  working  people  are  kept  down  -  as  the  families  of  these  foreign- 
ers live  mostly  in  their  own  country,  where  the  cost  of  living  is  not  so 
high  as  it  is  in  Germany,  therefore,  the  foreign  workmen,  are  not  compelled 
to  earn  as  much  to  provide  for  their  families.   The  German  workingman  is 
bound  to  get  enough  so  as  to  satisfy  the  needs  of  his  family.   Besides, 
we  have  become  entirely  dependent  on  foreign  countries  for  the  supply  of 
labor  on  our  farms  and  in  industrial  centers.   Should  Russia  or  Austria 
require  the  help  of  these  people  at  any  time  and  .prevent  them  from  crossing 
the  frontier  or  recall  them  from  Germany  -  even  without  the  chances  of  a 
war  -  breaking  out  -  (some  reason  might  be  given  at  any  time  by  their  re- 
spective governments  for  recalling  thorn).   This  would  be  the  greatest 
calamity  that  could  befall  our  central  and  East  German  agricultural  dis- 
tricts.  It  would  mean  the  ruin  of  numerous  agricultural  establishments, 
a  tremendous  shrinkage  in  many  industrial  undertakings  and  the  loss  of  many 
millions  of  marks,  in  that  case,  would  follow  as  a  matter  of  course. 

It  has  been  found  that  in  many  districts  where  foreign  workmen  were 
employed  breaches  of  contract  between  wage  earners  and  employers  were  of 
frequent  occurrence,  which  exercised  an  unfavorable  influence  on  our  native 
workmen  as  far  as  discipline  and  order  were  concerned. 


248 


Foreigners  ought  to  have  their  papers  in  good  order  and  should 
have  documentary  proofs  as  to  their  identity,  their  antecedents,  etc. 
A  case  came  to  ray  knowledge  wliere  a  Pole  had  a  document  provided  with 
beuatiful  stamps  and  seals  which  passed  everywhere  as  his  passport,  until, 
one  day,  an  official  who  could  read  Polish,  found  that  the  passport  was 
nothing  more  than  a  certificate  given  by  the  municipal  authorities  of  his 
native  village,  giving  the  holder  thereof  notice  that  he  was  again  per- 
mitted to  milk  his  cow,  which  two  years  previous  had  been  adjudged  tu- 
bercular.   This  shows  the  necessity  of  our  taking  vigorous  measures  to 
see  that  incoming  foreigners  are  bearers  or  proper  passports. 

For  agricultural  and  industrial  needs,  we  now  have  a  perfect 
Official  Central  Hiring  Administration  in  Berlin,  wnich  works  both  in  the 
interests  of  employer  and  workman. 

Most  of  the  foreign  agricultural  Austrian  and  Russian  laborers 
are  engaged  by  large  landowners  east  of  the  river  Elbe  and  in  West  Germany; 
mostly  there,  where  beets  are  grown,  where  intensive  farming  is  carried  on, 
One-half  of  the  Polish  and  Ruthenish  wage  earners  are  women. 

As  beet  growing  developed,  we  were  obliged  to  employ  more  labor 
in  the  fields;  we  soon  found  that  our  native  population  did  not  supply  the 
necessary  and  increasing  demand*    The  so-called  "SachsangSngers"  (wander- 
ing natives  of  Saxony)  that  annually  crowded  into  the  beet  districts,  for 
a  time,  supplied  the  necessary  labor  material;  but  beet  culture  increased 
rapidly  ana  foreign  countries  had  to  supply  the  demand  for  labor.   Of 
course,  we  must  attribute  this  partly  to  the  fact  that  between  1850  to 
1900,  about  5,000,000  emigrants  left  for  America,  never  to  return.   Then, 
in  1890  and  since,  came  the  steady  flight  of  people  from  the  rural  districts 


249 


to  the  city,  causing  an  annual  loss  of  200,000  people  to  our  agricultural 
districts  in  favor  of  industrial  centers,  the  growth  of  which  assumes,  year 
after  yoar,  extraordinary  proportions. 

Agriculturists  and  landowners  have  teen  blamed  for  calling  in  for- 
eigners in  order  to  keep  the  wages  of  our  native  workers  down  to  as  low 
a  level  as  possible.    However,  we  know  that  this  is  not  the  case,  as  we 
were  simply  compelled  to  get  labor  from  abroad,  our  native  supply  not  cor- 
responding with  the  demand.   Large  estates  engaged  in  beet  culture  have 
been  entirely  dependent  on  the  influx  of  foreigners  for  their  supply  of 
labor. 

The  foreign  element  who  has  come  to  us  for  work,  has  been  largely 
unskilled  labor,  the  essential  being  muscle  and  endurance.   Many  managers 
of  industrial  plants  look  upon  the  foreigner  as  an  undesirable  element,  yet 
they  are  forced,  for  want  of  native  help,  to  employ  them.   During  the  busy 
season  there  is  an  abundance  of  foreign  labor  from  which  recruits  can  be 
obtained,  and  when  the  season  slacks  down,  this  particular  class  is  gotten 
rid  of  before  any  of  the  native  workmen  are  discharged. 

Of  the  foreigners  employed,  the  Poles  are  subject  to  Government 
regulation;  they  are  compelled  to  leave  Germany  on  the  20th  of  December 
each  year,  and  are  also  obliged  to  stay  in  their  own  country  until  February 
1st. 

As  a  rule,  foreign  workmen  constitute  a  sort  of  contingency  buffer, 
a  safety  valve  for  our  native  working  population;  for  Germans  are  getting 
employment  when  work  is  slack,  whilst  foreigners  are  discharged  ere  the 
Germans  get  notice  to  quit. 

It  certainly  is  to  be  deplored  that  foreign  workmen  should  play 
such  an  important  part  in  our  national  economics  and  that  we  have  to  be 


250 


dependent  on  the  good  will  of  foreign  countries  for  our  labor  supply.   It 
is  with  deep  regret  that  conditions  are  such,  especially  so  with  regard 
to  our  agriculture,  for  other  industries  may  incur  some  temporary  losses 
by  reason  of  an  insufficient  number  of  workers,  but  in  the  case  of  agri- 
culture, such  losses  would  be  permanent,  if,  for  instance,  no  worltmen  were 
available  for  harvesting  our  crops  -at  the  proper  time. 


oOo- 


251 
(Translation  from  the  German) 

EXCERPT  FROM  BLOTTER  FJJR  ZUCKSRRfaENBAU.  JAMUARY  15.  1915*   Page  11 

Patent  Device 

To  use  an  ordinary  hoe  round  each  beetlet  is  tedious  and  costly; 
this  is  the  reason  why  the  hoaing  Device  of  Element  Lykorn,  of  Rostock,  Bohemia, 
expedites  the  work  of  hoeing  and  brings  about  better  results* 

Figure  5,  consists  of  an  elongated  iron  plate  A  from  a  semicircular 
("A"  "b")  part  that  has  been  cut  out  on  each  side;  to  this  plate  several  lance- 
like  knives  "m"  and  points  "n"  are  screwed  and  welded  on;  set  at  right  angles 
to  the  plate  so  as  to  avoid  injuring  the  leaves  and  rootlets  of  the  plant;  the 
diameter  of  the  parts  "a"  and  "b"  cut  out  from  the  plate  is  sufficiently  large 
so  ttiat  the  beetlet  will,  whilst  the  hoe  is  operated,  be  surrounded  by  the  knives 
and  blades  sufficiently  distant  from  the  beetlet  which  precludes  the  possibility 
of  the  latter  coming  into  contact  v?ith  any  part  of  the  above  described  hoeing 
device. 


EXOBHPT  FROM  PHASER  ZUGKERMJLHKT.  FEB.  26.1915.  P.168« 
BEET  SUGAR  PURCHASES.  CAMPAIGN 
1913-14. 

The  Association  of  the  Prague  Saw  Sugar  factories  has  perfected  in 
harmony  with  the  Organization  of  Sugar  Beet  Growers  their  agreement  for  de- 
livery of  beets  during  campaign  1913-14  on  tne  basis  of  2.10  kronen  per 
double  zentner  (220  pounds)  delivered  at  factory  ($3.88  per  short  ton);  and 
on  the  basis  2.00  kronen  per  double  zentner  ($3.68  per  short  ton),  delivered 
at  the  field  receiving  station.   Conditions  of  delivery  to  remain  the  same 
as  in  preceding  campaign  1911-12, 


2  52 


'      (I 


253 

(EXCERPT  FROM  BLATTER  F&R  ZUOKHffiOHENBAU ,   FEB.   23,   1913.) 

From  Article  toy  Dr.   von  Rumker. 

Thus  the  influence  of  beet  culture  was  very  far  reaching,  prompting 
stock  raising,   increasing  meat  production;     "beet  culture  helped  to   increase 
freights   in  coal,  beet   slices,  molasses,  sugar  lime  fertilizers  of  different 
kinds,  machinery,  seeds,  meat  and  cattle* 

Organized  farm  management  and  new  methods  of  agriculture  has  been 
favorably  influenced  by  beet  culture. 

Capital  and  labor  went  hand  in  hand  resulting  in  astonishing  high 
yields  which  in  favorable  beet  and  sugar  campaigns  brought  in  respectable 
net  profits*       A  beet  farm  assumed  the  character  of  a  business  or  an  in- 
dustrial establishment* 

A  complicated  method  of  book-keeping  had  to  be  adopted  by  ag~ 
culturists  in  connection  with  the  principal  branches  of  farming.     Farmers 
learned  how  to  take  advantage  of  favorable  markets,  errors  of  the  past  were 
recognized;     they  learned  to  avoid  losses  and  grasp  profits,   in  fact,   farmers 
became  alert  -  versatile,  and  got  rid  of  old-fashioned  methods  to  which  they 
had  been  clinging  so  long  with  bucolic  tenacity* 

Germany  made  vast  strides  in  beet  culture,  for  whereas,   in  the  be- 
ginning 18  to  20  centners  of  beets  were  required  to  produce  one  centner  of 
sugar;     only  5  to  6  centners  are  now  necessary  to  produce  the  same  amount  of 
sugar;     that  is  to  say,   the  sugar  content  of  beets  were  in  the  beginning 
5  to  6$,  whereas  now,   in  consequence  of  scientific  culture,   they  have  been 
so  developed  that  they  contain  20  to  25$  sugar  and  nearly  every  factory 
asks  for  beets  of  16$. 

Side  by  side  with  beet  culture  on/  scientific  basis,   technical  im- 


254 


proveraents  made  In  the  manufacture  of  sugar  make  it  possible  to  vastly 
increase  the  amount  of  sugar  extracted  from  the  raw  material, 

If  we  take  all  this  into  consideration  we  find  that   sugar 

beet  culture  was  doubtless  one  of  the  most  important  levers  in  bringing  about 
a  tremendous  progress  of  German  agriculture  as  a  whole,  and  even  now,  sugar 
beet  culture  is,  as  it  were,  the  high  school  of  intensive  agriculture, 
or  rather  beet  culture  is  an  agricultural  industry  and  is   the  foundation 
and  strongest  support  for  cultivating  heavy  soils. 

For  lighter  soils,  potato  culture  is  of  the  same  importance.    Who- 
soever therefore  attempts  to  put  the  axe  to  our  hoed  crops  endangers  our 
whole  agricultural  production  and  the  possibility  to  supply  at  home  our 
need  In  bread  and  meat. 

Shall  we  allow  this  to  be  done?       No,  and  emphatically  no.     The 
Government  cannot  allow  the  successful  cultivation  of  beets  and  hoed  crops 
to  be  interfered  with,  for  not  only  would  a  respectable  amount  of  taxes 
be  lost  for  the  government  -  but  a  general  depression  in  the  receipts  of  the 
total  production  of  agricultural  raw  material  necessary  for  clothing  and 
feeding  people,  would  talce  place j     a  consequent  diminishing  of  railroad 
freights,  and  small  farmers  and  owners  of  large  estates  all  over  Germany 
would  feel  the  effects  of  an  attack  on  beet   culture  and  hoed  crops. 


255 


"SUGAR  AT  A  GLANCE" 
EXCERPT  FROM  THE  INTERNATIONAL  SUGAE  JOURNAL.  ALTRINGHAM.  BNG.  FEBRUARY.  19 15. 

SUGAR  BSBT  CULTIVATION  AND  INCREASED  FERTILITY  OF  THE  SOIL. BY  G.M. 

Mr*  Truman  G.  Palmer,  the  capable  and  energetic  Secretary  of  the 
United  States  Beetroot  Sugar  Association,  has  for  many  years  made  a  study 
of  this  question  of  the  effect  of  the  cultivation  of  sugar  beet  on  the 
fertility  of  the  land.    We  know  that  figures  were  given  a  long  time  ago 
of  the  increased  yield  of  wheat  per  acre  in  France  when  sugar  beet  became 
an  extensive  crop  in  that  country*   Mr.  Palmer  now  gives  us  the  figures 
for  Germany  for  the  last  thirty  years.   He  has  recently  prepared  a  most 
elaborate  series  of  charts  or  diagrams  illustrating  various  useful  facts 
about  sugar  for  the  information  of  the  United  States  Senate,  and  the  Sen- 
ate have  ordered  "That  the  charts  and  data  prepared  by  Truman  G.  Palmer 
concerning  the  sugar  industry,  the  increased  yield  of  other  crops  when 
grown  in  rotation  with  sugar  beets,  and  the  rise  in  price  of  farm  and  food 
products,  be  printed  as  -a  document". 

This  interesting  volume,  entitled  "Sugar  at  a  Glance",  Charts  and 
Data  prepared  by  Truman  G.  Palmer,  Concerning  National  Economy  and  the  High 
Cost  of  Living  as  Affected  by  the  Increased  Yield  of  other  Crops  when*  grown 
in  Rotation  with  Sugar  Beets"  is  Document  No.  890  of  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate, 62nd  Congress,  2nd,  Session.   It  is  well  worth  studying. 

In  chart  No.  25,  page  36,  Mr.  Palmer  shows  that  the  production  of 
wheat  per  acre  in  Germany,  in  1879,  was  17  bushels.   In  1882  it  was  20 
bushels,  in  1887  it  was  nearly  22  bushels,  in  1894  it  had  risen  to  over 
25  bushels,  in  1899  to  over  28  bushels,  and  in  1902  to  more  than  30  bushels* 
And  it  is  still  going  up.    On  the  other  hand,  in  the  United  States,  where 


256 


sugar  beet  cultivation  is  still  in  its  infancy,  the  increased  yield  of  wheat 
per  acre  has  gone  up  very  slowly.   In  1885  it  was  10  bushels;  from  that 
it  went  gradually  to  15  bushels  in  1891,  and  since  then  it  has  fluctuated 
between  12  and  15  bushels  till  1909,  when  it  slightly  exceeded  15  bushels* 
He  gives  charts  for  rye,  barley,  and  oats,  which  tell  a  similar  story.   Chart 
No,  29  gives  the  collective  average  yield  of  wheat,  rye,  barley  and  oats 
per  acre  1879  -  1909,  in  the  United  States  and  Germany,  from  which  it  appears 
that  there  has  been  an  increased  yield  since  1879  of  80  per  cent,  in  Germany, 
as  compared  with  an  increase  of  6*6  per  cent,  in  the  Urdted  States. 

This  is  a  very  strong  argument  against  any  such  modification  of 
the  sugar  duties  in  the  United  States  as  would  strike  a  serious  blow  at 
the  sugar  beet  industry  of  that  country.    Mr.  Palmer  is  doing  his  best 
to  save  that  industry  from  ruin,  and  he  deserves  to  succeed. 


257 

(Translation  from  tne  German) 

EXOERPT  FROM  DIE  BETTER  FJk  ZUOKERRlfeENBAU.  FSBRUAHY  15.   1915.  Page  44. 

HOEING  BY  HAND  IN  THE  BEET  FIELDS. 
Description  of  Patented  Device. 

The   "Count  Lippe  Administration"  of  Lindenhof  in  Martinwaldau  has 
patented  a  Weeder-Hoeing  device-  by  means  of  which  a  circular  space   (reaching 
as  near  as  possible  to  the  plant)    can  be  hoed*  the  ground  cut  and  loosened 
without  injuring  the  plant  by  throwing  loose  earth  into  the  heart  of  the  beet- 
let. 

The  device  consists  of  two  knives  "cc"  figure  7,  which  are  adjusted 
on  horizontal  crossbeams  b'b'  attached  to  a  vertical  bar  b;     this  bar  passes 
through  the  neckpiece  la1)   of  a  fork  a2  which  is  provided  with  two  handles 
at  its  upper  extremity. 

On  the  upright  fork  bar  there  is  affixed  a  sliding  pole  a2  projecting 
sideways  by  means  of  which  it  is  possible  to  push  the  .fork  downward  into  the 
soil  and  to  serve  as  a  guide  for  Bar  b.       The  knives  "CM  being  movable  and 
adjustable,   they  can  be  set  in  different  positions  according  to  tihe  variety 
of  plants,   their  shapes,   sizes  and  distances  from  each  other  in  such  a  manner 
that  in  turning  the   bar  "b"  the  edges  of  the   knives  point  outward  so  as  to 
place  the  plant  midway  between  the  elbows  of  the  two  knives  or  the   edges  may 
point  inward,   in  which  case  the  plant  will  be  midway  between  the  edges  of  the 
knives.         In  both  oases  the  edges  of  the  knives  will,   by  the  rotatory  motion 
thus  imparted  to  them,  describe  a  circle  in  the  ground  thereby  cutting  and 
destroying  the  weeds,  aerating  the   soil  within  a  limited  radius  from  the  plant, 
without  injuring  it   or  interfering  with  its  growth. 


258 


259 

(Translation  from  the  French) 

EXCERPT  FROM  LaSUQKERIE  IMELEENE  et  COLONIALE.  FEBRUARY  26.  1915.  Page  199. 

AGRICULTURAL  CHEMISTRY. 

% 

The  assimilation  of  carbon  "by  chlorophyllous  plants  takes  place 
•under  the  influence  of  solar  radiations;  when  the  plant  is  growing  in  a  confin- 
ed space,  it  is  noticed  that  it  is  more  active  under  the  influence  of  direct 
light  than  under  diffused  light.   The  general  impression  is  that  a  clear  sunshine 
is  of  the  greatest  Importance  to  produce  a  good  harvest  and  that  a  clouded  sky, 
on  the  contrary,  hinders  the  decomposition  of  carbonic  acid  and  consequently 
prejudices  the  growth  of  vegetable  matter  in  the  plant. 

If  cultural  facts  are  studied  it  will  be  found  that  such  is  not  al~ 
ways  the  case;  thus  in  regions,  where  the  sky  is  frequently  overcast,  vegeta- 
tion is  very  luxuriant  and  as  a  consequence  the  assimilation  of  atmospheric 
carb6n  is  most  abundant.   It  is  true  that  such  climates  have  an  abundance  of 
dampness  and  if  light  and  water  are  compared  as  to  stimulating  their  respective 
capacity  to  vegetation,  it  will  be  found  that  of  water. is  incomparably  greater, 
the  vegetative  activity  suffers  less  than  in  the  case  where  water  is  scarce. 
But  if  water  is  supplied  in  sufficient  quantities  for  the  needs  of  vegetation, 
can  we  say  that  luminous  intensity  is  an  important  factor  in  the  increase  of 
harvests?     Does  it  play  that  important  part  that  is  ordinarily  attributed 
to  it  in  plant  production? 

My  own  observations  carried  on  during  the  three  summers  1910  -  1911, 
1912,  enable  me  to  reply  .to  these  questions;  these  three  summers  were  very 
dissimilar,  as  far  as  rainfall  and  cloudiness  are  concerned,  have  been  for 

1910  and  1912,  extremely  humid  with  a  sky  almost  constantly  overcast;  for 

1911  extremely  dry  with  a  sky  constantly  clear  . 


260 


At  the  clBiical  plant  station  of  Meudon,  France,  a  culture  of  luzerne 
left  entirely  to  natural  climatic  conditions,  produced  on  an  average  during 
June,  July  and  August  per  day  and  square  meter; 

In  1910   dry  plant  substance   *.*. 5  gr.24 

»     1911 1  w     24 

«     1912 3  "     12 

It  is  evident  that  the  want   of  water  in  1911  was  the  cause  of  a  diminution  in 
assimilation  of  carbon.       But  during  the   same  three  years  a  portion  of  luzerne 
was  regularly  watered  every  7  days  with  40  liters  of  water  per  square  meter; 
water  consequently  was  not   lacking  at  any  time  "because  a  weekly  sprinkling 
of  400  cubic  meter  of  water  was  furnished  per  hectare. 

From  middle  of  June   to  end  of  August  the  following  increase  in 
growth  was  noticed  per  day  and  per  hectare* 

In  1910  Plant  substance   (dry)    10  gr.56 

"     19n  7  »     00 

"     1912  9  "     42 

and  during  this  period  the   sky  was  clouded  most  of  the   time    (in  1910  and  1912)  0 
It  was  mostly  clear  in  1911 .       Thus,   even  when  water  was  not   lacking,   luminosity 
does  not  favor  the  assimilation  of  carbon  and  the   production  of  vegetable  mat- 
ter 

Under  natural  conditions  to  -what   shall  we  attribute   this  indif- 
ference of  the  plant   to  the   luminous  intensity,  an  indifference    so  much  the 
more   surprising  that  when  experiments  are  made  in  a  hot  house  it   is   found  that 
great  variations  occur  under  exposure   to  direct  light   or  diffused  light.     Ex- 
periments  (artificially)   with  plants  raised  under  glass,   the   atmosphere  has 
to  be   supplied  with  carbonic  acid* 

In  the    open  air  there  is  so  little  carbonic  acid     (2  vol.7  for 


261 


every  710,000  vol.  air)    that    there   is  enough  solar  radiation  to   determine   the 
assimilation  of  carbonic  acid  and  it  matters  little  whether  the   sky  is   cloudy 
or   the    sun  is   shining  brilliantly. 

Assimilation  is   limited  by  the  proportion  to  that  of  carbonic  acid.f 
but   not  to   that  of  intensity  of  solar  radiation.       This  explains  why  harvests 
are  as  abundant  in  years  when  the   sky  is   overcast  as  in  sunny  years. 


(Translation  from  the  German)    262 

EXCERPT  FROM  DIE  WOCHSH3GHRIFT  OF  THE  RUBSBZUCKERIHDUSTRI3S.  FEBRUARY  86.   1915. 


.0    J3     1.    2    U     A     R     Y. 

BABON  ALEXANDER  v.  HATYAMY.  DEDTSGH* 

Friday,  February  21st.,  the  mortal  remains  of  the  President 
of  the  National  Hungarian  Sugar- factory  Association  and  Vice  President  of  the 
Central  Association,  Baron  Alexander  v.  Hatvany  Deutsch,  member  of  the  House 
of  Lords  of  Hungary,  were  consigned  to  eternal  rest* 

The  magnificent  funeral  furnished  proof  of  the  exalted  public  posi- 
tion which  the  deceased  occupied  in  his  fatherland*       In  addition  to  the 
relatives,  bearers  of  a  noble  name,  numerous  members  of  the  House  of  Magnates 
(Lords)  members  of  the  Lower  House   (M.  C.'s),  high  dignitaries  of  State,  men 
of  science,  and  the  most  prominent  captains  of  industry  and  bankers,  attended 
the  funeral.        A  large  contingent  represented  the  Sugar  Industry* 

The  Central  Association  for  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  Austria, 
Hungary,  sent  a  delegation  headed  by  President  Friess;     a  delegation  of  the 
Austro-Hungarian  Sugar  Refineries  and  the  Association  of  the  Trieste  Sugar 
Traders  attended  • 

A  eulogy  was  made  an  hour  before  the  funeral.       Councillor  of  State 
Dr.  Strohmer  was  present;     Leopold  Freiherr  von  Haupt-Stummer,  also  attended 
this  meeting  and  briefly  gave  expression  to  his  feelings  of  grief  for  himself 
and  for  his  colleagues. 

Resolutions  of  condolence  were  drawn  up  to  be  sent  to  the  widow 
of  the  deceased,  and  it  was  also  resolved  to  have  his  portrait  placed  on  the 
walls  of  the  Meeting  Hall  as  a  lasting  token  of  esteem,  attachment  and  appre- 
ciation of  his  services  to  the  Sugar  Industry.      At  the  General  Directors1 


263 


meeting  that  took  plaoe   the  extraordinary  services  rendered  by  the  deceased 
were   extolled  in  a  special  Memorial  speech.       At  this  memorial  meeting  Vice 
President  Count  Andor  2ichy,   the  director  and  all  the  members  of  the  Associa- 
tion that  were  in  Budapest  on  that  day,  were  present. 

After  the  impressive  memorial  meeting  and  speech  of  condolence 
the  representatives  of  the  Sugar  Industry  went  in  a  body  to  the  house  of  mount- 
ing.      All  the  prominent  representatives  and  members  of  the  Austro-Hungarian 
Sugar  Industry  were  present  at  the  funeral. 

At  half  past  three  o'clock,   the  General  Manager  of  all  the  enterpris- 
es in  which  the  deceased  had  an  interest,  made  a  touching  eulogy  and  referred 
to  the  fatherly  manner  and  kindly  thought  fulness  that  ran  like  a  golden  thread 
through  all  his  life  and  emphasized  the  great  loss  his  employees  have  sustained 
in  the  departure  of  Baron  Hatvany  Deutsch,   for  his  heavenly  home 

Dr.  Roland  Hegedus  in  appropriate  and  sorrowful  words,  expressed 
the  great  loss  that  the   Sugar  Industry  has  sustained  by  the  decease  of  the  Baron* 

The  closing  funeral  oration  at  the  house  of  mourning  was  delivered 
by  Vice  President  Count  Andor  Sichy.         As  a  Sugar  Manufacturer  he  was  not  aur- 
paased  by  any  of  his  contemporaries  in  diligence,  resourcefulness  and  inde- 
fatiguable  zeal.         Splendid  ideas  marked  his  career  and  the  benefits  that  ac- 
crued to  the  Sugar  Industry  cannot  be  over-estimated.       The  name  of  Baron  Eat- 
vany  Deutach  will  be  mentioned  for  many  years,  with  reverence,  love  and  admi- 
ration. 
i 

After  Count  Sichy  had  spoken,   the  coffin  was  conveyed  to  the  cemetery 
where  the  mortal  remains  were  placed,  accompanied  with  prayers,  and  placed  in 
the  family  vault.      A  magnificent  laurel  wreath  with  the   Inscription  "As  a 
Token  of  Reverence"  was  placed  on  the   coffin  in  the  family  vault  by  the  House 
of  Magnates.  Seven  carriages  loaded  with  wreaths  and  floral  offerings 


364 


from  Sugar  Factories,  Associations  and  private  individuals  were  conveyed  to 
the  cemetery  from  the  house  of  mourning  and  banked  against  the  family  vault, 


Baron  Alexander  Hatvany  Deutsch  was  born  on  November  12th,  1652, 
in  Arad,  where  his  family  had  founded  tin  1622)  the  firm  of  Ig.  Deutsch  & 
Son.    His  travels  abroad  (1672  -  60)  opened  the  mind  of  young  Alexander 
v.  Hatvany  Deutsch,  made  him  receptive,  broadened  his  views,  etc*,  etc.,  and 
being  devoted  to  his  Fatherland,  he  utilized  his  experience  and  acquired 
knowledge  for  the  benefit  of  his  fellow  countrymen. 

As  soon  as  he  became  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Ig.  Dautsch,  his  field 
for  useful  activity  was  enlarged  and  he  was  able  to  put  into  practical  effect 
his  well  conceived  plans  for  starting  new  enterprises.   When  the  Sugar 
Factory  of  Great  Surany  met  with  reverses,  Alexander  von  Hatvany  Deutsch  per- 
suaded his  firm  to  purchase  it  and  equip  it  as  a  modern  plant.   The  acquisi- 
tion of  this  plant  may  be  called  the  epoch-making  birth  of  the  new  Hungarian 
Sugar  Industry,  and  he  may,  with  justice,  be  called  the  godfather  of  the  Hun- 
garian National  Beet  Sugar  Industry. 

Convinced  that  closer  relations  between  the  Austrian  and  Hungarian 
Sugar  industries  would  be  of  mutual  advantage,  Baron  A.  von  Hatvany  Deutsoh 
always  fostered  the  interests  of  the  Central  Union  and  his  opinions  were  as  much 
respected  in  Austria  as  they  were  in  Germany. 

Not  only  was  the  Baron  a  prominent  figure  in  the  Sugar  Industry,  but 
also  in  public  life  his  personality  was  appreciated.   In  1903  he  elected 
a  member  of  the  House  of  Magnates,  and  last  year,  in  recognition  of  his  useful 


265 


and  meritorious  activity  in  the  interests  of  other  National  industries  besides 
the  Beet  Sugar  Industries,  Emperor  Francis  Joseph  decorated  him  with  the  Grand 
Cross  of  the  Order  of  Francis  Joseph. 

The  Association  of  the  German  Sugar  Industry  also  sent  a  touching 
letter  of  condolence  signed  by  its  President  Herr  Koenig,  in  which  all 
the  members  expressed  their  grief  at  the  sudden  demise  of  Baron  v.  Hatvany 
Deutsch,  whose  memory  will  always  be  revered  by  thousands  of  friends  and  ad- 
mirers who  personally  had  occasion  to  come  in  contact  with  him  during  his 
long  and  useful  life* 


(Translation  from  the  German) 

FROM  THE  WOCHSR3CHRIFT  DES  VEREIH3  PER  RUBERZUOmiKDUSTRIS,  PAGE  145. 
February  26.  1915* 

BEET  SUGAR  PRODUCT  IS  ENGLAND. 


According  to  the  "Commercial  Mus«umct  Lord  Gland  Hamilton,  President 
of  the  Great  Eastern  Hallway  communicated  to  the  Directors  and  Stockholders 
at  their  annual  meeting  that  the  Beet   Sugar  Factory  of  Cantley  from  which 
great  advantages  are  accruing  to  the  G.  E.  Railway,   is  progressing  favorably 
and  that  considerable  freight  increase  is  in  prospect* 

The  noble  Lord  also  mentioned  that  a  factory  to  cost  &110,000  is 
projected,  beets  to  be  planted  on  an  area  of  2500  acres  within  a  radius  of  20 
miles  from  the  factory*       The  question  of  getting  government  support  for 
the  development  of  this  Industry  is  of  graat  Importance «       LoidHamilton 
mentioned  that  it  is  not  a  question  of  a  direct  Government  Subsidy  but  only 
that  of  getting  the  same  Government   support  as  the  Tobacco  culture  in  Ireland* 
He  pointed  out  also  that  the  Brussels  Sugar  Convention  conditions  against 
bounties  may  be  a  hindrance  to  obtaining  Government  fvupport,  but  the  British 
do  not  worry  about  that  clause  of  the  Convention  as  little  as  it  worries 
about  other  clauses  of  that  Convention. 

It  seems  preposterous  to  expect  from  the  British  Government  a 
strict  observance  of  the   clause  referring  to  Bounties* 


267 

(Translation  from  the  French) 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  JOUR1&L  deg  FABRICAHTS  de  SUCRE.  FEBRUARY' 26.   1913 » 


USE  OF  GSLLUL03E  AS  A  FILTER  IMG  MATERIAL  IM  THJE  SUGAR  INDUSTRY 
AND  OTHER  IIHXJSZRISS. 


For  the  purpose   of  filtering  juices  and  syrups  the   Sugar  Industry 
used  various  filtering  material,  Bone. Black,  for  instance,  which  had  a 
well  defined  physical  effect;  -       it  absorbed  a  certain  quantity  of  salts, 
organic  matter  and  thoroughly  deprived  the   juice  and  syrup  of  their  color. 

It  is  true  that  in  order  to  avoid  a  big  loss  in  sugar  from  bone  black 
washed  out  by  a  large  quantity  of  water,   the  totality  of  salts  and  organic 
matters  it  had  absorbed  could  be  recovered  in  a  diluted  state, 

A  concentration  of  the  secondary  juice  had  to  be  effected  which  caused 
complications, that  thanks  to  mechanical  filters,  are  now  avoided,, 

.Mechanical  filters  at  first  suggested  by  a  Belgian,  Mr.  Oscar  Tavrea 
1878,  were  made  of  cotton  manufactured  in  the   shape  of  a  sponge-lite   tissue. 
Many  substitutes  for  cotton  and  hemp  tissues  were  tried,   such  as  sponges  , 
felt,  Amiante,  Cake  filters,  gravel  crushed  brick,  artificial  Bone  Black, 
wood  shavings,  vegetable  strands,   that  would  retain  the  precipitates  and  fa- 
cilitate the  filtration  of  a  colloidal  product  Kieselzuker,  mealy  and  fossils. 

Various  sand  filters  of  which  I  suggested  the  use  at   the  last  Interna- 
tional Congress  of  Applied  Chemistry  held  at  London  have  lost  nothing  of 
their  real  value,  but  a  more  convenient  filtering  material  has  been  brought 
forward  whion  is  much  easier  to  wash  and  clean  than  sand,  raw  cellulose   (made 
of  paper  pulp).       long  ago  some   sort  of  filtering  paper  was  suggested  to  -be 
used  in  sugar  factories  which  has  given  ample  satisfaction  in  laboratories 

being  used  in  the   shape  of  filter  folders,   the   limpidity  of  which  was  perfect 


268 


no  matter  what  was   the  nattire   of  the  precipitate,  but  a  good  funnel  to  "be  used 
to  suit  the  substance  to  be   filtered  had  as  yet   to  be  found. 

M.  H»  IPerrin,    the  delegate   from  the  Sugar  Factory  and  Refinery  Chalons 
sur  Saone.  France,  has  taken  the  matter  in  hand,  and  since  his  practical  cellu- 
lose filter  was  used,  a  limpidity  was  imparted  to  the   sugar  product  much  superior 
to  sugar  in  the  production  of  vfoich  cloth  had  "been  used« 

I  will  not  here  describe  the  filter  Parr in,   suffice  it  to  say  that  I 
will  o*ll  your  attention  to  the   following  points  which  will  militate   in  favor 
of  the  use  of "Cellulose  pulp"  in  our  Industry  (Sugar  factories,  Refineries, 
Distilleries,  ate*) 

Whatever  the  advantages  may  be  in  the  use  of  machanioal  filtration  with 
cloths  -  this  cloth  consists  of  warp  and  weft  -     threads  of  the  warp  are  subject- 
ed to  a  manner  of  handling  and  sizing  which  increases  their  tensile   strength 
and  makes  them  smooth,  the  weft  of  the   threads  are  treated  differently  and  damp- 
ened;    no  matter  how  well  the   tissue  is  spun  the  absorbent  power  of  the    threads 
of  the  warp  are  different  from  those  of  the  weft  and  the  tissue   is  not  homogene- 
ous, 

Interstices  exist  howsoever  small  they  may  be  and  present  a  succession  of 
weak  parts  in  view  of  the   fact  that  fche  threads  of  the  warp  are  pressed  more  or 
less  against  each  other  and  held  in  place  by  the. weft  threads, some  above  and  some 
below  them, and  held  less  tight  against  each  other  than  the  warp  threads;     where- 
fore at  the  starting  of  a  filtration  with  a  cloth  of  whatever  material,   be  it 
cotton  or  hemp  -  the  liquid  passing  for  a  time  has  a  muddy  appearance  which  does 
not  occur  with  a  Cellulose -filter. 

Filtration  of  Juice  and  syrup  be-ing  carried  on  with  as  little  pressure 
as  possible  on  si  plaque  of  Cellulose  of  20  to  50  mm.thiokneas  (about  3/4"  to 
2")   has  a  perfect  homogsncousness  right   through  -  by  such  a  filtration  an  ab»- 


£69 


solutely  clear  prod.nct  will  be  obtained  as  clear  as  water  that  was  blued  with 
ultramarine  that  appears  colorless  after  passing  through  a  10  ram. (3/16") 
cellulose  filter.       The  same  water  if  tinged  with  ultramarine  blue  retain  its 
color  for  a  long  time   if  filtered  through  a  tightly  woven  cotton  cloth  and  would 
have   to  be   subjected  to  an  additional  sand  filter  of  20  centimetres  so  as  to 
become  colorless. 

The  filtering  power  of  Cellulose  is  extraordinary  as  Dr.  Hazewinkel  has 
demonstrated  in  his  remarkable   and  long  report  on  experiments  made  in  Wono- 
pringgo,  Java.       A  surface   of  three   square  meters  provided  with  cellulose 

took  the  place  of  5  filters  (Dehose)   which  usually  filtered  the  concentrated 
unsilfited  juice 0 

Perrin's  Cellulose  filter  affected  the  filtering  of  52  hectolitres 
(1372  gallons  per  hour)    or  1248  hectolitres  (32,969  gallons)  with  an  aweraga 
of  32  Baume  -  per  ?A  hours  of  continusous  filtering  operations.       This  is  a 
remarkable   showing  which  practica  has  confirmed,  and  this  is   the  reason  why  I 
call  your  attention  to  the  use   of  Cellulose  for  all  industrial  filtration  where 
an  absolutely  clear  product   is  demanded. 

(Signed)   A.  Aulard, 

Advisory  Engineer  in  Chemistry, 
Forest  les  Bruxelles,- 
Belgium. 


(Translation  from  the  French) 

870 
EXCBHPT  FROM  LA  3UCHBRIB  BBLSE;  February  1913.  page  254. 

(Comments)    "Sugar  at  a  Glance" 

By  M.  F.  Sachs 

Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer,  Secretary  of  the  U.S. Beet  Sugar  Industry,  has  for  many 
years  past,  devoted  all  his  energies  to  the  development  of  the  beet  sugar  industry 
in  the  United  States. 

Some  years  ago,  he  made  a  fight  against  the  entry  of  free  sugar  into  the 
United  States  from  the  Philippines,  and  he  is  now  making  strenuous  efforts  to 
prevent  a  reduction  in  the  tariff  on  sugar,  which,  as  we  all  know,  is  an  equi- 
valent to  a  bounty  on  native  American  sugar.  However,  he  loses  sight  of  the 
fact  that  it  is  unreasonable  -to  ask' the  public  to  go  on  paying  a  premium  on 
sugar  forever  and  ever;  the  sugar  industry  ought  be  allowed  to  reach  normal 
conditions  similar  to  those  existing  in  Europe;  It  is  want  of  logio  to  con- 
tinue keeping  UD  the  price  of  sugar  indefinitely  by  artificial  weans. 

However,  if  we  cannot  agree  with  Mr.  T.'G.Palmer  on  tariff  questions,  wo 
must,  nevertheless,  compliment  him  on  his  interesting  book  which  ranks  now  as 
an  official  document,  having  been  embodied  in  the  records  of  the  United  States 
Senate. 

This  book  contains  interesting  photogtaphs  relating  to  the  beet  sugar 
industry  and  42  colored  charts,  showing  in  a  strikingly  comprehensive  manner 
varied  statistical  matter,  relative  to  the  sugar  industry  and  the  sugar  trade. 
Comparative  statistics  on  the  production  of  Deet  sugar  and  cane  sugar  in 
different  countries  of  the  world,  and  the  gradual  increase  from  1340  to  1910, 
shown  by  decadea.  Also  the  gradual  increase  of  beet  sugar  production  in  the 
United  States;  the  consumption  of  sugar  in  different  countries,  taxas  on 

sugar,  retail  prices,  eto.   Many  of  the  charts  designed  by  the  author  relate  to 
the  most  important  part  that  beet  culture  plays  in  agriculture;  other  charts  show 
average  prices  of  articles  of  food  as  compared  with  the  price  of  sugar,  conclusively 
showing  that  .the  prices  of  other  commodities  have  risen  considerably  since  1900,  sugar 
excepted.  The  book  contains  68  pages  and  is  a  perfect  piece  of  statistical  work. 


£71 
(Translation  from  German) 

EXCERPT  FROM  OEN3RALBIATT  FJfe  DIE  ZUCKERIHIUSTRIE.  MARCH  1.   1913.  PAGE  782. 


BEETGBOWSRS  -  ASSOCIATIONS 

Conditions  in  southwest  Germany  seem  to  approach  a  crisis, i.e. 
a  Sugar  Beet  war  is  imminent.         Sugar  factories  in  Rheinhessen  and  the 
Pfalz  offer  only  1  M.  10  per  Ctr.  Beets  ($4.49)   per  short  ton  and  would 
rather  suspend,  operations  for  the  next  campaign. 

The  growers  on  the  other  hand,  declare  that  they  would  rather 
stop  planting  beets  if  they  cannot  get  1.20  for  a  centner  =  15.19  per  short 
ton) . 

Beetgrowers  in  Wurtemberg  held  a  meeting  at  Stuttgart  and  they 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  lowering  of  beet  prices  was  unjustifiable  - 
the  following  resolution  was  passed  in  harmony  with  those  of  Hessen  Bavaria 
and  Pfalz.         In  view  of  economic  conditions  relating  to  agriculture,  advance 
in  wages,   taxes  and  expenses  of  all  sorts, and  considering  the   fact  that  the 
seed  furnished  by  the  factory  gives  a  beet  with  a  high  sugar  content,  but 
inferior  weight,  it  is  out  of  the  question  to  even  consider  a  lowering  of 
prices  for  beets.       On  the  contrary,  we  unanimously  declare  that,  -  by  ad- 
hering to  the  usual  conditions  in  force,  no  beets  be  delivered  under  2*40 
per  100  Kg.   ($5.19  per  short  ton). 

A  permanent  Commission  is  appointed  that  will  see  to  it,   that   the 
fixing  of  prices  to  be  paid  for  beets  in  the  future  shall  take  place  in 
the  month  of  December  at  the  latest. 

Well,   the  soup  once  ooolrad,  will  not  be  swallowed  hot  and  both  parties 
will  have  to  make  mutual  concessions. 

Meanwhile,  we  learn  that  the  sugar  factory  "Frankenthal"  offers 


272 


Mark  2*35  per  Dz.   («  $5.08  per  short  ton)  •          At  the  same  tine  this  factory 
is  sending  out  ciruulars  in  which  they  point  oat  that  for  the  last  eleven 
years  prices  have  gradually  risen  from  1*60  to  2.40  Dz*   ($3.46  to  $5*19) 
and  if  they  offer  a  minimum  they  say  it  is  due  to  lower  raw  sugar  prices., 
and  to  the  "buyers  of  beets  from  Holland,  who  can  get  beets  in  their  own  coun- 
try for  one  Mark  eighty  (   1*80  per  Da.  =  $3*68  per  short  ton)  • 


273 

(Translation  from  the  German)  Page  168 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  WOQHSHSGHRI  FT  BBS  GEHTRALVEREIHS  PER  ZUCKBfilJroasaBIE.MABCH  5/13 

7RSA2ING  WOUUDS  WITH  SUGAR . 

Medical  authorities  have  called  our  attention  to  the  fact  that  in 
external  injuries  to  the  booty,  sugar  may  be  used  in  tie  treatment  of  the 
woundst       Sugar  is  frequently  used  by  medical  men  to  counteract  blood-poisoning. 
Internally,  sugar  also  Is  employed  as  an  antiseptic  in  enteritis  by  being 
added  to  other  drugs.        Dr»  Magnus  (Munchener  Uedizinische  Wochenschrift) 
advocates  the  use  of  sugar  in  view  of  its  favorable  effect  as  an  anti septic j 
as  an  ingredient  in  other  drugs  used  to  further  the  formation  of  new  skin 
it  has  also  been  found  effective. 

Sugar,  therefore,  is  a  harmless,  cheap,  and  to  all  appearances, 
a  healing  remedy,  free  from  dangerous  bacteria.       Its  advantages  consist  in 
that  it  is  within  easy  reach  of  everybody,  which  is  not  always  the  case  with 
other  drugs* 


ESOERPT  FROM  PER  DEUTSCHE  ZUCK5RINUUSTRIE.  March  7.   1915. 

Dr.  Magnus,  Assistant  surgeon  at  the  Marburg  Clinic  aays:         Sugar 
Is  used  as  a  vehicle  for  other  drugs  and  its  chemical  affinity  with  alcohol 
enables  it  to  deprive  the  tissue  of  water  and  tSius  take  away  the  element  that 
is  indispensable  to  bacteriological  life. 

Oculists  use  sugar  in  solution  as  a  rinsing  medium  when  cauterising 
the  cornea  and  the  conjunctiva. 

At  the  Marburger  Clinic  of  surgery  experiments  were  made  with  sugar 
in  the  treatment  of  wounds  and  on  account  of  the  difficulty  that  exists  in 
sterilizing  sugar,  a  small  quantity  of  beet  sugar  as  sold  in  the  open  market 


274 


was  used  experimentally  and  placed  on  various  fostering  sub stances.     The 

resrult  was  as  follows;  * 

/ 
Kumber.  Fostering  Soil.  Result.  Developed  Germs. 

18  Agar  15       5  1  x  hay  Bac. 

11  Bouillon  9       2  2  x  pptato  " 

3  Bouillon  hermetically 

closed  vessel  3  2  x  hay         " 

2  Gelatine  2 

2  Pepsin  -water  2 

2  Serum  agar  2 

2  Potatoes  2 

1  Sacknous  Whey  1 

1  Agar  neutralized  1 

1  Grape   Sugar  Agar  1 

JL.  Milk  _1 

44  39       5 

It  was  demonstrated  that   in  no  case  was  the  presence  of  pathogenous 
bacteria  found  in  purchased  beet   sugar. 

Out  of  all  experimental  cultures  89  per  cent  remained  sterile, 
on  the  balance  of  11$  harmless  Sarophytisr    grew.       Based  on  these  experiments 
beet  in  a  state  as  it  came  from  the  marlsflt  was  used.       When  taken  internally 
digestion  was  promoted  and  generally  a  healthy  condition  in  external  wounds 
was  brought  about  and  internal  disorders  in  the  human  organism  counteracted. 


875 


BXGERPT  PROM  THE  JOUHHAL  des  FABRIQAMTS  de  SUCRE.  MAR. 12/13. 

AUSTRIA. 

BOHEMIA-MORAVIA. 
From  leading  article  by  G.  Dureau. 

In  Austria  negotiations  regarding  Beet  Contracts  and  agreements  about 
Kaufrueben  (purchase  beets)  are  being  carried  on* 

The  prospects  for  an  understanding  between  the  growers  and  factories 
now  rest  upon  a  solid  basis  and  it  is  most  likely  that  shortly  an  agreement 
acceptable  to  both  sides  will  be  made. 

At  a  meeting  in  Brunn,  Moravia,  held  on  February  28th,  1913,  by  rep- 
resentatives of  sugar  factories  and  delegates  of  the  Organization  of  Beet 
Growers,  the  sugar  factories  advocated  the  adoption  of  a  minimum  price  as  a 
basis  of  a  certain  level  eventually  attained  by  sugar  quotations;  the  grow- 
ers agreeing  to  this  in  principle,  have  asked  that  the  price  of  purchase  beats 
be  fixed  at  2*15  kronen  per  100  Kg*  (equalling  $3.95  per  short  ton)  with  an 
increase  of  10  hellers  (13  cents  per  short  ton  of  beets)  -  if  sugar  quotations 
rise  above  22  kronen  ($4.46  per  100  Kg.  sugar,  or  $2.00  per  100  Ibs. ). 

The  factory  delegates  have  offered  2*05  kronen  per  100  Kg.  beets  ($3*78 
per  short  ton)  for  the  first  group  (district)  and  2*15  kronen  per  100  Kg.  for 
every  kronen  ($0.203)  rise  in  price  of  sugar  beyond  22  kronen  -  ($4.46  per  100 
Eg.  sugar,  or  $2*00  per  100  Ibs).  In  some  parts  of  Moravia  beets  were  purchased 
at  fixed  prices.   The  sugar  Factories  of  Boemish  Brod  offer  2  kronen  per  100 
Kg.  beets  (equalling  $3.63  per  short  ton)  with  an  increase  for  every  100  Kg. 
of  10  hellers  (18  cents  per  short  ton)  if  sugar  quotations  reach  above  20.50 
kronen  ($4.16  per  100  Kg.  of  sugar,  or  $1«89  per  100  Ibs.)  delivery  October- 
December,  1913. 


(Translation  from  the  French)  276 

EXGERPT  FROM  3HB  JOURNAL  des  FABRICATES  de  SUQRS.  MARCH  12.   1915. 

HAWAIIAN  ISUUDS. 

At  the  time  when  America  annexed  the  Hawaiian  Islands  the   ordinary 
worker  received  12-1/2  dollars  per  month. 

In  1911,  wages  rose  to  18  dollars  for  the  Asiatic  laborer  and  24 
dollars  for  the  Caucassian  wage  earner*     likewise,  he  receives  at  the  end 
of  the  year  \%  on  every  dollar  as  soon  as  the  prices  goes  beyond  70  dollars 
a  short  ton,   or  $70 .00  «  (3-£  cents  per  Ib.) 

For  instance,   if  sugar  is  worth  $80*00  per  short  ton,   the  wage  earn- 
er gets  10%  as  a  bonus  of  the  amount  of  his  salary. 

after 
Last  year^/ this  system  had  been  adopted    the  wage  earners  received 


277 

EXCEBPT  FROM  DIE  DBUT3CHB  ZUOKBRINDU3TRIE.  MARCH  14.  1915.   (p.  239) 

QBRMAHY. 

PRICE  OF  BBBT3  IN  GERUAKY. 

i 
The  beet  prices  are  dependent  usually  on  the  current  market  price 

of  sugar.   At  the  end  of  1911  the  price  of  raw  sugar  was  very  high,  and  this 
is  the  reason  why  all  German  beet  sugar  factories  were  able  to  pay  high  prices 
for  their  beets;  but  recently  the  price  of  sugar  has  reached  a  low  level, 
wherefore  the  sugar  factories  of  Germany,  especially  those  of  South  Germany, 
are  determined  to  secure  their  beets  at  a  lower  price  than  they  have  been 
paying  up  to  the  present  time.   This  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  Sec- 
retary of  State  Frhr.  Zorn  v.  Bulach  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of 
Alsace-Lorraine,  and  he  was  asked  what  the  Government  intended  doing  about 
the  proposed  reduction  in  the  price  of  beets.   The  honorable  gentlemen 
conferred  with  Representative  Wehrung,  and  after  the  conference  stated  that 
it  was  his  opinion  that  the  farmers  should  organize  and  protest  against 
the  lowering  of  the  price  of  beets,  and  that  the  Government  is  not  in  a  po- 
sition to  bring  pressure  to  bear  upon  the  farmers  to  accept  a  lower  price  for 
their  beets,  but  that  the  farmers  should  have  patience  and  when  the  price 
of  sugar  in  the  world  shall  warrant,  the  price  of  beets  would  undoubtedly 
return  to  the  level  of  what  it  was  in  the  last  campaign. 

NETHERLANDS  (Ibid.) 
Nord-Brabandt,  12th  of  March,  1913. 

Contracts  for  beets  are  being  signed  up  in  different  districts. 
Fired  prices  for  beets  have  been  determined  upon  as  follows  for  the  cam- 
paign 1913-14. 

Dist,  1  and  2,  12  Florens  per  Metric  ton  (equals  $4.38  per  short  ton). 

»    3       11    "     «    H     H  (   ft    4.01  "  "    »  ). 

"    4       12.70  "     "    "     "  (   "    4.63  "  "    H  ). 

(Average  4.34). 


278 


These  prices  are  paid  for  beets  delivered  at  the  factory  gates  and 
no  increase  or  deferred  payment  will  "be  made  for  deferred  deliveries.  The 
"Bund"  of  sugar  manufacturers  made  an  agreement  with,  the  German  sugar  fac- 
tory association  to  the  effect  that  these  organizations  will  co-operate 
with  each  other  in  keeping  the  price  the  same  in  both  countries. 


•oOo- 


279 

EXCERPT  FROM  JQUHNAL  des  FABRICANTS  de  SUCRE.  MAR,  26,  1915, 
Leading  Article  by  Georges  Bureau.  Editor. 

In  previous  articles  we  referred  to  a  petition  of  the  cane  growers 
of  the  Hawaiian  Islands  and  Porto  Hico,  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States* 

The  beet  growers  also  tendered  a  petition,  but  one  of  the  most  im?« 
portant  steps,  was  the  action  taken  by  Mr.  Palmer,  Secretary  of  the  United 
States  Beet  Sugar  Industry,  the  author  of  the  remarkable  book  "Sugar  at 
a  Glance",  a  description  of  which  was  issued  some  weeks  ago.    We  also  at- 
tach great  importance  to  Mr.  Palmer's  testimony  which  he  gave  before  Con- 
gress, owing  to  the  prestige  of  the  author's  name. 

According  to  Mr.  Palmer,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  tax  on  this 
commodity  should  be  reduced*   Since  1370,  the  price  of  sugar  has  gone  down 
63J&  and  at  present,  a  dollar  will  fcuy  as  much  sugar  as  could  be  bought  at 
that  time* 

From  1900  to  1910,  whilst  the  price  of  salt  pork  has  increased  89$, 
that  of  fresh  pork  61%,  "ham  60$,  lard  77$,  eggs  64$,  and  other  commodities 
in  proportion,  the  price  of  sugar  diminished  7%. 

During  the  last  few  years,  native  sugar  has  played  an  important 
role  in  cheapening  sugar  of  all  grades  all  over  the  United  States.   In  1911, 
when  native  beet  sugar  came  onto  the  market  it  was  offered  at  prices  lower 
than  that  paid  for  cane  sugar,  and  during  10  weeks  the  sale  of  this  sugar 
in  the  American  markets  brought  down  the  price  of  cane  sugar  1*75  cents  per 
pound. 

In  comparing  retail  prices,  it  will  be  found  that  sugar  is  cheaper 
in  the  United  States  than  in  most  of  the  European  countries. 

According  to  data  gathered  by  the  State  Department  in  July  1911, 


280 


from  19  countries  of  Europe  -  only  5  countries  showed  for  granulated  sugar 
a  price  that  was  a  small  fraction  of  a  cent  a  pound  cheaper  than  in  the 
United  States,  whereas,  14  other  countries  showed  a  price  considerably  high- 
er; several  countries  showed  a  price  more  than  double  that  of  the  price  paid 
In  the  United  States, 

Only  three  European  countries  levy  a  higher  tax  than  the  United 
States;  by  tax,  I  mean  import  duty  and  internal  revenue  tax  paid  by  Eu- 
ropean countries;  and  if  the  import  duty  on  sugar  were  entirely  abolished 
in  the  United  States,  and  even  if  the  consumer  were  really  to  benefit  by  the 
amount  of  duty  abolished,  the  per  capita  saving  only  would  be  14  cents  per 
annum. 

According  to  the  Bureau  of  Labor  of  the  United  States,  the  outlay 
for  sugar  of  a  workingman's  family  is  less  than  5$  of  all  other  expenses 
incurred  for  food  -  and  the  absolute  benefit  derived  from  the  elimination 
of  duty  on  sugar  would  only  be  (per  day)  4  cents  for  a  family  of  5  persons. 

It  therefore  looks  ridiculous  to  try  and  lower  the  cost  of  living 
by  abolishing  the  duty  on  sugar. 

On  the  other  hand,  no  consumer  will  believe  that  the  retail  price 
of  sugar  will  be  lower  if  the  native  industry  is  abolished  instead  of  being 
encouraged,  considering  the  fact  that  the  .Beet  Sugar  Industry  is  the  only 
competitor  that  the  refineries  have  to  reckon  with. 

To  destroy  competition  and  thereby  establish  a  monopoly  has  never 
been  looked  upon  as  an  efficacious  means  to  secure  low  prices* 

The  true  cause  of  a  rise  in  prices  in  the  necessaries  of  life  is  the 
misunderstanding  of  fundamental  agronomic  principles,  in  consequence  of  which 
only  one  bushel  of  grain  is  harvested  in  the  United  States  where  other  coun- 
tries harvest  two  bushels. 


281 


By  reason  o.f  the  low  yield  of  crops  -  not  considering  the  cotton 
crop  -  which  is  non-alimentary,  the  United  States  have  "become  importers  of 
agricultural  products  instead  of  exporters.    Prom  1900  to  1910,  the  value 
of  annual  exports  from  the  United  States  in  foodstuffs  has  diminished  40$. 

Apart  from  cotton,  the  annual  excess  of  exports  over  imports  of 
foodstuffs  amounted  to  267  million  dollars* 

Is  it  therefore  surprising  that  under  such  conditions  the  cost  of 
living  has  gone  up  so  phenomenally? 

This  reversal  of  the  balance  of  trade  from  an  agricultural  point 
of  view  is  due  to  the  method  I  system]  of  cultivation  carried  on  in  the  United 
States . 

The  United  States  has  ignored,  largely,  the  system  of  crop  rota- 
tion as  adopted  long  ago,  by  the  principal  European  nations*   The  United 
States,  -with  its  virgin  soil,  its  excellent  climate,  its  improved  machinery, 
its  energetic  and  Intelligent  farmers,  its  splendidly  organized  Department 
of  Agriculture,  should  enable  it  to  get  a  yield  per  acre  higher  than  that 
obtained  hitherto* 

We  agree  with  Mr.  Palmer,  when  he  told  Congree  that  sugar  beet 
culture  in  rotation  (once  in  4  years),  with  other  crops,  will  give  the  Ameri- 
can farmer  the  means  of  doubling  the  yield  per  acre  of  cereals  and  even  more 
than  doubling  it,  as  we  ourselves  Imow  has  been  accomplished  for  Europe  where 
soma  nations  had  the  alternative  of  emigrating  or  starving* 

Before  the  introduction  of  sugar  beet  culture,  European  governments 
encouraged  emigration,  owing  to  the  impossibility  of  feeding  an  ever-growing 
population.   Today,  they  do  all  they  can  to  discourage  emigration,  and 
Germany  contracts  every  year  with  several  100,000  laborers  from  Rus-sia  and 
Oalicia,  to  come  and  help  them  out  with  their  tilling  of  the  soil  and  gath- 


E82 


ering  in  of  their  harvests. 

Europe  has  doubled  the  yield  of  its  acreage,  but  the  United  States 
has  not  as  yet  known  how  to  profit  by  Europe's  example,  and  America  is  no 
longer  considered  as  the  favored  country,  -  the  granary  of  the  world,  or 
as  some  American  periodicals  put  it  -  the  feeders  of  the  famished  hordes 
of  western  Europe* 

Of  wheat.  ryef  barley,  oats  and  potatoes,  western  Europe  has  har- 
vested 43  bushels  per  acre  -  Germany  69.3  bushels  per  acre;  and  the  United 
States  only  21*1  bushels.   Of  these  five  crops,  western  Europe  produced  an- 
nually 26.7  bushels  per  capita;  Germany  48.3  bushels  per  capita;  and  the 
United  States  21.5  bushels  per  capita. 

Is  it  surprising  then,  that  the  prices  of  foodstuffs  have  risen 
so  abnormally  in  the  United  States? 

The  sugar  beet  harvest  covers  more  than  all  the  costs  of  tillage, 
as  the  increase  in  the  subsequent  yields  of  cereals  is  due  to  the  improve- 
ment taking  place  in  the  quality  of  the  land  by  reason  of  beet  culture, 
which  is  a  net  profit  to  the  farmer,  and  as  harvests  increase,  the  price  of 
cereals  diminishes  for  the  consumer* 

Mr.  Palmer  gave  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  figures  setting 
forth  in  a  striking  manner,  the  superiority  of  European  agriculture  over 
the  American  methods,  and  the  consumers  should  certainly  appreciate  the 
material  advantages  which  they  are  reaping  from  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry, 
directly  and  indirectly. 

Even  if  the  reducing  of  the  tariff  were  to  make  sugar  cheaper,  which 
we  very  much  doubt,  we  think  Mr.  Palmer  is  right  when  he  states  that  the 

consumers  should  not  hinder  the  progress  of  this  unique  industry  which  has 


283 


helped  to  double  and  triple  the  yield  of  cereals  and  to  enormously  increase 
the  capacity  of  the  farms  in  regard  to  raising  cattle. 

Mr.  Palmer  cites  as  an  example,  a  farm  which  he  visited  in  Bohemia 
where  as  a  result  of  beet  culture  on  a  third  of  the  land,  the  yield  of  the 
crops  from  the  two  other  thirds  was  higher  than  the  original  tonnage  ob- 
tained previously  from  the  entire  three-thirds,  and  the  number  of  cattle 
this  farm  was  enabled  to  feed  increased  to  more  than  double. 

The  American  laborer  in  consequence  of  the  rise  by  70$  in  the 
price  of  fresh  meat,  spends  now  for  his- family  an  average  of  35  dollars  more 
than  he  did  in  1901,  that  is  to  say,  double  the  amount  he  spends  for  all  the 
sugar  used  per  annum  by  his  entire  family. 

Mr.  Palmer  maintains,  and  he  is  right,  when  he  states  that  the 
refining-  of  sugar  is  an  industry  of  less  importance  in  comparison  with  the 
real  manufacture  of  sugar  from  beets.   The  refining  of  700,000  tons  of 
sugar  represents  a  value  of  5,000,000  dollars  -  whereas,  the  production 
of  700,000  tons  of  beet  sugar  represents  an  outlay  in  the  United  States  of 
52,000,000  dollars. 

The  refining  'of  1,800,000  tons  of  sugar  imported  involves  an  expense 
of  only  2  million  dollars:  whereas,  the  production  of  the  same  quantity 
of  beet  sugar  in  the  United  States  would  involve  the  distribution  of  135,000,000 
dollars  all  of  which  would  remain  in  the  ccjuntry. 

After  Mr.  Palmer's  testimony  before  the  Congress  of  the  United  States, 
the  secretary  of  the  United  States  Beet  Sugar  Industry  gave  some  testimony 
relating  to  wages  in  Germany,  and  pointed  out  that  Germany  assumed  enormous 
financial  burdens,  in  the  shape  of  bounties  with  a  view  of  developing  and 
fortifying  an  industry,  the  enormous  advantages  of  which,  were  duly  appre- 


284 


elated  in  that  country  and  that  95  to  97$  of  sugar  beets  grown  in  the  United 
States  are  produced  by  75,000  to  100,000  Independent  farmers  who  all  have  a 
direct  interest  in  the  question  of  the  tariff  relating  to  sugar. 

Let  us  now  quote  Mr.  Palmer  literally  in  his  declaration  to  the 
members  of  the  Congressional  Committee: 

"Based  on  a  careful  study  of  this  important  economic  question  1 
maintain  that  the  higher  the  duty  on  sugar  -  within  reasonable  limits  - 
the  more  you  will  diminish  the  cost  of  living. 

"In  a  dozen  States,  thousands  of  farmers  are  desirous  now  to  grow 
sugar  beets  in  order  to  thereby  increase  the  yield  of  other  crops  on 
their  fields,  but  considering  the  attitude  of  Congress  as  regards  the 
importation  of  foreign  sugar  no  capital  can  be  secured  for  the  erection 
of  factories  in  those  localities. 

"You  gentlemen,  fix  the  price  of  raw  sugar  at  2  cents  a  pound  (22 
francs  per  100  Eg»),  or  keep  the  duty  at  its  present  level,  and  you 
give  to  the  capitalist  the  assurance  that  you  realize  the  importance  of 
this  great  economic  question  -  and  in  ten  years  you  will  not  only  have 
sugar  cheaper  than  you  ever  had  it  before,  but  you  will  have  reduced  the 
cost  of  foodstuffs  to  a  much  larger  extent  than  you  as  a  Congress  could 
do  it  by  any  other  means  or  legislative  measure1*. 

-  Mr.  Palmer's  theory  is  absolutely  right  in  stating  that  the  Beet 
Sugar  Industry,  wherever  it  had  been  established  -  had  improved  economic 
conditions  in  agriculture  as  a  whole,  and  for  that  reason,  if  for  no  other, 
it  should  get  Government  support  (encouragement). 

But  let  us  hope  that  this  industry  now  producing  700,000  tons  of 
beet  sugar  per  year  will  be  able  to  fight  valiantly,  even  if  the  tariff  is 
reduced,  and  gradually  increase  its  strength  and  efficiency  by  normal  de- 
velopment.  Let  us  hope  that  should  a  reduction  in  the  tariff  take  place, 
the  beet  sugar  industry  will  thereby  not  be  permanently  prejudiced. 


— oOo— • — 


285 

(Translation  from  the  German) 


EXCERPT  FROM  THE  BUTTER  FUR  ZUCKERRlJBMIdlUSTRIE.    JULY  15,1912  and 

MARCH  15  ..1915. 


T£CHflICO-GH£MIQAL  PREPARATION  07  BEET   SEED  BEFORE  PLANTING. 

By  Director  Friedrich  Strohmer,  K.  K.  Councillor. 


In  order  to  properly  prepare   (a)    the   seed  an  apparatus  in  the   shape 
of  a  cylindrical  drum  with,  a  diameter  of  1.35  m.  and  a  length  of  2*50  m.   is  used. 
(b)      2  mortar  trays  1.50  x  1.50  x  0.40  m.    (c)     the   following  tools: 

Two  wooden  troughs  for  filling  the   drum,   two  forked  sticks  for  mixing 
the   seed  in  the  drum,   two  T  shaped  tools  for  mixing  the  prepared  seed  with 
lime  water  and  a  variety  of  shovels  and  rates. 

For  the  purpose  of  setting  the  drum  in  motion  it   is  provided  with 
a  jack-rafter   (spur-gear).       The   drum  should  make  about  8  revolutions  per  minute 
and  should  have   a  motive  power   of  4  H.  P.         The  drum  hag  on  its   inner  side  6 
projecting  ledges  facilitating  the  scattering  and  lifting  the    seed  and  thus 
thoroughly  mixing  it. 

On  the  front  of  the   drum  is  a  small  movable  manhole   for  facilitating 
the  removal  of  the   prepared  seed.       On  a  given  point   of  the   circumference  there 
are  openings  for  introducing  the   seed  into  the  drum;        these  openings  are   arranged 
so  as  to  be  closed  with  adjustable  lids  in  the   shape  of  closely  woven  sieves; 
besides  there  are   two  ventilating  holes   on  the  drum  each  hole  provided  with 
closely  woven  sievelike  meshes  through  which  acid  gases  are  allowed  to  escape 
and  serve  also  to   lower   the   temperature    that  had  risen  by  reason  of  a  contact 
between  the  seed  and  acid  so   that  the  germinating  capacity  of  the   seed  should 
not  be  prejudicially  affected.    • 


286 


The   drum  is  fed. with  400  Kg.  beet   seed  and  4  jars  of  sulfurous   acid 
66°   beaurae,   each  jar  containing  30  Kg.   of  acid.         The    filling  of   the  drum  takes 
place   in  such  a  manner  that  alternately  fceet   seed  and  acid  are  introduced 
through  the  openings  which  immediately  is   stirred  thoroughly  by  means   of  a     T 
shaped  crutch.       Then  the   lids  are  fastened  on  the  openings,   the   drum  is  put  in 
rotatory  motion  which  is  kept  up  during  two  hours.       The  contents  are   then 
forced  into  the  mortar-boxes  through  the  manhole  on  the  front  of  the  drum  "by 
means  of  a  powerful  stream  of  water.         In  ttiose  mortar  "boxes  the  seed  is   then 
washed  thoroughly  during  half  an  hour  -  fine  sieve  openings  on  the   lower  front 
of  the  drum  serve  to  allow  the  water  to  run  off  without  permitting  the  small 
seeds  to  escape.       After  the  seed  has  received  its  final  water  bath  the  sieve- 
like  openings  are  closed  with,  boards  and  the   boxes  are  fed  with  lime  "-mi  Ik  - 
50  litres  of  lime  water  for  every  100  Kg.  seed  -  which  will  neutralize  any  acid 
lingering  on  the  seeds.        After  the  seed  has  been  thoroughly  stirred  during 
an  hour  toy  means  of  a  T-shaped  crutch  the  boards  are  taken  away  from  the  sieve 
openings  and  the  seed  is  washed  In  pure  water  until  Lakmus  paper  shows  no  longer 
any  reaction. 

Seed  prepared  in  this  way  can  be  planted  immediately;       if  this  is  not 
done  then  the  seed  should  be  spread  out  in  thin  layers,  allowed  to  dry  and. 
turned  over  several  times.          After  two  days  it  will  be   so  thoroughly  aerated 
and  dry  that  it  can  safely  be  put  in  bags  and  stored  away  for  future  use. 
The  seed  naturally  diminishes  in  size  and  weight  during  this  operation;       it  can 
safely  be   calculated  that  from  100  Kg.  unprepared  seed  70  Kg.  of  dry  prepared 
seed  will  be  obtained.       For  this  reason  the  quantity  of  prepared  seed  fco  be 
sown  should  be  30$  less  than  the  quantity  of  unprepared  seed,   i.e.,   instead  of 
36  Kg.   of  ordinary  seed  only  24  Kg.   of  prepared  seed  need  be   taken.       As  the 
beet  ball  will  now  be  small  and  black  in  color,   it  might   cause  mistakes  in  drill- 


287 


ing;   it  Is  therefore  advisable  to  treat  the  seed  after  leaving  the  final  mortar 
tank  bath  and  before  completely  drying,  with  lime  dust. 

Fertilizing  has  to  be  carefully  considered  in  beet  planting  for  sugar 
extraction  as  well  as  for  seed  growing. 

Land  in  Russia  without  fertilizer  yielded  seed  in  Kursk  Government 
15,6  dz.  per  hectare. 

Dz_»  pe  r  he  ctare  . 

2  Superphosphate  17.1  "  1I 

Oo5  Chilian  Saltpeter 16.1  "  n 

1.5  Salts  of  Lime 17.9  "  n 

or 

Superphosphate  &  Ghiliam  ni- 
trate  . 18.2  "  " 

Chilian  Saltpeter  and  Salts  of 

Lime * «  20.9  "  " 


288 


BLATTER  FUR  ZUEKSRRUEBEXBAU 
MARCH  31st,  1913.  page  93 

By  Dr.  Albert  Bart  ens. 
L  A  B  0  R   and   W  A  G  E  3 

What  influence  will  the  labor  question  have  on  the  Production  of  cane  sugar 
and  beet  sugar? 

One  of  the  most  gratifying  items  for  the  American  beet  sugar  producers  is  the 
fact  that  the  Cuban  planters  have  a  great  difficulty  in  getting  sufficient  labo* 
although  efforts  have  been  made  for  years  past  to  encourage  the  enmigration  of 
Portuguese  and  Spanish  families, —  but  as  the  Cuban  law  proscribes  that  75$  of 
laborers  must  be  Cubans  these  efforts  have  not  met  with  the  desired  result. 

Most  of  the  Spanish  and  Portuguese  laborers  stay  during  the  season  and  return 
to  their  own  country  after  their  wrk  is  done.   Increases  in  planting  cane  and 
extensive  new  buildings  are  planned  by  competitors  of  the  beet  sugar  industry, 
without  thinking  whence  they  will  draw  their  material  for  doing  the  work  and  when 
once  the  Panama  Canal  will  be  opened  the  beet  sugar  industry  of  American  will  see 
Cuban  season  laborers  drift  to  the  western  American  States  where  better  wages  in  all 
kinds  of  pursuits  are  paid  and  where  the  climate  is  more  congenial  as  in  Cuba. 

We  believe  that  thousands  of  season  laborers  who  now  help  to  swell  the  pro- 
duction of  sugar  in  Cuba  will  no  longer  work  for  such  wages  as  they  had  received 
hitherto,  which,  apart  from  fluctuations  in  climatic  conditions,  will  materially 
increase  the  wage-account  for  the  Cuban  Sugar  producers. 

To  get  the  necessary  number  of  laborers  for  sugar  factories  has  always  been 
a  serious  problem  especially  for  those  factories  that  have  to  rely  on  foreign  labor. 


289 


In  the  "beet  fields  as  well  as  in  the  cane  fields  there  is  always  a  cause  of 
anxiety  if  a  lack  of  workmen  should  exist  during  any  season  and  the  fields  could  not 
be  attended  to  at  the  proper  time,  especially  in  the  Spring  at  planting  time.  There 
is  likewise  grave  cause  for  anxiety  when  there  is  not  sufficient  labor  material  avail- 
able during  the  period  of  factory  operations  in  cane  pressing  and  beet  juice  extraction. 

In  this  respect  the  labor  problem  will  become  more  serious  and  the  getting  of 
labor  forces  attended  with  more  difficulties  in  tropical  countries  than  in  beet  grow- 
ing countries  -  as  a  deterioration  of  the  beets  doesnot  take  place  as  quickly  as  is 
the  case  with  the  cut  cane  tendency  to  decomposition,  as  it  is  well  known  that  cut 
cane  deteriorates  very  fast  when  once  cut.  Comparatively  speaking  the  tropical  sugar 
producers  will  have  greater  difficulties  to  get  laborers  than  beet  sugar  producers. 
The  labor  question  has  hindered  in  many  cases  the  extension  of  sugar  cane  planting  in 
general. 

Upon  this  question  rests  the  life,  the  productive  capacity  and  we  may  say  the 
prosperity  of  the  cane  sugar  industry.  We  must  bear  in  mind  that  the  labor  problem  is 
likewise  serious  for  the  beet  sugar  industry  but  will  be  solved  much  easier  than  in 
the  cane  sugar  industry.   This  will  naturally  be  an  advantage  for  the  beet  sugar 
industry  as  the  tropical  sugar  mills  will  not  be  able  to  produce  sugar  cheaper  than 
they  have  done  hitherto  on. contrary  we  think  that  the  coat  of  production  of  cane  sugar 
will  gradually  get  higher  and  higher. 

Let  us  take  Russia  for  instance,-  In  Russian  factories  peasants  are  enployed 
who  for  the  greater  part  of  the  year  live  independently  of  factory  wages,  which  does 
not  tend  to  establish  labor  organizations.   It  is  true  that  in  Poland  a  great  many 
labor  organizations  exist  but  on  account  of  the  vastly  scattered  areas  in  vdiich  the 
sugar  factories  are  located  they  cannot  carry  on  any  successful  propaganda  tending  to 
strikes  or  enforce  demands  for  higher  wages. 


290 


But  in  Italy,  Denmark  and  Sweden  where  labor  organizations  are  geographically 
nearer  each  other,  employers  of  labor  have  to  come  periodically  to  agreements  with 
the  organizations  themselves,  relating  to  wages* 

In  the  Spring  such  labor  and  wage  contracts  are  made  often  with  reluctance  on 
the  part  of  the  employers  for  in  case  of  conflict  the  whole  beet  harvest  is  jeopardized 
during  a  given  campaign*    In  Denmark  there  is  a  female  labor  union,  and  a  Danish 
Machinists  and  Boiler  attendants  union,  who  only  enter  into  direct  negotiations  about 
wage  questions  with  the  beet  sugar  factories* 

In  Italy  also  the  sugar  factories  have  often  differences  about  the  wage  question, 
for  instance  in  1909,  a  union  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  getting  a  wage  increase. 
By  importing  foreign  labor  losses  and  delays  may  be  to  a  certain  extent  avoided,  as 
for  instance  in  Denmark  where  the  sugar  factory  owners  reluctantly  import  annually    , 
laborers  from  Galicia. 

The  surplus  in  working  forces  that  exists  in  Austria  and  in  Russia  enables 
contiguous  countries  to  regulate  satisfactorily  their  labor  supply.  Likewise  in  G  ermany 
in  sugar  factories  and  on  farms  a  safety  valve  is  found  in  being  able  to  draw  on  Russia 
and  Galicia  for  wage  earners.  Finally  we  may  mention  that  Prance  and  Belgium  have  largely 
to  depend  on  Galicia  to  make  up  their  shortage  on  labor  for  field  and  factory. 

This  continuous  demand  for  labor  does  not  excite  any  envy  on  the  part  of  the  native 
population  as  those  receive  the  same  wages  as  the  natives  who  therefore  are  not  exposed 
to  any  damaging  competition.   In  all  countries  efforts  are  made  to  introduce  improved 
machinerjr  so  as  to  effect  a  saving  in  wages  and  reduce  operating  expenses  to  a  minimum. 
Inducements  are  held  out  to  laborers  so  that  they  may  become  permanently  attached  to 

those  agricultural  and  industrial  establishments  where  they  get  work  from  year  to  year. 

% 
Mie  inducements  v;e  speak  of  are  as  follows: 

Building  of  barracks,-  granting  of  railroad  fares,-  opportunities  for  traveling 
in  general,-  and  other  privileges. 


291 

Incidentally  we  may  mention  that  the  employment  of  vast  numbeis  of  foreign  work- 
men in  Germany  tends  to  lower  the  standard  of  living  and  to  influence  the  moral 
atmosphere  on  farms  and  in  factories. 

That  only  by  paying  good  wages  in  the  beet  districts  of  Europe  a  sufficient  number 
of  laborers  can  be  obtained  at  the  proper  time  does  not  alter  the  fact  that  sometimes 
strikes  do  occur  by  reason  of  a  demand  for  higher  wages  and  that  for  other  reasons 
entire  cessation  of  work  takes  place.  Bat  this  is  purely  a  local  matter,  and  is  due 
to  the  parnicious  activity  of  a  few  agitators.   Some  estates  and  some  factories  for 
a  time  are  thereby  subject  to  losses  but  by  constant  offers  Of  work  on  the  part  of 
the  unemployed  laborers,  it  is  possible  to  resume  work  speedily  and  without  material 
loss  to  the  productive  capacity  of  a  factory  which  would  otherwise  be  the  case* 

In  the  case  of  a  strike  in  the  cane  sugar  factories  and  canefields,  it  is  Im- 
possible to  store  it  for  any  length  of  time,  and  when  a  strike  does  occur  it  is  always 
advisable  to  make  the  best  possible  arrangement  as  otherwise  the  cut  cane  would  spoil 
and  as  the  factories  get  no  special  protection  from  the  Government  in  Cuba,  plantations 
often  are  exposed  to  incendiary  fires  on  the  part  of  the  strikers,-  the  cane  deteriorates 
or  spoils  entirely  and  for  several  years  to  come  work  on  sugar  plantations  is  retarded. 

Efforts  to  introduce  foreign  workmen  into  the  cane  fields  and  cane  sugar  mills 
date  back  to  the  time  of  the  liberation  of  the  slaves  by  Great  Britain,  and  we  can 
truthfully  assert  that  ever  since  the  abolition  of  slavery  labor  has  been  scarce  in 
Cuba,  as  the  negro  looks  upon  the  cane  sugar  harvest  as  a  festival  and  soon  gets  tired 
of  the  7K>rk.   It  has  happened  50  and  60  years  ago  that  florishing  sugar  cane  plantations 
in  Cuba  had  to  be  abandoned  for  lack  of  laborers  and  in  other  tropical  countries  many 
plantations  became  wildernesses  because  they  could  scarcely  get  enough  people  to  work 
them.   Even  if  conditions  are  somewhat  better  at  present  still  the  same  conditions  may 
occur  again. 


292 


Here  are  some  reasons  why  it  is  far  more  difficult  to  get  an  abundant  supply  of 
labor  in  tropical  countries: 

1st,   Not  nemy  workmen  can  permanently  work  in  tropical  climates  without  injury  to 
their  general  health. 

2nd,   Renewed  and  oft  repeated  planting  and  the  increasing  number  of  consolidations 
of  mills  at  central  points  demand  a  corresponding  increase  in  the  concentration  of  labor 
forces. 

3rd,   The  race  question  and  special  laws  enacted  in  various  sugar  growing  countries 
put  difficulties  in  the  way  of  emigration  and  colonization  of  cane  growing  districts- 

Ihese  points  do  not  entirely  cover  all  conditions,  for  we  could  mention  many  other 
things.    Sven  if  enough  labor  is  available  for  mill  work,  there  is  nearly  always  a 
scarcity  for  field  work  and  for  harvesting. 

The  intense  heat  makes  it  almost  impossible  for  many  to  work  and  emigrants  from 
various  countries  even  if  natives  of  tropical  climates  have  not  an  equal  power  of 
endurance  and  capacity  for  giving  a  fair  return  for  wages  demanded  and  paid, 

Many  countries  have  contributed  their  quota  supply  for  ti'opical  sugar  can©  planta- 
tions especially  China,  Japan,  Spain,  Portugal, Russia,  Germany,  Hungary,  Sweden  and 
Norway;  Norwegians  did  not  stay  for  any  length  of  time.  In  order  to  get  a  clearer 
idea  of  these  difficulties  let  us  analyse  conditions  on  the  Hawaiian  Islands. 

HAWAIIAN  I3LAHD3 

Sp8Clal  enactment  about  emigration  and  the  race  question  play  an  important  part 

in  relation  to  labor  conditions  in  these  islands. 

The  number  of  aborigines  is  getting  smaller  every  year  and  it  is  scarcely  possible 
to  get  a  good  days  work  out  of  a  native  of  the  Hawaiian  Islands.   Chinese  have  been 


293 


imported  and  they  did  very  well  up  to  1900,  the  time -of  annexation  by  the  United 
States.   From  that  time  Japanese  cane  in  vast  numbers,  but  somehow  matters  so 
far  as  the  cane  sugar  industry  was  concerned  did  not  improve  as  in  1900  disputes 
arose  among  the  43,000  workmen  (64$   the  majority  were  Japanese),  8.9$  Portuguese, 
6.35s  Chinese,  5.2$  Philippines,  4.3$  Porto  Hicans,  4$  Koreans,  3$  Kanaka  and  1.4$ 
Americans.  Spaniards  and  .Russians,-  and  it  was  only  by  considerable  concessions 
made  to  the  exacting  Japanese,  the  cane  harvest  could  be  saved. 

Inducements  are  now  offered  to  white  working  families  to  settle  on  the 
Island  to  keep  the  Japanese  in  check  and  of  course  better  American  citizens  can 
be  made  out  of  members  of  the  white  race.   Bussian  and  Portuguese  families 
are  offered  higher  wages  than  those  paid  the  Japanese  and  each  family  father 
gets  a  grant  of  land  on  which  to  build  himself  a  house,  lay  out  vegetable  gardens 
and  he  also  gets  assistance  in  the  shape  of  seeds,  agricultural  implements,  etc. 

Those  that  only  come  for  a  season  get  good  dwellings  to  live  in  their 
spiritual  and  physical  welfare  is  looked  after  and  all  is  done  to  induce  them 
to  stay  permanently  on  the  Islands,-  but  little  success  has  attended  these  efforts. 

!Uhe  Directors  of  the  Sugar  Cane  Planters  Association  are  paying  100  marks 
($23.80)  a  month  of  26  days,-  besides  the  workers  who  remain  get  a  bonus  or  share 
in  the  profits  of  all  the  sugar  they  helped  to  produce,-  this  bonus  to  "he  in 
proportion  to  prices  realized  in  the  American  markets. 

Notwithstanding  all  this  it  is  difficult  to  get  the  necessary  number  of 
people  as  according  to  the  American  Immigration  law  no  contract  is  allowed  to 
'be  made  with  immigrant  laborers.   As  soon  as  a  laborer  arrives  in  Hawaii  he 
can  take  work  in  the  Islands  wherever  he  choses. 


294 


Philippines  are  now  experimented  with  and  the  result  is  watched  with  great 
interest*   Finally  we  may  mention  that  socialists,  free  traders,  labor  agencies, 
and  certain  capitalists  from  the  western  United  States  cities,  who  are  eager  to 
colonize  their  own  states,  induce  many  to  leave  the  Hawaiian  Islands  for  the 
United  States  by  guaranteeing  higher  wages  and  better  living  conditions.  This 
class  of  emraigratdon  is  still  going  on  and  the  Hawaiian  Islands  have  to  replace 
the  losses  caused  by  it. 

Finally  in  Australia  the  the  watchword  is:  "Australia  for  the  white  people*1, 
which  made  them  give  better  wages  to  white  people,  and  the  government  gives  a 
bounty  on  sugar  produced  by  white  people.   Should  a  member  of  the  black  or 
yellow  race  drive  a  wagon  load  of  cane  from  the  field  to  the  factory,  then  such 
a  cartload  is  not  considered  as  being  produced  by  white  labor,  consequently  the 
sugar  produced  from  such  cane  does  not  get  the  bounty.  As  there  is  not  enough 
white  labor  available,  no  expansion  of  the  cane  sugar  industry  is  possible  in 
Queensland  and  not  only  that  but  also  is  it  predicted  that  the  quantity  of  sugar 
produced  will  diminish  every  year. 


295 

(Translation  from  the   German) 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  CENTKALBLATT  FflR  PIE  ZUCKERIHgJgCRIBtAPRIL '5.    1915. 

The  Finance  Ministry  of  Russia  officially  declared  since   1908,    that 
the   cost   of  production  per  pud  of  sugar  was  1.93  Rubel,  but   the   factories  maintain 
that    their  production  costs    (average)    amotuit   to  2,25  rube  Is  per  pud  -  the  288 
f  act  or  i  as   therefore,    do  not  make  as  high  a  profit  as   the  Finance  Ministry  calcu- 
lated. 


NOTE ;        1*92  rubel  per  pud  -  2,7523  cents  per  pound  •=  $55,046000  =  $55.04  per  short 

ton. 

2. 25  rub  el  per  pud  =  3,208  per  pound  =  $64.16  per  short  ton. 


296 

(Translation  from  the  German) 

EXGERPT  FROM  PIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUGKERIMXISIPRIE.  APRIL  5th.    1915.   PAGJS  980 . 
"BEET  GROWERS  versus  FACTORIES  IN  SOUTHERN  GERMANY"  > 

000 

The  "Strassburger  Post"  publishes  the   following  article: 

All  those  who  have   the  interest  of  agriculture  at  heart,  will  be  un- 
pleasantly surprised  at  the  agitation  started  "by  beet  growers  against  the   sugar 
factories;     the  agitators  do  not  wish  to  look  facts  in  the   face.      Any  agronomist 
as  well  as  those  who  have  experience  in  beet  growing  will  frankly  admit  that 
beet  culture  is  a  blessing  for  agriculture  in  general,  and  1  Mark  per  50  Kg. 
(equal  to  $4*322-  per  short  ton)   paid  for  beets,   leaves  a  fair  margin  for  the 
grower . 

Unfortunately,   the  factory  is  not  in  a  position  to  adjust  the   sale 
price  of  sugar  to  the  purchase  ptfice  of  beets,  but  has  to  part  with  the   sugar 
at  whatever  the  world1  s  marks t  price  happens  to  be.         Considering  the  fact  that 
sugar  is  a  product  dealt  in  by  the  whole  world's  producers  and  costs   (raw)   now 
9.75  mark  per  50  Kg.   (equal  to  $2»11  per  100  Ibs.)   factory  price,  we  do  not 
see  how  it  is  possible  to  pay  more  than  one  mark  per  centner  of  beets   ($4.32^-  per 
short  ton)  • 

All  agitation  in  the  world  will  not  remedy  this  state  of  affairs,  even 
experts  will  tell,  you  that  very  little  profit  can  be  made  by  manufacturers  paying 
1  Mark  per  centner  (#4.32^-  per  short  ton)   if  sugar  is  not  going  to  be  higher 
in  the  world's  markets. 

Beet  growers  should  realize  and  know  what  are  their  real  interests 
and  should  not  allow  themselves  to  be  incited  by  their  so-called  friends  to 
carry  on  a  senseless  agitation,  a  campaign  against  the  beet  sugar  factory  own- 
ers with  whom  they  should  have  a  community  of  interests. 


297 

(German  translation) 

EXCERPT  FROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  2UCKERIMDU3TRIE.  APRIL  18.   1913.  (PAGB  548.) 

According  to  report  of  factory  inspectors  and  Inland  Tax  Office 
four   (4)   new  factories  will  begin  operations: 

Government  Poltawa  -  kotschube ja  Factory,  Village  Sgurowka,  District  Toluki, 

Capacity  500,000  puds  sugar  (9,028  short  tons) 

• 

Government  Charkow  -  Count  Kleinmichel  Factory,  Village  Alexandrowka,  District 

Bogoduchow. 

Government  Lublin  -     Stock  Company,  170,000  Puds  -  capacity,   (3070  short  tons) 
Government  Wlstowka  -  Capacity  180,000  puds  =  (3,250  short  tons). 

Therefore,  next  campaign  will  see  291  factories -in  operation 
in  Bussia. 


298 

\ Translation  from  the  German) 

Page  1059. 
EXCERPT  FROM  CEMTRALBLATT  EUR  DIE  ZUCKER I  INDUSTRIE.  APRIL  19.  19150 

(Leading  Article) 

COMPETITION. 

(LOWERING  OF  DUTIES  ON  SUGAR.) 

Mr.  Wilson,  the  new  President  of  the  United  States  has,,  in  his 
message  to  Congress,  pointed  out  that  tariff  revision  is  one  of  the  most 
urgent  and  important  matters  to  "be  attended  to« 

What  interests  us  (Germany),  is  the  lowering  of  the  duty  on  sugar 
"by  25%  and  in  three  years  raw  sugar  will  enter  free  into  the  United 
States* 

Generally  speaking,  we  hail  with  pleasure,  this  measure,  but  do  not 
let  us  be  too  sanguine  about  it.   We  must  bear  in  mind,  that  Cuba, 
by  reason  of  her  lower  cost  of  production  and  of  her  geographical  position, 
is  better  placed  than  the  European  beet  sugar  countries,  although  all 
European  countries  will  be  benefited  by  the  gradual  elimination  of  sugar 
duties. 

There  are  only  two  contingencies  which  will  contribute  toward 
bringing  in  large  quantities  of  German  and  Austrian  sugar  into  the  United 
States,  in  competition  with  Cuba  and  the  beet  sugar  states  of  the  Unionj 
I*    A  crop  failure  in  Cuba; 
II.   A  heavy  overproduction  in  the  European  beet  growing  countries. 

Contingency  number  1,  may  occur  through  unfavorable  weather  condi- 
tions as  well  as  a  political  upheaval.   This  latter  event,  of  course, 
would  not  be  of  long  duration,  especially  since  America  keaps  the  Island 
in  her  firm  grasp.    However,  if  either  of  these  two  contingencies 


299 


should  arise,  we   {Austria  and  Germany) ,  may  find  a  remunerative  market 
in  the  United  States.       However,  Cuban  factories  and  planters  and  the 
allied  refiners,  who  have   invested  large   sums  of  money  in  Cuba,  will  do 
their  utmost  to  get  Cuban  sugar  into  the  United  States,  as    we  (Germans 
and  Austrians),  have  to  contend  with  higher  freights  than  the   Cubans, 
Nevertheless,  we  are  very  well  satisfied  with  the   steps  taken  by  the 
new  government  of  the  American  Union,  which  is  now  tearing  down  that 
wall  of  high  duties,   the  imposition  of  which,  has  hitherto  kept  our 
German  sugar  out  of  the   field  of  competition. 


(Translation  from  the  Trench) 
EXCERPT  FHOM  W  JQURMAL  des  TABRICAMTS  de   3DGRB.  APRIL  25.   1915. 

By  Lucian  Bureau,  Engineer  of  the  Arts  and  Manufactures  (France] 
1st.  Article* 

The  immense  progress  made  by  the  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry 
has  created  a.  great  deal  of  interest  in  all  countries  of  the  world.       In  the 
near  future,  we  predict,  that  the  United  States  will  take   first  rank  in  the 
family  of  beet  sugar  producing  countries  if  the  new  tariff  is  not  going  to  de- 
prive this  young  industry  of  the   protection  it  enjoyed  hitherto,  and  without 
which,   it  probably  never  would  have  been  able  to  have  reached  such  a  healthy 
development » 

Desirous  of  studying  by  personal  inspection,  the   conditions  as 
they  actually  exist  in  the  United  States  and  Cuba,  a  trip  was  made  there 
last  fall.  Boarding  a  steamer  in  Liverpool  on  the  19th  of  October,  we 

arrived  in  New  York  on  the  27th.       We  visited  Washington,  Boston,   the  classical 
Niagara  Falls,  Detroit,  Chicago,  Denver,  Salt  Lake  City  and  California. 
From  San  Francisco,  we  followed  the   shores  of  the  Pacific  Ceaan  until  we 
reached  Los  Angeles;     we  then  went  to  New  Orleans  and  from  there  took  the  boat 
to  Havana. 

After  a  short  stay  In  Cuba,  we  returned  to  Franoe<  by  way  of 

Key  West   (Florida)   and  New  York.       Our  journey  occupied  a  little  more  than  three 
months . 

Before  going  into  details,  we  wish  to  express  our  sincere  thanks 
to  all  those  vftip  helped  us  by  their  letters  of  introduction  and  their  advice, 
without  which  we  could  scarcely  have  made  such  a  pleasant  trip. 

We  were  particularly  impressed  with  the  extreme  courtesy  and 


301 


oordial  reception  on  the  part  of  Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer,   Secretary  of  the  Beet 
Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States,  whose   influence  we  found,   opened  the 
door  wherever  we  went,  and  we  wish  to   thank  him  heartily;       our  thanks  are  also 
due   to  Messrs.  Willett  &  Gray,   and  to  Mr.  Warner,   of  the   Sugar  Refining  Company 
located  at  Edgewater,  New  York;     to  Mr.  Jacobson,   Statistician,  at   the  Interstate 
Commerce  Commission;     to  Mr,  Thomas  R.  Cutler,  Vice  President  of  the  Utah  -  Idaho 
Sugar  Company;     Mr.  Hannam  of  the   Spreckels   Sugar  Company;     Mr.  Driffil,  Manager 
of  the  Oxnard  Sugar  factory;     Mr.  Roderus,   of  the   Journal  of  the  American  Sugar 
Industry;     Mr.  Zurich;,  Mechanical  Constructor,   representing  the  French  firm 
Cailj     Mr.  John  Dymond  of  Louisiana  and  Mr.  Spencer  of  the   Cuban  -  American 
Sugar  Company. 

We  will  now  give   our  readers  a  resume  of  what  we  noticed  during 
our  trip, 

We  found  that  in  Louisiana  the  production  was  as  follows  : 

In  1827 15,401  tons  of  1015  Kg.   (Long  tons) 

«  1853/4 .224,188  ?•••  "  l?  "  "  " 

"  1856/7 36,813  "  "  "  "  "  " 

M  1861/2 235,866  "  "  "  "  "  " 

"  1864/5 5,331  "  "  "  "  "  " 

M  1904/5 335,530  "  "  M  "  "  .  " 

"  1906/7 .188,571  "  "  "  "  "  " 

"  1907/8 302,855  "  "  "  "  "  " 

w  1912.13   ......170,000  "  "  "  "  "  " 

Ths  enormous  fltiotuations  shown  in  this  table  are   due  to  the  (1) 
extreme  change  able  ness  of  the  Louisiana  climate;  (2)    to  frequent   overflows 
of  the  Mississippi  flooding  the   cane  fields  -  often  destroying  harvests   that 
at  first  looked  promising. 

Situated  between  29  and  31st.  degree  of  latitude,  North  Louisiana 
is  subject  to  frosts.  In  1B95  the  thermometer  fell  below  zero  10°0  C.  and  the 
mean  temperature  during  the  winter  months  was  plus  9  OC. 


302 


On  the    other  hand,   in  1890,   the  temperature  was  plus  7°OC,and  the 
mean  temperature   of  the  winter  months  plus  18*00. 

In  1905,   tha  minimum  temperature  was  7° 70,   the  maximum  temperature 
34°  6  and  the  mean  temperature  for  the  whole  year  plus  E0°   160. 

As  regards   the    different  varieties  of  cane   cultivated  we  found  native 
canes  and  seedling  canes  imported  lately  from  British  Guiana. 

In  1757  sugar  cane  was  first  introduced  into  tha  United  States;     indigja- 
nous  to  Malabar  and  Bengal  it  was  called  Creole   cane  -  some  was  introduced 
from  St.  Domingo  and  called  Ptaheite   cane. 

Then  in  1872  Mr.  LaPice  imported  from  Java  the  cane  which  is  now 
known  in  Louisiana  under  the   name   of  Bourbon  cane,   then  they  have  striped 
cane,   the"Red  HIbbon"  and  ptrple  cane. 

Among  the   seedling  cane  imported  from  Demarara  In  1893,   the   cane 
D.  74  and  95  are  the  two  varieties  best  adapted  to   the  climate  and  soil  of 
Louisiana.       These  two  varieties  cover  one-half  of  the   cane  area  and  a  few 
yeara  hence  they  will  have  completely  dislodged  the  indigenous  cane;   •  certain 
planters  however,  prefer  the  native  cane  on  account  of  their  greater  resisting 
power  to  unfavorable  climatic  influences. 

The  newly  introduced  canes  are  preferred  to  the  native  cane  because 
they  ripen  quicker  and  contain  20   to  25$  more  sugar  than  the  native  canes. 

Expenses  are  as  follows: 
Plowing  and  Sowing     169.45  Francs  per  hectare  (14.13  dollars  per  acre) 

Cultivating 134.39         "         "         "  (10.59         "  "       "   ) 

Harvesting 197.35         "         "         "  (15.54         "  "       "   ) 

Sundry  Expanses   ....160.27         "         "         "  (12.62          »  "       "  ) 

661.46          "          "          "  152-88 


303 


In  sundry  expenses  are   included  coats  of  drainage  at  3 o 34  dollars 
per  acre   (or  42.41  franca  per  hectare). 

We  have  collected  data  about  wages  paid  for   field  work;     a  teamster 
gets-  $1.35  per  day  (Fr.  7.oo)    a  cane  cutter  $1.10   (Fr.  5.65)    for  men;     women 
get  90  cents  or   (Fr.4.65)  .        Some  women  get  $1,00  per  day  =   (5fr.  15),  and  I 
v/as  told  the  average  wage  throughout  Louisiana  was  $1.25  for  men,   or   (Fr.6»45) 
for  men. 

From  this  it  will  be   seen  that   in  the   total  cost   of  cane  culture 
the  "biggest   item  is  wages  -  as  a  good  inany  laborers  are  required  in  harvesting 
the   cane.     They  have   tried  to  substitute  machinery  for  hand  work,  "but  hitherto 
no  satisfactory  cane  harvester  has  been  found, 

Most  of  the  workmen  are  negroes;     a  good  cane  cutter  may  cut   2-g-  to 
3  tons,  but  the  average  is  1^-  to  2  tons.      We  saw  the  harvester  invented  by 
Mr.  Gockrel  at  Hew  Orleans,  which,  with  a  few  improvements , may  fill  a  long 
felt  want.       Mr.  Cockrel  estimates  the  expense   of  harvesting  the   cane   at  5 
cents   (25  centimes)   per  ton  not   including  depreciation  of  ne-chine.     At  present, 
the  coat  of  harvesting  is  60  to  70  cents   (3  Fr.   to  3.50) .       It  will  easily  be 
seen  what  will  be  the  advantages  accruing  from  Mr.  Cockrell's  invention. 

(To  be   continued) 


304 
(Translation  from  the  French) 

E30EKPT  FROM  THE  JOURMfLL  des  FABRICAKTS  de  SUCRE.  MY  5.   1915. 

MANUFACTURE  OF  A  SWEET  FLOUR  FROM  SUGAR  BEETS"B£ET  MBAL" 

By  A,  Aulard,  Consulting  Chemical  Engr. Forest  l«s  Bruxelles, 

"BEET  MEAL"  ITS  USB  FOR  HUMAH  AJSfD  ANIMAL  FOOD. 

At  the  preceding  International  Congress  of  Applied  Chemistry 

(London  1909) ,   I  gave  a  lecture  on  manufacturing  a  sugary  plant  meal  by  utilizing 
the  Beet  as  a  raw  material.       Since  then  a  factory  (Daussoulx)   Vedrin,  Belgium, 
is  starting  its  third  year  of  manufacturing  and  all  that  was  manufactured  up  to 
date  has  been  sold;     during  the  next  campaign  a  second  factory  will  be  in  operation 
(in  France,  naar  Dunkerquo)    the   Belgian  company  owning  the   patents  Dautrebande 
contemplates  to  establish  several  big  factories  capable  of  handling  30  to  50,000 
tons  beets  each  campaign  to  produce  4  to  6,000  tons  beet  maal. 

A  new  industry,  gentlemen,  making  flour  from  beets  has  sprung  up, 
we  baptized  this  flour  "Beet  meal".         This  infant  was  born  in  this  obscure  corner 
of  tne  earth  called  Belgium  well  known  for  ifcs  industries     and  fertility,  as 
well  as  progress. 

This  new  industry,   to  accomplish  economically,   the  dessication  of  the 
beet  needed  a  practical  dessicator  which  allowed  the  utilization  of  spent  gases 
coming  from  the  generators  where  the  integral  utilization  of • calorics  produced  by 
ooal  burned  in  a  special  heating  furnace. 

After  making  experiments  with  various  dessicators  preference  wag 
given  to  the  vortical  Huillard  dessicator   (Huillard  of  Suresnesj   which  is  the 
only  one  bringing  about  a  rational  dessication  of  the  beet  at  a  temperature  varying 
between  120°  maximum  and  40°  at  the  outlet. 

I  will  not   enlarge  on  the  technical  details  of  the  operation  of 


305 


tJba  dessicatlon  of  the  beet.--  It  is  not  so  easy  as  one  would  suppose  it  to  be 
at  first  sight,  to  extract  the  water  contained  along  with  sugar  in  an  infinitely 
large  number  of  small  cells. 

The  protoplasm  of  cells,  if  heated  to  excess  at  the  startirg  of 
operations  contracts  and  lets  the  sugary  juice  exude,  which  causes  difficulties 
in  the  drying  of  slices;  the  cells  ought  to  swell  without  bursting  which  is  only 
possible  in  the  apparatus  Huillard  which  has  a  series  of  superimposed  trays  with 
air  currents  well  regulated  from  below  and  above,  the  air  possessing  a  certain 
degree  of  humidity  near  where  the  gases  are  allowed  to  escape. 

The  beet  cossattes,  sliced  as  finely  as  possible  are  spread  out 
on  a  first  tray  where  they  are  exposed  (in  preference  to  a  high  dry  temperature) 
to  steam  mixed  with  incompletely  saturated  hot  air,  the  dry  temperature  coagulating 
the  albumenoid  substance  of  the  protoplasm  as  brought  about  in  most  of  the  existing 
Dessicators  (drying  rooms) . 

In  the  system  Huillard  cells  of  the  beet  swell  and  are  rendered  fit 
to  let  the  water  which  they  contain  evaporate;   on  the  succeeding  trays  they  are 
exposed  to  an  intensive  and  rushing  current  of  air  with  a  gradually  diminishing 
charge  of  steam  (generated  from  water)  consequently  undergoing  a  gradual  drying  and 
increased  heating  process  (120°  0.  on  the  lower  tray,  the  hygrometrlc  state  of 
the  air  being  around  zero) • 

The  sugar  in  the  cossettes,  is  imprisoned  in  the  vegetable  matter; 
(this  latter  is  capable  of  assuming  the  form  of  humid  cossettes)  and  not  at  the 
exterior  of  the  cells  which  would  be  incapable  of  swelling  -  to  reabsorb  the  water 
on  account  of  too  hi$i  a  temperature. 

Such  a  product  is  capable  of  furnishing  for  diffusion  purposes  as 

good  material  as  fresh  cossettes;   its  exhaustion  would  be  gradual  and  complete 


306 


and  give  a  dense  and  pure  juice  • 

In  the  United  States  where  hand  labor  is  very  high,  where  the   distances 
from  field  to  factory  are  vary  great,   drying  plants  could  "be   installed  which  would 
enable  the  existing  sugar  factories  to  operate  during  the  whole  year  with  dried 
slices.       If  a  Huillard  apparatus  v*ere  installed  the  gases  accumulating  near  the 
vent   of  the  crown  of  the  furnace  could  be  utilized  by  the  adjoining  drying  room. 

But  let  us  come  back  to  "Beet  Meal".     Its  composition  is  as  follows, 
as  per  averages  obtained  from  numerous  analyses  -  of  course,  using  for  drying  purpo- 
ses only  a  fairly  good  auger  beet. 

Albuminoid  and  azotized  substances .6.00 

Saccharose   --....... 65.50 

Hydrocarbonated  substance  a 12.75 

Fatty  subatancQ s 0 .75 

Residues  (inert  saline  matter     .•  3*80 

94.00 

Water 5.40 

99.40 

Such  a  product  is  not  a  perfect  food,   it  contains  too  much  of  Hydrate  of 
carbon  in  proportion  to  proteic  substances  of  whicn  there  are  too  small  a  quantity; 
however,  such  a  product  which   could  be  kept  indefinitely  (I  Kept   some  without  their 
getting  mouldy)    for  three  years  -  and  could  be  used  in  combination  with  oil  cakes 
peanut,  cotton  seed,   flax  seed,   etc;  cocoanut  and  other  meals  too  poor  as  hydrates 
of  carbon  and  too  rich  in  proteine  -  these  would  be  rendered  more  digestible 
by  reason  of  their   sugar  content  and  by  their  facilitating  their  assimilation  Beet 
meal  would  enhance  their  market  value. 

We  must  bear  in  mind  that  experimental  physiology  has  established  the 
fact  that  the  muscles  draw  the  necessary  elements  for  their  activity  in  the   body 


307 


from  the  rich  store  of  the  quantity  of  irrigating  glycogene  produced  in  the  body. 

If  nutrition  by  assimilation  is  rich  in  hydr ©carbonated  substances,    (sugar) 
these  are   directly  utilized;       in  the  contrary  case,   either  the   animal  transforms 
fats     and  albuminoids  of  its  ration  into  hydrocarbons  or  it  uses  up  its  reserves 
of  those  elements  or  the  two  phenomena  take  place  simultaneously.       These  facts 
being  well  established  are  of  far-reaching  importance;     they  are  conducive  to 
restrict  the  proportion  of  azotized  matter  contained  in  the  ration  to  such  quantity 
as  is  indispensable  for  repairing  the  waste  of  tissue  and  muscle  and  to  increase 
in  a  marked  proportion  the  quantity  of  non-azotlzed  substances  in  man  and  animal 
when  engaged  in  strenuous  work*       These  non-azotizad  substances  are:     Staroh, 
sugar,   fats. 

For  the   farmer  raising  cattle   thia  fact  is  of  the  greatest  interest.     In 
fact  the  cost  of  the  unit  of  azotized  substanoe  contained  in  forage  is  much  higher 
than  the  cost  of  a  unit  of  a  hydrocarbon  substance   (sugar).     Beetmeal,  which  ia  the 
flour  of  the  sugar  beet  will  therefore  contribute  its  quota  towards  giving  us  a  rich 
and  healthy  element  for  feeding  our  cattle  and  horses. 

According  to  a  report  from  the  factory  Daussoulx,   100  Kg.  of  Beetmeal 
can  be  sold  at  20  francs  ($3.86)  which  would  put  the  sugar  ttnit,  in  starting  from 
a  product  of  65%,  and  25%  other -nutritious  substances,  albuminoid  and  azotized,  which 
I  estimate  at  15  Frs.   (100  Eg.   ($2.89)    i.e.,   25  x  15  *  3.75  Frcs.   ($0.72)    to  deduct 
from  the  20  Frcs.   ($3 086) leaving  16  Pros,  25  ($3.13)   for  65  Kgs.  of  sugar  *  25  Frcs. 
100  Kgs.   {$4.82}  which,   in  Belgium  in  view  of  the  price  of  sugar  without  duty  is 
6  to  7  francs  less  than  crystallized  ($1.16  -  $1.35). 

In  starting  with  a  beet  at  30  Frcs.    ($5.79)   M.   ton  or  $5.27  a  short   ton 
delivered  at  fact/cry  and  in  estimating  that  that  quantity  of  beets  will  give  a 
minimum  of  250  Kg.   of  Beetmeal   (551  Ibs.)    calculated  an  a  dry  extract  750  Kgs. (1653 
Ibs)    of  water  will  have   to  be   taken  out  from  a  metric   ton  of  beets  which  in  the   fac- 


308 


tory  by  utilizing  the   crown  vent  gas     -  will  require  a  maximum  of  90  Kg. 
(196  Its )    of  coal  plus  the   fuel  to  operate  the  machinery  say  about  30  Kg. 
(66  Ibs.)   or  a  tot>al  of  120  Kg.   (264-1/2  Ibs)    of  fuel  at  18  Prca.  a  ton  » 
say  a  total  for  these  264^-  Ibs.  of  2  frs.   16  «   (41^cts.). 

The  cost  of  labor  will  not  exceed  3.50  Pros.  »  (67^  cents)   other 
charge  1  franc  (19.3  cents). 

Fuel 2*16 

Labor 3*50 

Other  charges   ...  1.00 

Francs  6.66         =  $1.28 

Add  the  maximum  overhead  charges  3.34  frcs.=     0.64 

$1.92 

or  about  $2,00  total  cost  of  operating  expenses  for  a  ton  (metric)   of  beets, 
or  4  francs   (77  cents)    for  2ZQ  Ibs.   of  "Beetmeal"  in  adding  the  price  of  the 
product  30  francs  -  $5.79,   it  will  giva  40  francs  ($7.72)    expenses,  against 
receipts  of  50  Frcs   ($9,65)    for  250  Kg.    (551  Ibs.)   ^lich  means  20  Francs 
($3,86)   per  220  Ibs.   or  $1.75  per  100  Ibs. 

You  will  see  gentlemen,   that  there   is  a  margin  of  10   francs  for  every 
250  Kgs.  or  40  francs  per  metric  ton  -  i.e.  $7,72  or  about  $7.00  per  short 
ton. 

This  new  industry  should  be  seriously  considered  now  that 

Belgium  has  blazed  a  trail  for  us,  and  it   deserves  so  much  the  more  due  con- 
sideration as  it  will  not  only  serve  as  food  for  animals  but  roan  also  can  use 
this  extremely  pure  flour  for  culinary  purposes,   (baking,  confectionary, 
etc.,).       Flour  from  sugar  beets  may  come   into  general  use  especially  in 
England,   for  it  can  be  used  not  only  as  an  animal  food  but  also  in  breweries 

and  distilleries.  Confectioners  may  use  it   in  place  of  other  flour 


309 


(3  to  o%  beetraeal.  }   As  the  President  of  the  Association  of  Sugar  factories 
and  Distillery  chemists    Mr.  Dupont  has  pointed  out,  sweetened  bread  for  the 
"Army  and  Navy"  mixed  with  other  flour  could  be  made  with  beet  meal  flour 
in  cakes  and  puddings   (5  per  cent   of  beet  meal)   thns  effecting  a  saving  of 
sugar  to  be  used. 

Various  Belgian  brewers  have  used  this  flour  and  have  obtained 
excellent  results.       You  all  know  the  physiological'  part  that  sugar  plays 
in  nutrition  by  assimilation  of  human  beings,  I  will  therefore  conclude 
by  saying:       Do  all  you  can  to  increase  the   quantity  of  sugar  in  human  food 
and  in  the  feed  of  the  farmers1  hoed  stock. 

Therefore,   produce  it  as  cheaply  as  possible  -  20  Pr.  100  Kg. 
$3.86  «  100  Kg.   ($1.75  -  100  pounds)   just   as  cheap  as  100  pounds  of  beet  meal 
can  ba  produced. 


310 


EXCERPT  FROM  PHAGER  ZUGKERMARKT.  MAY  28.1913. 

"HAMBURGER  NACHRICHTSN1*  Newspaper  edited  in  Hamburg,  Germany. 

\ 

Mr.  Glaus  A.  Spreckels,  President  of  the  Federal  Sugar  Refining 
has  made  the  following  statement: 

I  have  always  been  in  favor  of  abolishing  the  duty  on  sugar  for 
the  American  people  have  to  pay  2  cents  more  per  pound  for  an  important 
article  of  food  than  they  ought  to  pay.    If  taken  ad  valorem  $1.34  per 
!b.  raw  sugar  means  an  equivalent  of  80$  -  as  against  champagne  at  70/£, 
Automobiles  45$,  furs  50$,  Old  Masters  (paintings)  15%  and  on  Diamonds 
1052  only. 

Whereas  the  total  capital  of  all  refineries  of  the  United  States 
of  America  is  only  110  millions  and  work  all  the  year  round,  the  capitali- 
zation of  the  Beet  Sugar  factories  amounts  to  143  million  dollars.  This 
enormous  capitalization  and. the  payment  of  dividends  is  only  made  possible 
because  the  price  of  refined  Beet  Sugar  is  independent  of  the  coot  of  pro- 
duction but  is  arbitrarily  fixed  in  such  a  way  that  they  always  manage  to 
underbid  slightly  the  sugar  refined  from  imported  raw  material, 

Neither  do  the  wage  earners  reap  any  advantage  from  a  high  tariff, 
for  in  the  Western  Sugar  factories  there  are  only  low  priced  Asiatic  Mexican 
and  Russian  laborers  employed. 

The  beet  sugar  people  assert  that  the  taking  off  of  the  sugar 
duty  would  ruin  them;  but  nobody  should  believe  them. 


311 


Actually  their  cost  of  production  is  lower  than  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction in  Europe,  for  in  Europe  the  beet  growers  receive  from  six  (6) 
to  seven  (7)  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  ton,  whereas  in  the  West,  an 
average  of  $5.00  is  paid. 

It  has  been  proved  that  our  Beot  Sugar  Factories  can  produce 
the  refined  article'  at  2.40  cents  a  pound,  whereas  they  say  it  costs 
them  3|-  cents  a  pound.   We,  Eastern  Refiners,  need  not  fear  free  sugar 
for  we  furnish  a  better  article  than  the  European  manufacturers.   That 
much  European  sugar  will  come  into  the  American  market,  I  do  not  believe; 
I  am  convinced  to  the  contrary  that  we  will  be  able  to  export  sugar  to 
Europe,  for  we  not  only  produce  better  sugar  than  any  other  country,  but 
also  our  cost  of  production  is  lower. 

However,  the  well  known  sugar  statistician  Herrn  Wallace  P.  Wil- 
lett,  of  the  firm  of  Willett  &  Gray,  contradicts  Mr.  Spreckels  and  says 
that  there  is  no  doubt  that  with  free  sugar  many  sugar  factories  of  the 
United  States  will  have  to  suffer. 

(Signed)  By  the  Reporter  of  the  Hamburger  Hachrichten 

-  and  the  Reporter  of  the  Journal  of  Commerce  of  N.Y. 


312 

{Translation  from  the  German) 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  WOCHENSGHRIFT  DES  ZEMTRALVEREIMES  Fife  DIE  ZUCKINDUSIRIE* 

May  28,   1913. 


ARTICLE  3Y  DR.   3TROHMKR.  ROYAL  IMPERIAL  STATE  COUNCILLOR. 

"  VIENNA. 


Chemical  technical  experiment  Station  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Central 
Association  for  Sugar  Beet  Culture  and  Beet  Sugar  Industry. 

With  a  view  of  solving  many  problems  in  connection  with  "beet  culture, 
our  Experiment  Stations  need  the.  active  co-operation  of  members  of  this  Associa- 
tion who  will  promptly  notify  the  experiment  station  as  to  the  appearance  of 
plant  diseases  and  forward  simultaneously  parasites,  specimens  of  plants  attached 
or  portions  of  plants,   in  fact,  anything  that  may  have  contributed  to  bring  about 
a  plant  disease  or  damage  to  a  healthy  plant,  namely,   insects,  fungi,   etc. 
Along  with  the  shipment  of  these  the  following  questions  should  be  answered* 
1)         When  did  the  first  manifestations  of  disease  appear  and  to  vdiat  extent? 
2}         Does  the  disease  spread  and  to  what  extent? 

3)  What  was  the  appearance  of  the  leaves  or  root   that  led  you  to  believe  that 
the  plant  was  diseased? 

4)  Did  similar  symptoms  show  themselves  in  previous  years? 

5)  To  what  class  of  soil  does  the  afflicted  field  belong  and  what  are  its 

mechanical  and  topographical  characteristics* 

6)  In  what  condition  (with  reference  to  Manure  or  Fertilizers)    is  the  field? 

7)  What  is  its  crop  rotation? 

8}  Were  there  any  conspicuous  climatic  conditions  which  might  be  considered 

contributing  to  the  appearance  and  spreading  of  the  disease  affecting  either 


313 


beet  root  or  leaves? 

9)    Did  you  observe  any  other  conspicuous  symptoms  which  have  not  been  touched 

upon  by  the  foregoing  question? 

The  plants  to  be  submitted  to  us  for  inspection  snould  be  carefully 
lifted  out  of  the  ground  ana.  packed  along  with  the  earth  adhering  to  it  in  a 
wooden  box  and  the  spac-e  of  the  box  not  oc.cupied  by  the  roots  to  be  filled  up 
with  earth  from  "Che  same  part  of  the  field  where  it  grew  so  that  the  rootlets  should 
remain  intact  during  transit.   Simultaneously,  a  consignment  of  the  leaves  from 
diseased  beets  should  be  forwarded  separately  packed  between  moss  layers  or  pure 
wet  sand;  leaves  should  on  no  account  be^  forwarded  pressed  between  blotting 
paper. 

If  it  is  suspected  that  the  beet  is  afflicted  with  Nematodes,  then 
care  should  be  taken  to  lift  the  beet  from  the  soil  so  that  the  fine  side  rootlets 
should  not  be  torn  off;  the  best  way  is  to  trace  a  circumference  round  the  plant, 
said  circumference  to  enclose  a  radius  of  the  dimension  of  the  longest  rootlet 
radiating  from  the  beet  or  tap  root*    Dig  deep  enough  so  as  to  take  out  beet 
and  earth  in.  one  block  ~  and  forward  it  packed  in  a  wooden  box.   Plant  parasites 
such  as  beetles,  insects,  spiders,  thousand  legs  or  whatever  may  be  found  preying 
upon  the  beet  or°  leaves,  should  be  sent  us  alive:  the  best  way  of  sendii^  them  is 
to  put  than  in  a  cardboard  box  loosely  filled  with  leaves;  the  lid  of  the  box 
should  be  pierced  with  tiny  holes  for  respiratory  purposes. 

We  do  not  advise  people  to  send  any  insects  or  caterpillars  pre- 
served in  alcohol  -  as  thereby  they  change  entirely  their  color  and  shrivel  up. 
In  sending  live  specimens  caught  in  preying  upon  beet  roots  or  leaves,  we  request 
the  following  questions  to  be  answered. 


314 


1)  When  did  you  first  notice  their  appearance  and  to  what  extent? 

2)  What  parts  of  the  plant  were  the  first  attacked? 

3)  Waa  the  Insect  of  prey  noticed  at  any  previous  period  and  to  what  extent? 

4)  Were  any  measures  adopted  to  exterminate  them  and  if  so,  with  what   success? 

5)  What  were  the  climatic  conditions  at  the  time  of  the  discovery  of  the   in- 
sects of  prey? 

It  is  in  the  interests  of  agriculture  in  general  and  in  that   of 
allied  industries,  to  search  out  the  cause  and  nature  of  plant  diseases,  as  we 
consider  it  one  of  the  duties  of  this  Experiment  Station  to  co-operate  heartily 
in  this  direction. 

All  experiments  for  that  purpose  are  carried     on  free  of  charge 
to  members  of  the  Association  and  all  inquiries  are  likewise  answered. 

(Signed)  Dr.  F.  Strohmer, 
Member  Imperial  and  Royal  Government  Council,  and 

Director  of  Chemical  Technical  Experiment  Station  of  the 
Central  Association  of  the  Austro-Hungarian  Sugar  Industry« 


315 

ASSOCIATION  FOR  THE  WELFARE  OF  THE  WORKING  CLASSES, 

STUTTGART.   CH^RLOTTENBUBG.  PflSSELDQRF.   STR&3SBURG. 

EXCSRPT  FROM  REICHSARBEITSBLATT.  JUKE  19 IS.  PAGE  441. 

STUTTGART. 

Home  for  Single  Men.   133  Rooms,  some  with  one,  some  with  2  beds, 

Cost  of  Rooms»   Single,  per  week M.  2*25  to  3« 

Double  beds,  " M.  2.50  to  3*50 

This  includes  service  and  weekly  renewal  of  bed  linnen,towela,&c., 

light  and  heat,  extra.    Only  breakfast  is  served,  coffee  and 

rolls. 

There  is  such  a  demand  for  lodgings  in  this  home  that  a  second 

home  will  have  to  be  built.      A  shower  bath  cost  5  Pfg.,   in  this 

home  and  many  use  it* 


CHaRLOTTENBURG. 

Home  for  Single  Men.      A  Home  was  opened  in  Char  lot  tenburg  with  306  rooms  -  5 
stories  -  ground  floor,  342  beds.       Each  bed  has  a  good  mattrass,  a  woolen  blanket t 
bed  linnen,  a  wardrobe,  wash-basin,   table  and  two  chairs. 

Good  nourishing  meals  are  furnished,  not  only  for  the  workingmen  but 
also  for  outside  customers. 

£  good  substantial  dinner  is  served  for  40  Pfg  =  ........*  9t  cents. 

There  is  a  large  library  with  writing  and  reading  room,  attached  to 
the  Home,  called  Ledigenheira  -  home  for  single  men.       Swimming,  shcwer  and  tub 
baths  are  furnished  at  a  cent  a  person.         The  chief  cook  and  manager  live  in  the 
House.       The  building  is  limited  by  gas  and  electricity. 


316 


Monthly  rent   for  single  beds  10  to  15  Marks $2*38  to  $3,57 

This  includes  daily  breakfast,  cup  of  coffee,  tea,  cocoa  and  two  slices 
of  bread  and  butter* 

Daring  the  year  1912,  there  lived  in  this  Home  114  unskilled  laborers 
(day)  and  336  skilled  journeyman  of  all  trades  and  factories^     71  waiters;    41 
Highschool  boys*     9  Apprentices;     185  Commercial  travelers,  etc* 

Under  20  years  of  age  there  were  ....... ...........108 

21         "  "       to  40     " 580 

The  Home  is  open  from  5  A.  M.  to  ,12  P.  M. 


BUS3ELDORFER  HOME. 
Rent  from  9  to  15  Mark,  per  month*       =  .......  ..............  ...$2.14  to  $3.57 

Only  beer  and  no  schnaps  is  sold. 

In  other  workingnen's  Homes  (established  for  single  men)    the  Rent 
ranges  from  8  to  12  Marks  ...  .....  ..............  ............  *..$1.90  to  $2*85 

I  may  be  mentioned  that  the  deposits  for  building  purposes  for  the 
common  good  of  the  work  amounted  to: 

In  1900   ••••••••••»••  *  .....  .  ....  *M.  76.429,225  *=   ...$18,666,155.55 

M.418.  254,076  =   ...$99  ,544  .470* 


oQo- 


317 

In  addition  to  the  above  Ledigenheims  -  Home  Barracks,   for  single 
men  were  established  in  Heuss,  New  Cologne  and  Posen,  Weissensee.  and  Strassburg 
One  was  opened  in  the  garden  city  of  Hellerau.         All  this  is  done  in  the 
spirit  of  the  proclamation  in  furtherance  of  the  well  being  of  workmen  by 
Emperor  William  I. 

These  Ledigenheime  are  erected  everywhere,  where  an  influx  of  indus- 
trial or  field  workers  would  tend  to  demoralize  family  life  and  bring  about 
unsanitary  conditions  in  overcrowded  dwellings,   farm  houses  and  religious  as- 
sociations.      There  are  now  1,059,472  single  field  workers  in  the  German  Em- 
pire -  364,638  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  food  articles,   bakers,   butchers, 
candy,   sugar,  chocolates,  Preserve  factories,  and  51,487  horitcultural  workers, 
a  total  of  1,455,797  -  and  it   is   the  purpose  of  the  government  to  urge  upon 
rural  and  city  administrations  the  establishment  of  sanitary  Ledigenhelms 
(Home  Barracks)    so  as  to  eliminate  throughout   the  Empire  the  dangers  of  conta- 
gious diseases,  and  moral  degeneracy  resulting  from  over-crowded  dwellings,   the 
greed  of  boarding-house  keepers  near  beet  fields  and  sugar  factories  who  too 
often  house  men  and  women  promiscuously  in  unsanitary  dwellings,  and  it  is 
essential  to  fight  this   evil  to  the  end. 


318 

THE  DEVELOPMENT  OF   THE  SUGAR  INDUSTRY  1888-1915. 

ESSAY  BEDIQATED  TO  THE  KAISER 


PROF.  JR.  EIMUND  0.  von  LIPBIAM 
HALLE  a/S. 

EXCERPT  FROM  SPECIAL  EDITION  OF  MAGDEBURGISCHE  ZEITUNG  JUNE  15/13. 


.*-.*«*-.*—'". 
—*_*_*_*_ 


Like  all  other  industries  closely  allied  with  agriculture,   the 
sugar  industry  which  is   of  great  importance  to   the  province  of  Saxony  has  under- 
gone many  changes  within  sne  last  quarter  of  a  century,  brought  about  by  tech- 
nical and  agricultural  progress  and  activated  by  principles  of  national  economic 
and  commercial  policies. 

As  far  as  the  latter  are  concerned  we  need  only  refer  to   them  in  so 
far  as  the  general  plan  and  connection  with  the  commerce  in  sugar  is   concerned, 
as  the  trade  in  sugar  is  the   object  of  a  special  essay;     we  will  likewise 
omit  details   in  regard  to   the   technical  side  of  the   sugar  industry  and  limit   our- 
selves  to  giving  a  general  outline. 

We  presume  that  readers  of  the  Magdeburger  Zeitung  are     acquainted 
with  the  fundamental  principles  of  the  Sugar  Industry,    so  as  to  be  interested 
in  what  we  are  going  to  say.       In  accordance  with  Achard's   theory  that  sugar 
is  produced  in  the  field  and  that   the   factory  extracts  it  only    -  special  efforts 
were  made  to  raise  beets  that  were  rich  in  sugar  and  to  ascertain  methods  by 
which  such  beets  could  be  worked"  over  economically  on  a  large   scale. 

The  Bernburger  Experiment  Station  has  gradually  succeeded,    side 
by  side  with  numerous  prominent  scientists  and  practical  agriculturists  of   this 
and  other  countries,   in  solving  pertinent  questions  and  we  consider  it    therefore 


319 


expedient  to  mention  as  a  remarkable  historical  incident  the  fact  that  this 
Experiment  Station  in  the  Duchy  of  Anhalt  was  established  because  the  "Associa- 
tion of  Beet  Sugar  Factories"  of  that  period  did  not  anticipate  any  advantages 
resulting  from  experiments  carried  en  there,  and  the  -Agricultural  Central  Asso- 
ciation of  the  Province  of  Saxony,  not  only  protested  against  the  establishment 
of  the  Bernburg  Station  but  assumed  a  hostile  attitude  towards  it  all  along, 
deprecating  its  usefulness  and  consequently  the  Prussian  Government  declined  to 
grant  the  Anhalt  Station  any  privilges. 

A  vast  amount  of  research  work  was  done  to  solve  the  question  of  suitable 
soils  for  beet  culture  and  the  possibility  for  its  extension  and  rotation,  the 
method  of  planting  and  what  kind  of  agricultural  implements  to  be  used  *  the 
proper  distance  of  rows,  the  best  methods  of  thinning  and  hoeing  and  the  most 
suitable  fertilizing  elements  to  be  used;  all  these  questions  cannot  be  covered 
by  one  general  answer  and  without  wishing  to  under-estimate  the  immense  work  done 
by  thousands  of  diligent  hands  and  minds,  we  may  refer  to  the  valuable  discovery 
that  each  separate  problem  can  only  be  solved  by  taking  the  local  meteorological 
and  agricultural  conditions  into  consideration,  and  to  do  this  effectively, 
experiments  extending  over  a  period  of  years  have  to  be  carried  on  by  experts. 

In  regard  to  fertilizing,  it  mast  be  remembered,  there  was  a  controversy 
over  deep  and  surface  fertilizing,  over  local  and  periodical  adaptability  of 
certain  classes  ol  fertilizers  over  an  endless  number  of  experiments  with  Po- 
tassium salts,  of  all  kinds,  Phosphates  (Hypophosphates,  Thomas  slag  powderj , 
Nitrogenous  combinations,  (Nitrates,  salts  of  Ammonia,  Nitrogenous  lime,  calcare- 
ous nitrogen)  kitchen  salt,  lime  and  gypsum,  e table- manure,  liquid,  ichor,  and 
finally  catalytic  substances,  each,  either  by  itself  or  in  alternate  mixtures, 
applied  according  to  all  the  rules  of  mathematically  calculated  combinations. 


320 


Ifaring  recent  years  careful  research  -work  carried  on  in  experiment  sta- 
tions "by  scientists  concerning  plant  food,  assimilation  of  alimentary  substances 
and  changes  of  elements  in  the  beet  itself  during  the'  first  or    second  year  of 
growth, as  well  as  on  simultaneous  influences  of  combined  conditions  of  growth 
and  the  importance  of  their  combined  effect,   so-called  practical  farmers  ridiculed 
for  a  long  time  those  "flower-pot  experiments",  which,  however,  brought  about 
valuable  results. 

It  is  important  to  know  that  in  consequence  of  these  experiments  it  was 
demonstrated  that  the  efficaciousness  of  all  fertilizing  elements  depends  largely 
upon  biological  conditions   (the  microbe  flora)   of  a  particular  soil,  upon  its 
chemical  reaction  ,  which  should  neither  fce  abnormally  acid  nor  too  alkaline. 
The  physical  properties  of  this  latter  requires  to  be  carefully  considered,   es- 
pecially in  regard  to  a  sufficiency  of  aeration  and  water  storage  as  an  abundant 
water  supply  plays  an  important  part  on  and  determines  the  development  of  the 
Beet:     and  it  is  still  fresh  in  our  memory  how  the  exceedingly  dry  summer  of 
1912  in  Central  Germany  not  only  lowered  the  yield  per  acre,  tout  also  was  the 
cause  of  a  poor  beet  by  reason  of  an  abnormal  accumulation  of  injurious  nitroge- 
nous substances. 

Such  far-reaching  influences  of  meteorological  conditions  manifest 
themselves  in  various  ways,  much  more  than  was  formerly  known  to  be  the  case  - 
and  are  the  determining  factor  in  the  component  parts  of  ashes  in  roots  and  leaves 0 
The  fact  that  sugar  is  formed  in  the  beet  leaf  under  the   influence  of  sunlight 
(or  rather  sun  energy) ,  was  known  long  ago,  and  no   sensible  man  will  now  advise 
depriving  the  beet   of  some  of  its  leaves  -  the   essential  organ  for  assimilating 
sugar.     However,   opinions  differ  widely  as   to  the  importance  of  shape,  unfolding 
and  surface  development  as  to  sugar  formation  in  the  leaf  and  migration  into  the 


321 


root  and  how  it  accumulates  there-     meteorological  oondition  likewise  determines 
the  so-called  "shooting  upwards"  of  the  "beet. 

Of  the  numerous  physiological  and  zoological  enemies  of  the  beet,  most, 
of  them  fortraately,  are  active  only  during  individual  years,   so  that  we  may  say 
that  the  damage  (leaf  lice)   done  is  only  temporary.       Beet  fatigue  and  Heraatodes 
are  unfortunately  more  frequent  and  prominent  scientific  agriculturists  have  de- 
voted a  great   deal  of  difficult  and  persistent  work  in  combating  them.       It  is 
of  the  utmost  importance  to  prevent  the  scattering  of  residue,  such  as  earth, 
scum,  etc.,  from  the  factories  in  tfiioh  Nematodes  are,  and  a  sure  remedy  is 
the  maintaining  of  a  low  degree  of  alkalinity  -  fields  newly  infested  may  be 
helped  by  early  fall  surface  ploughing  -  by  abundant  fertilizing  with  potash  and 
stable-manure  -  and  if  everything  else  fails,   then  comes  the  expensive  remedy, 
the  catch  plants. 

Root  blight,  heart  rot  and  dry  rot,  used  to  be  ascribed  to  various  causes 
and  many  remedies  therefore  were  tried*       We  may  take  it  for  granted  that  those 
microbes   (i.  e.   the  often  cited  mushroom  Phona  Befcae)   are  not  the  cause,  but  only 
an  accompanying  symptom  and  that  the  real  cause  is  the  enfeebled  oondition  of 
the  individual  beet  which  owes  its  weakness  partly  to  physical  defects  in  the  soil, 
partly  to  deficient  chemical  properties  and  to  disadvantage ously  detrimental  me- 
teorological conditions. 

Experiments  in  beet  selection  has  impressed  us  with  the  necessity  of 
entering  new  avenues  in  the  selection  of  individual  beets  and  has  enabled  us 
by  making  prodigious  progress,   to  be  appreciated  all  the  world  over  -  not  only 
to  determine  the  average  sugar  content  reaching  to  14$  in  1888  and  now  already 
hovering  around  18$,  but  likewise  enabling  us  to  get  combined  high  yields  in 
quantity  and  quality.         These  two  items  are  no  longer  irreconcilable,  but  really 


322 


harmonize  considerably  with  each  other,  and  to  have  proved  this,  means  a  vast 
measure  of  success,  of  thoroughly  studying  correlations,  research  work  that 
ooonenoes  to  throw  more  light  on  highly  important  items,  suoh  as  light,  in  rela- 


tes 
tomical  and  hystological  propert/.also  firmness  and  structure  of  the  beet,  etc. 

We  can  only  briefly  refer  to  the  improvement  in  planting  and  treatment  of 
the  seed  beets  and  so-called  slips,  shoots,  the  vegetative  increase,  the  grafting, 
and  splitting  the  dividing  of  parts  -  (part  asunder,  i.e»  separating  the  con- 
stituent parts  of  a  whole  in  suoh  a  manner  that  they  exist  as  independent  wholes 
for  themselves)  finally  the  important  discovery  of  the  biennial  beet.   We 
cannot  take  much  stock  in  the  theories  advanced  by  advocates  of  different  methods 
of  preparing  the  Beet  Seed  impregnation,  disinfection,  corrosion,  soaking,,  drying, 
shelling;  as  we  do  not  attribute  as  much  usefulness  to  each  of  these  as  they  al- 
lege, although  results  may  have  been  achieved  in  individual  oases  -  the  question 
of  large  or  small  balls  have  not  yet  been  clearly  answered  -  -  as  to  the  relia- 
bility of  their  value  from  a  commercial  point  of  view.   But,  as  under  unfavorable 
conditions  the  sugar  content  and  the  purity  of  the  beet,  especially  those  that 
are  injured  by  handling  may  retrograde  considerably  and  as  each  continued  duration 
of  life  is  accompanied  by  exhalation  of  sugar,  it  is  in  any  case  necessary  to 
pay  particular  attention  to  the  storing  of  beets  and  not  negleot  to  take  into 
special  account  climatic  and  local  conditions. 

Beet  transportation  by  means  of  water  flumes  has  been  greatly  facilitated 
and  could  scarcely  be  effected  without  these  for  lifting  the  beets,  the  so-called 
mammoth  pump  has  been  found  admirably  suitable,  facilitating  at  the  same  time,  a 
thorough  cleansing  of  the  roots  and  diminutive  beets  and  tap  roots  that  were 
formerly  lost  are  new  saved  -  and  worked  over  appropriately.   Automatic  scales 
are  now  everywhere  in  use. 


523 


Although  many  good  results  have  been  achieved,  we  rauat  not   forget  that 
a  cast-iron  rule  of  real  heredity  as  regards  the  most  valuable  properties  of 
the  beet  has  only  been  discovered  to  a  slight  degree  -  and  that  even  without  care* 
ful  selection  and  breeding,   those  properties  remain  inherent  to  the  beet;     at 
present  we  do  not  know  as  yet  how  much  will  and  can  be  achieved  by  the  application 
of  the  law  of  Mendel. 


In  consequence  of  the  justified  endeavor  to  limit  the  period  of  working 
over  the  beet  and  if  possible  to  finish   tne  campaign  before  Christmas,  the 
siloeing  of  the  beet  has  lost  its  former  Iraportancei     in  view  of  the  fact  that 
by  proper  beet   selection  we  are  now  raising  a  beet  that  preserves  its  qualitias 
longer  than  formerly,  and  if  proper  care  is  taken,  a  mathematically  exact  quan- 
tity of  beets  can  at  any  given  moment  be  worked  over. 

Important  improvements  have  been  effected  in  diffusion  which  is  practiced 
in  most  factories*     also  cutting  and  slicing  machines  and  in  different  methods 
of  the  so-called  aqueous  diffusion  emptying  by  compressed  air  and  return  of 
sluice ing  water* 

The  more  recently  invented  processes  of  extracting  juice,  for  instance, 
the  boiling  press  diffusion,  etc.,  show  marked  advantages  in  more  than  one 
direction.       It  was  erroneous  to  maintain  that  by  the  boiling  process  the  so- 
called  "plus  sugar11  is  formed,   the  process  of  which  was  hitherto  not  suspected 
in  the  beet  which  was  usually  imperceptibly  lost  during  diffusion,  mainly  by 
reason  of  bacterial  decomposition  of  a  peculiar  kind.       Neither  the  re-examina- 
tion in  the  laboratory  nor  the  examination  on  a  large  scale  could  be  said  to 
have  confirmed  this  assertion,   the  discoverer  himself,  had  to  forget  it. 


324 


It  is  natural  that   the  boiling  process  and  other  methods  recently  dis- 
covered have  had  a  tendency  to  improve  older  methods  and  give  an  impetus  to 
closer  attention  and  increased  activity. 

The  high  percentage  of  losses     experienced  formerly  in  quantity 
and  feeding  value  of  slices  after  having  "been  freed  from  the  juice  are  now 
obviated,   for  all  large  factories  utilize  them  to  their  full  extent  and  value 
by  extracting  efficaciously  all  the  liquid  elements  by  means  of  appropriate 
presses  and  then  dry  them  by  themselves  or  in  combination  with  molasses,  -  be 
it  by  gas  or  exhaust  gases  -  or  by  steam,  both  processes  having  been  found 
equally  good,  but  drying  by  steam  is  preferable* 

For  certain  purposes,  the  so-called  sugar  slices  are  considered  advan- 
tageous, but  the  theory  that  they  are  under  all  circumstances  superior  to  all 
others  has  not  been  confirmed  in  practice* 

However,   the  introduction  of  slice  drying  is  one  of  the  finest  Indus, 
trial  achievements  of  the  age  and  adds  to  national  wealth  large  sums  that 
formerly  were  lost.       Not  less  In  Importance  may  soon  become  the  drying  of 
beet  leaves  and  tops  wjhioh  now  la  successfully  carried  on  in  many  places. 

The  properly  heated  juices  free  from  pulp  are  for  purposes  of  clarifi- 
cation, still  treated  with  lime  or  carbonic  acid  or  sulphurous  acid,  for  no 
other  substances  proposed  for  this  purpose  were  found  suitable.       Lime,   burnt 
from  pure  lime  rock,  at  not  too  high  a  temperature  is  utilized  either  in  the 
shape  of  milk  of  lime  or  dry  lime,  both  having  certain  advantages,  but  which 
manifest   tfcemselves  only  when  the  quantity  of  lime  to  be  applied  is  correctly 
determined  so  as  to  exert  its  Influence  upon  tne  juice  during  a  sufficient 
period  at  a  proper  temperature* 


325 


The  segregation  of  the  lime   is  effected  by  one  or   two  saturations  with 
carbonic  acid,   sulphurous  acid  or  a  mixture  of  both  and  require  special  atten- 
tion (if  continuous),   on  account  of  alcalinity.          Although  the  conditions 
leading  to  a  successful  separation  and  saturation  are  well  known,  atill  many 
a  mistake  is  made  at  different  stages  of  operation  such  as  the  clarifying  pro- 
cess of  the  juice,   the  boneblack  with  which  one  thought  formerly  to  make 
good  errors  that  had  occurred*       This  has  long  been  banished  from  the  factory 
to  make  way  for  other  substitutes  such  as  sulphuring  of  the  thickened  juice, 
which,  however,  is  not  always  safe,  as  in  course  of  further  operations  certain 
inconvenient  conditions  arise  from  too  strong  a  sulphuring,  one  of  them  being 
the  clogging  of  filter-presses* 

In  the  regular  course  of  operations,   these  presses  ought  to  furnish 
firm,  uniform,  hard,   soum-cake,  vhich  can  be  promptly  and  thoroughly  soaked 
out  in  lye;     the  scums,  considered  as  a  valuable  fertilizer,  can  be  mixed 
with  water  and  by  means  of  proper  pumps  conveyed  to  long  distances  into  scum- 
ponds,  from  which  they  can  later  be  lifted  out  again  by  special  devices* 

Experience  has  shown  that  absolutely  clear  juices  offer  considerable 
advantages.       On  being  worked  over  the  thinned  juice  is  allowed  to  run 
through  sand- filters  before  conveying  to  the  evaporators.       For  the  last 
twenty-five  years  considerable  progress  has  been  made  initiated  partly  through 
systematic  experiments  of  expert  engineers,  partly  by  continued  careful  ob- 
servation of  experts  employed  in  the  factory. 

After  the  introduction  of   the  boiling  pan  and  the  utilization  of 
steam  for  heating  the  juices  -  innovations  that  were  still  too  risky  -  (1888) 
there  followed  the  drizzling  apparatus  with  its  well  measured  and  distributed 
heating  surface;     many  improvements  were  made  in  air  pumps  and  condensers 


326 


but   the  latest  efforts  are  directed  to  doing  away  with  both,  to  effect 
evaporation  with  high  pressure  waste  steam  by  a  so-called  climbing  apparatus; 
the  very  short  time  in  which  the  juice  would  remain  in  it,  makes  it  pos- 
sible to  use  high  degrees  of  steam  temperature,   in  consequence  of  which 
all  the  elements  can  be  again  entirely  used*  It  is  hoped  that  in  this 

way  steam  can  be  economized  which  has  already.under  favorable   conditions, 
been  reduced  to  about  50  Kg.   (corresponding  to  about  6»5$)coal  of  8- fold 
capacity  of  generating  steam;   in  place  of  an  antiquated  steam  engine  there 
shall  be  substituted  steam  turbines  adapted  for  that  class  of  work  which 
have  already  proved  their  usefulness  in  many  factories  for  electric  lighting 
and  transmission  of  power* 

Hand  in  hand  with  all  transformation  in  steam  utilization,  goes  natu- 
rally steam  generation,  and  we  can  scarcely  enter  at  this  time,   into  all  the 
complex  questions  of  improvement  in  boilers,  firing,   economies  in  installa- 
tion for  transporting  and  unloading  coal,  bunkers,  ash  emptying  devices,  etc. 
It  was  of  the  highest  importance  for  the  boiling  Of  the  juice  and  syrups   that 
used  to  be  done  in  an  entirely  empirical  fashion  to  have   found  out  what  were 
the  conditions  of  crystallizing  saturation  and  ultra- saturation,  also  the 
influence  of  too  great  a  concentration  and  viscosity, which  has  enabled  us 
to  control  and  direct   the  boiling  process.         These  new  methods  were  not  yet 
appreciated  at  their  full  value,     partly  due  to  their  importance  and  partly 
to  the  fact  that  some  factories  are  slow  in  breaking  away  from  old  customs 
and  prejudices  to  vfoich  belongs  the  belief  in  the  utilization  of  waste  waters 
of  which  60/o  sometimes,  were  returned  to  the  masseculte,  whils-t  a  further 
portion  was  returned  to  the  raw  juice  and  clear  juioe.  By  this   operation 

the  after  product  was  to  be  "transformed"  into  first  product  and  that  in- 


327 


dependently  of  the  deterioration  of  the  purity. 

It  was  of  great  importance  to  discover  the  application  of  "crystal*- 
lization  in  Motion"  in  the  manipulation  of  the  masseouite  Which  was  scarcely 
understood  for  a  long  time  -  was  even  called  "senseless",  but  later,  with 
some  changes  in  the  original  rules  and  regulations  was  adopted  universially 
(not  without  many- ugly  controversies),  and  finally  became  the  indispensable 
foundation  for  all  methods.       Under  its  influence  there  disappeared  the  small 
massecuite  boxes  for  the  first,   second  and  third  products,  and  it  was 
shown  that  a  good  process  of  boiling  and  working  out  of  the  green  syrup  and 
getting  out  all  the  sugar  in  two  products  can  be  done  effectually,  facili- 
tating the  working  over  of  the  masseculte,   in  a  cheaper,  purer  and  quicker 
manner.         For  the  cooled  masses  the  centrifugals  do  the  work  -  they  are 
either  ball-bearing  or  suspended;       they  are  driven  by  water  pressure  or  by 
electric  current,  and  are  provided  with  a  discharge  opening  at  their  lower 
end.       The  problem  of  a  continuous  centrifugal  action  has  not  yet  been 
solved. 

Final  products  of  centrifugal  work  are  on  the  one  hand  raw  sugar 
which  is  carefully  cooled,   cleaned  and  mixed,  and  molasses  which  is  mostly 
used  in  combination  with  dry  slices  for  cattle  food  as  well  as  in  combination 
with  many  other  substances* 

Beet  sugar  factories  no  longer^xtrapt   sugarfroffl_moja  ss  e  s ;     there 
are  now  large  special   establishments  that  do  this  work  lucratively  on  a 
large  scale,  us  ing.  the  Strontian  hydrate  process  and  is  often  only  done  on 
a  paying  basis  when  in  chemical  branch  establishments  nitrogen  is  got  from 
lye  in  the  shape  of  Cyanide  and  other  Ammonia  combinations*       The  question 
of  drain  water  which  was  considered  weighty  not  many  years  ago,  has  lost  its 


326 


importance,  because  less  drain  water  is  used  and  because  in  most  factories, 
they  are  neutralized- 

It  was  generally  a  practice  to  produce  white  sugar,  but  most  sugar 
factories  have  abandoned  it,  leaving  this  work  to  refineries,  pure  and 
simple  -  where,  on  a  large  scale,  under  favorable  conditions,  refining  is 
carried  on  under  capable  commercial  management;* 

Amon£  the  important  items  of  progress  in  refining  we  may  mention* 

General  introduction  of  aff  ination,  work  without  bone-Mack,  employ- 
ment of  proper  centrifugal  apparatus  for  loaf  and  cube  production  and  simpli- 
fication of  second  products  by  reason  of  newer  boiling  and  crystallization 
methods.   Our  expectations  with  regard  to  the  leaching  process,  which  at 
first  has  been  enormously  over-estimated  and  vsas  alieged  to  increase  the 
percentage  of  extraction,  were  not  realized,  and  most  factories  have  aban- 
doned this  practice* 

The  scientific  side  of  sugar  making  received  its  most  important 
impetus  by  the  erection  of  the  Institute  for  Sugar  the  Sugar  Industry  -  the 
important  services  of  wKioh  are  fully  recognized  by  everybody  and  lutre  this 
Institute  has  taken  a  leading  part  in  International  congresses  as  well  as  in 
fixing  rules  for  universal  recognized  analytical  methods;  we  many  mention 
a  few  subjects  that  are  within  the  scope  of  the  Institute's  continuous  ac- 
tivity: 

Research  work  in  the  field  of  the  sugar  beet  and  its  constituent  parts; 
improvement  in  the  method  of  investigation;  aqueous  and  aloolholic  digestion; 
inversion  analyses  and  determining  the  alkalinity  of  diffusion!  extraction! 
saturation,  etc*,  which  experiments  were  carried  on  under  conditions  similar 
to  those  existing  in  work  on  a  large  scale  which  helped  to  ascertain  fixed 


329 


rules  on  losses  during  extraction;     finally,   the  examination  of  new  processes 
in.  extraction  on  a  large  scale  which,  disclosed  many  new  phases  and  gave  a  re- 
markable insight  into  what  was  unknown  hitherto  *        if  the   sugar  Industry  did 
not  fully  profit  by  the  results  obtained  from  scientific  research  work,   it  is 
entirely  due  to  the  appointment  of  so-called  "Campaign  Chemists",  not   only 
is   economy  in  this  respect  out  of  place,  but  it  is  also  a  misfortune  for   the  whole 
industry,  as  such  an  innovation  lowers  the  standard  and  is   the  cause  of   dislodging 
the  most  capable  and  educated  talent  and  there  is  already  a  lack  of  experienced 
ohemists  which  will  materially  hurt  the  future  of  the  Sugar  Industry. 

We  do  not   intend,  as  mentioned  above,   to  go  into    details  regarding 
the  economic  conditions  of  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry*       We  must  however,  remind 
our  readers  that  in  1888  a  tax  was  put  on  consumption*       This  industry,   that 
had  for  its  dogma  that  its  well  being  was  inseparably  dependent  on  the  mainte- 
nance of  a  duty  on  beets,   opposed  this  innovation,  although  the  tax  having  fallen 
from  50  to  60  million  marks  to  under  15  million,  made  it  imperative  to  bring 
about  a  thorough  and  quick- reform.     Not  only  were  tney  unsuccessful,  tout   their 
attitude  and  the  trend  of  events  weakened  their  position  in  relation  to  the  Fi- 
nance Ministry  and  the  Imperial  Government.         They  could  not  make  their  voice  heard 
with  success  and  lost  the  influence  they  had  formerly  enjoyed.       We  cannot  deny 
however,   that  dissensions  within  weakened  the  Industry,  which  it  unfortunately 
connected  with  real  or  supposed  individual  interests  and  with  mistakes  that 
were  made  by  all  parties  in  1901  -  1903  during  the   formation  of  a  Trust.       The 
renewal  of  a  trust  is  neither  possible  nor  desirablet  but   it  would  be  expedient 
to  form  a  conmon  organization,   for  in  view  of  the  fact  that  all  raw  material 
is  in  the  hands  of  well  organized  bodies  for  distribution,   the  ever  increasing 
social  and  fiscal  burdens,   the  increasing  foreign,   colonial  competition,   the  faint 
prospect  that  we  have  of  a  material  lowering  of  the  consumption  tax  that  might 


330 


tend  to  increase  consumption  at  home,   the   economic  position  bf  the  sugar  industry 
is  getting  more  and  more  difficult  every  day. 

If  you  compare  the  two  campaign  years  1888  -  89  and  1910  *  11,  the 
following  figures  will  give  a  birds-eye  view  of  the  gradual  development: 

1888  1.911  • 

Number  of  factories ..• 396  545 

Hectares  of  Sugar  beets  (land) 280,000  480,000     Ha 

Beets  harvested  per  hectare 282  Dz,  530  Dz. 


1886/9 
Mt.  Tons. 

Total  beets  harvested , 7,900,000 

Average  ton  of  beet s  per  factory  • 20 ,000 

Total  production  of  raw  sugar 950,000 

.Average  Sugar  Prod,  per  factory •  2,500 

100  Dz.  beets  yielded  12  -  &  16  Dz.  of  raw  sugar 
in  188/9. 

Now,  we  get  1  Dz.  raw  sugar  from  8*4  to  6.3  Dz.  beets. 

Net  duty  and  tax  amounted  in 1888/9 

Mks .30,000,000 

That  is  to  say,  per  capita "   0.62 

Populati  on .49  ,000  ,000 

In  1888  prices  were  as  follows:- 


1910/11 

Met .  Tons 

15,700,000 

45,000 

2,500,000 

7.000 


For   each  Dz.  raw  sugar  46  marks .($  105. 84  per  short  ton) 

Without  tax  on  beets-  35       "       per  dz (  75.68       "  "       "     ) 

For  a  Dz.loaf  sugar     -  60       «         "       "     (129.71     "  "       "     ) 

Without  the  tax  on 

beets  , -  45.20"         "       "     (     97.79     "  "       "     ) 


Whereas,  in  the  year  1910/11  the  prices  were  as  follows:- 


331 

-14- 


For  Raw  Sugar  of  88$ Mis.  20   ($43.50  per  short  tonj 

Loaf     "  «41.70  ($89.28  per  short  ton) 

Without  the   consumption  tax  amounting  to(   "       14=($59«93  per  short  ton) 

(      37.70 


The  difference  in  price  between  raw  sugar  88$  and  loaf  both  without 
tax  according  to  Magdeburg  official  quotations  fell  from  10.20  to  7,70  Wxs. 
($5«42  per  short  ton)   by.  about  2,50,  but  on  a  general  average  still  more,  as 
in  other  markets  considerable  allowances  are  rcade  and  white  merchandise  cannot  be 
sold  as  easily  as  raw. 

Ae  a  matter  of  comparison,  we  may  mention  that  at  the  time  of  introduc- 
ing the  beet  tax  in  1839/40  -  152  factories  worked  over  220,000  tons  (an  average 
of  1450  tons  beets)   and  produced  a  total  of  12,700  metric  tons  of  raw  sugar, 
an  average  of  83  metric  tons  (91.5  short  tons) ;     100  Dz.  beets  yielded  only 
5«75  Dz.  raw  sugar;     and  to  produce  1  Dz.  raw  sugar  17.4  Dz.  beets  were  necessary. 

The  cost  of  a  Dz.  raw  sugar  was  then  about  75  marks  ($17*85)    (6.9  cents 
per  Ib) .      A  Dz.  loaf  sugar  about  150  marks  ($35.70)    (about  16.3/10  cents  per 
Ib). 


332 


BXCEKM?  FROM  JOURNAL  des  ECONQMISTES.  JUNE  15.  1912.  p.  416. 
VALUE  OF  SLAG  AS  A  FERTILIZES, 

The  relative  value  of  slag  for  dephosphorizing  to  be  used  in  agricul- 
ture is  well  known  today.   In  consequence  of  numerous  experiments,  Dr. 
Wagner  demonstrated  that  there  existed  an  intimate  relation  between  the 
fertilizing  of  slag  and  their  richness  in  phosphoric  acid  that  is  soluble 
In  2$  of  nitric  acid;  other  experiments  in  other  countries  made  by  others 
have  confirmed  Dr.  Wagner's  assertions  which  were  at  first  disputed.  The 
use  of  citric  reaction  is  the  best  means,  under  actual  conditions,  to  estimate 
the  agricultural  value  of  dephosphorated  slag.   notwithstanding,  the  unanimous 
conclusions  arrived  at  by  experiments,  the  citric  solubility  is  not  favorably 
looked  upon  in  France  and  Belgium,  where  the  sale  of  slag  is  going  on  based 
on  their  contents  of  phosphoric  acid  soluble  by  means  of  strong  acids  without 
taking  into  account  the  difference  in  the  value  of  phosphoric  acid.   This 
point  is  of  great  importance  if  it  is  borne  in  mind-  that  dephosphorated 
slags  are  abundantly  used  among  the  other  phosphates  in  agriculture;  we  have 
therefore  to  pay  special  attention  to  these  by-products  so  as  to  make  sure 
that  in  consequence  of  possible  changes  that  take  place  in  the  methods  of  man- 
ufacturing steel  -  their  agricultural  value  is  not  diminished  or  modified 
as  far  as  effective  fertilizing  is  concerned.   In  this  respect  electricity 
has,  in  recent  years,  taken  the  place  of  other  practical  methods  and  we  will 
therefore  call  your  attention  to  a  new  variety  of  dephosphated  slag  produced 
by  different  systems,  of  furnaces  that  turn  out  electrolytical  steel.   This 
system  of  producing  steel  is  still  costly  and  Incapable,  under  ordinary 
conditions,  to  enter  into  competition  with  other  systems, —  i.e.,  the  Thomas 


333 


system,  etc*   The  electrolytlcal  process  is  only  used  to  obtain  fine  steel, 
for  certain  qualities  of  welded  ribbed  or  edged  steel  which  are  poor  in 
phosphor  and  as  a  natural  consequence  the  slag  will  be  poor  in  phosphoric 
acid,  the  production  of  slag  per  ton  of  steel  will  be  very  low;  about  50 
Kg.  (110  Ibs.),  therefore  this  electrolrbical  slag  will  not  be  of  great 
value  to  agriculture  as  divers  experiments  have  shown  the  possibility  to  get 
electrolytical  steel  direct  from  the  ore,  in  which  case  slag  will  be.  rich  in 
phosphoric  acid  and  as.  electrolytical  slag  may  be  used  in  falsifying  Thomas 
slag,  we  therefore  had  to  ascertain  the  real  fertilizing  value  by  experiments 
started  with  different  kinds  of  slag  in  the  State  laboratory  of  the  City 
of  Liege. 

For  this  purpose  the  following  kinds  of  slag  were  submitted  to  tests  i 

Thomas  Slag 

Electrical  Slag  A 
»       H  B 
Compositions-   Sulphuric  acid  (soluble) 

In  Mineral  Acids*  In  Citric  Acid.  Silicum.  Free  Lime*, 

IT        IT     T"    IT 

& 

Thomas  Slag  21 .81  20.94  8.12  5.88 

Electrical  A  5.12  1.56  8.76  4.06 

"  B  6.76  1.38  8.58  4.58 

preparation  of  soil;  experimental  results  obtained: 

Sand;  plant  grown,  OATS.  The  sand  containing  0.007$  per  1000  of  phosphoric 
acid  soluble  in  chlorhydric  acid  (cold)  after  48  hours  contact. 
Earth;  plant  grown,  OATS.  The  earth  containing  0.710$  per  1000  of  phosphoric 
acid,  soluble  in  chlorhydric  acid  (cold)  after  48  hours  contact. 


334 


Quantity  of  sand  or  earth  per  pot: 

1  Kg.  (2,20)  Manure, 

2  grammes  of  Nitrate  of  Ammonia, 

2  rt  "  Sulphate  of  Magnesia, 

1  lf  "  Sodium  Sulphate, 

1  "  "  Potassic  Carbonate, 

1  n  "  Calcic  Carbonate. 

Dose  of  phosphoric  acid,  per  pot:  0.20  gr. 


SAND? 

Without  Phosphoric .Acid,  Grammes : 
Thomas  Slag 

Electric  Slag  A 
n        M   B 


Averages 

5*6 

15.9 

9.5 

7.7 


Relative  Value. 

100 
284 
170 
138 


EARTH:  Averages 

Without  Phosphoric  Acid,  Grammes:  11*0 

Thomas  Slag  14*8 

Electric  Slag  A  14.6 

11        "   B  13.1 

"  '       "   B  (1)  15.4 


Relative  Value. 

100 
135 
133 
119 
140 


As  regards  the  electric  slag  B  (1)  the  does  of  phosphoric  acid 
was  calculated  in  keeping  account  of  the  phosphoric  acid  soluble  in  citric 
acid  at  2$. 

In  taking  the  total  quantity  of  phosphoric  acid  as  a  tasis, 
electrical  slags  are  found  to  be  inferior  to  ordinary  slag  such  as  Thomas 
Slag  for  fertilizing  purposes. 


•oOo— 


Molasses  as  Cattle-feed, 

Ferrucio  Paelli,  Italian  Agronomist  has  made  experiments  with  3  groups 
of  cows  of  various  pedigrees,  their  average  milk  giving  capacity  was  15,  15 
and  10  litres  of  milk  (equalling  3.9,  3*9  and  2*6  gallons. 

1st  week  -  3  kilograms  of  bran  of  wheat 9-  one  kilogram  of  cocoa-bean-hulls 
mixed  with  molasses. 

2nd  week  -} 

&     >2  kilograms  (4.41bs)  of  bran,-  2  kilograms  of  cocoa-bean-hulls 
3rd  week  -] 

4th  week  -  3  kilograms  (6.6  Ibs)  wheat  "bran,  -  3  kilograms  cocoa-bean-hulla. 
Those  animals  eagerly  fed  on  these  rations  and  Signer  Faelli  noticed  an 
appreciable  average  increase  in  milk  per  cow  and  per  day  by 
1200  grams  (2.64  Ibs)  -  B%  for  first  group 
560  *    (1.23  Ibs)  -  3.7$"  second  • 
630  *    (1.38  Ibs)  -  6.3$  "  third   " 
He  likewise  noticed  a  slight  increase  in  the  fatty  quanity  which  proved 

the  presence  of  theo-bromine  or  some  other  fatty  principle  in  the  (theobroma  cacao) 

• 

cocoa  bean  hulls,  which  had  a  favorable  influence  on  'the  fatty  formation  in  the 
milk.  Cocoa  bean  hulls  should  be  carefully  selected,  as  those  that  nave  not 
undergone  some  sort  of  fermentation  before  feeding, will  influence  unfavorably 
the  milk  giving  capacity  of  the  cow. 

According  to  M.  J.  G.  Lucas*  experiments,-  if  the  quantity  of  cocoa  bean 
hulls  exceeds  the  quantity  of  bran,  the  milk  giving  capacity  of  the  cow  diminishes. 
The  quantity  of  molasses  has  to  be  determined  proportionately tso  as  not  to  give 
a  ration  in  too  liquid  a  form,  the  reason  given  why  too  much  of  cocoa  bean  hulls 
is  disadvantageous,! s  that  quantities  in  excess  of  above  tax  the  digestive 

organs  too  much.   The  price  of  cocoa  bean  hulls  is  only  half  of  what  bran  can 
be  bought  for. 


336 


DEFINITION; 

Factory  Beets  are: 

1)  Beets  that  are  planted  by  factories  themselves  on  land  that  they 
own  or  which  they  take  on  lease; 

2)  Shareholders'  beets  and  Contract  beets  are: 

Beets  that  shareholders  or  A gri cultural  Associations  owning  factories 
in  part  or  as  a  whole,  have  to  deliver  to  the  Factory. 

3)  Purchaa-e  and  Surplus  Beets  are: 

Beets  bought  in  the  open  market  from  independent  Growers  and  beets 
that  are  delivered  by  anybody  in  excess  of  quantities  contracted  for. 


PRUSSIA  . 

Factories.  Factory  Shareholders*  and   Purchase  Beets  Hectares, 

Seeta.     Contract  Surplus  Beets.     Total. 
Beets  . 

Ha.       Ha.         Ha.  Ha.            Ha. 

258       20,769       160,052  250,461         431,282 

FOR  OHB  ) 

WHOLE   )   342      27,017      207,913  296,548         531,478 

GERMAN  ) 

EMPIRE.  ) 

ATPROX.  5.0$  40.0$  55$  100^ 


See  also  Centralblatt  fur  die  Zuckerindustrie,  June  28,  1913.  p.  1432, 


337 


UTILIZATION  OF  BY-PRODUCTS  AMD  SO-QALLED  WASTE  IN  SUGAR 

FACTORIES. 


EXCERPT  FROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUGKERINDUSI'RIE.  JUNE  gQ.191g.  PAGE  568. 

As  in  every  other  industrial  plant  there  is  in  every  sugar  factory 
a  number  of  by-products  and  waste  material  that  are  thrown  off  in  the 
sugar  making.       Some  of  these  are  useless  and  some  can  be  utilized,  but 
all  more  or  less  encumber  the  ffectory  space  and  must  be  removed  so  as 
not  to  hinder  the  operating  of  the  factory  during  the  next  campaign.       Sugar 
factories  are  in  a  pleasant  position  (in  contradistinction  to  some  chemical 
industries)   for  having  a  ready  market  for   their  waste  and  by-products,  - 
as  these  can  be  utilized  and  often  at  a  good  profit. 

The  waste  resultiig  from  the  working  over  of  the  beets  returns  again 
to  the  farmer  and  indirectly  to  the  soil,  where  the  beets,  the  raw  material 
grew.     In  this  way,  values  carried  off  from  the  soil  in  the  shape  of  leaves 
and  roots  are  equalized. 

Let  us  briefly  compare  with  this   the   chemical  industry  and  we 
find  that  often,  years  elapse  before  it   is  discovered  that  by-products 
looked  upon  as  useless,  can  be  utilized  and  that  it  pays  to  work  them  over* 
In  this  connection,  we  may  mention  car,  hydrochloric  acid,  Thomas  slag,   etc. 

When  the  .beet  sugar  industry  v/as  still  in  its  infancy  pressed  slices 
were  already  used  for  fodder      because  the  originel  beet  was  known  in  olden 
times  as  a  hoed  crop,  recognized  by  agriculturists  as  a  valuable  element 
for  cattle  feed.      We  are  therefore  surprised  at  the  statement  that  in 
foreign  countries  these  by-products  are  neglected.         3eet  slices,  molasses, 
tap  roots,   etc.,  all  of  vfaich  are  so  highly  esteemed  as  fodder  in  our  country 


338 


are  looked  upon  in  America,  Russia,  Italy  and  some  other  countries,  as  so 
much  rubbish  which  can  only  "be  got  rid  of  by  throwing  them  into  rivers  or 
into  ttie  sea. 

In  countries  where  fodder  is  scarce,  some  of  these  "by-products 
are  very  valuable  -  first  in  relation  to  agriculture  and  as  a  factor 
in  helping  to  pay  interest  on  the  capital  invested  in  the   sugar  factory. 
This  fact  is   confirmed  by  the  experience  that  the  closing. down  of  a  factory 
vras  delayed  several  years  because  the  farmers  would  not  get  along  without 
the  fodder  furnished  them  during  several  decades,  free  of  charge.       This 
advantage  is,  at  present,  not   estimated  at  its  proper  worth  by  the  farmers. 
.   because  they  have  gotten  accustomed  to  procuriug  a  supply  of  cattle  feed 
cheaply  or  for  nothing  -  for,  without  the  presence  of  sugar  factories  they 
would  have  to  get  it  in  some  other  way  and  pay  for  it. 

Xn  the  Pall,  immediately  after  beet  pulling  time,   the  farmers 
can  rely  upon  getting  this  valuable  by-product  ,  and  only  when  the  supply 
stops,   its  loss  is  keenly  felt.     Incidentally,  we  may  say  that  by-products 
used  as  fer till z ing  elements  play  an  important  role   in  agriculture. 

Disregarding  the   conditions   surrounding  foreign  factories,  we 
may  mention  that  the  factories  are  sometimes  willing  to  give  a  portion  of 
the  by-products  away  if  people  like  to  haul  them  off.      Another  portion  has 
to  be  carted  at  some  expense  to  some  distance  from  the  factory  to  a  point, 
where,   for  months,   it  encumbers  the  ground. 

These' by-products  and  waste  material  are  not  only  useful  to 
Agriculture,  but  also  by  their  marketable  value  help  to  pay  the  interest 
on  share  capital,  and,  on  the  other  hand,  they  often  increase  the  debit 
side  of  operating  expenses,,      IVe  may  divide  the  by-products  and  refuse 


339 


into   the  following  groups j 

1)  Fodder  substances; 

2)  Fertilizing    " 

3)  Waate  proper;     ashes  or  sediment. 

Some  expense  is  attached  to  the  removal  of  this  -waste,  an 
expense  which  varies  with  different  factories  according  to  equipment  and 
space  available,  which,  for  both  iteua,  depends  on  the  working  over  of 
the  raw  material.       An  extended  campaign  increases  the  quantity  of  these  sub- 
stances, an  inferior  quality  of  beet  influences  the  quantity  of  molasses;  - 
want  of  space  near  the  factory  compels  the  management  to  adopt  special 
measures  for  removal  of  waste  and   by-products  -  rainy  weather  in  the  fall 
increases  the  quantity  of  pond  slime.        However,   the  concensus  of  opinion 
is  that  to  a  certain  extent  the  waste  and  by-products  are  easier  removed  and 
at  less  expense  in  proportion  to  the  capacity  of  the  factory  and  the  quantity 
of  beets  worked  over. 

As  mentioned  above,  in  the  waste  which  occurs  during  the  working 
over  of  the  beets   there  exists  a  large  quantity  of  fodder  substances.    Al- 
though the  principal  idea  is  to.  manufacture  the  aain  product  -  sugar,,  yet  the 
quantities  of  molasses  obtained  during  each  campaign  fluctuate  according 
to  the  quality  of  the  beets  and  the  methods  employed  in  extracting  the  sugar 
The  more  molasses  there  is  offered,   the  less  will  be  the  price  thereof.       In 
consequence  of, efforts  being  made  to  market  the  molasses  obtained  according 
to  its  richness,  the  era  of  lov;  prices  for  molasses  is  passed. 

By  reason  of  the  factory's  increased  utilization  of  molasses  in 
making  cattle  feed,   either  by  mixing  it  with  other  nutritive  substances  or  by 


340 


the  production  of  dry  slices,  molasses  is  an  Important  item  to  increase  the 
earning  capacity  of  the  factory;  this  enabled  the  factory  to  install 
a  lucrative  self-supporting  branch  establishment  adjoining  the  factory  that 
absorbed  the  molasses  produced  and  worked  over  in  waking  sugar.   Likewise, 
the  loading  and  transportation  or  molasses  to  a  distance  is  simplified  and 
carried  out  under  more  sanitary  conditions. 

A  considerable  quantity  of  molasses  is  worked  over  in  the  factory 
with  dry  slices  or  mixed  with  dry  slices-.   More  than  half  of  the  German 
Sugar  factories  are  equipped  with  a  slice  drying  plant  and  a  good  profit 
is  the  result;   they  forego  in  this  way  losses  that  -would  occur  in  the  siloe- 
ing  of  wet,  fresh  slices.    This  by-product  is  carried  sway  with  teams  owned 
by  shareholders  or  contracting  beet  planters  according  to  contract,  either 
free  of  charge  or  by  payment  of  a  modest  sum  per  ton.   Under  the  head  of 
othee  fodder- sub  stance  s  are  mentioned  tap  roots,  they  are  caught  by  special 
devices  and  either  flushed  to  their  destination  "by  water  or  lifted  to  the 
seed  barn,  and  by  a  special  elevator  apparatus,  there  mixed  with  other  fodder 
sometimes  chopped  up  fine  and  the  sugar  extracted    The  feed  value  thereof 
is  uncont ested,  but  the  small  pebbles  adhering  thereto  are  often  a  drawback 
and  often  have  to  be  given  away  in  many  cases  so  as  to  get  them  out  of  the 
factory  as  fast  as  possible. 

Waste  that  is  designated  as  a  fertilizing  element,  such  as  scum,  mud 

earth  can  only  be  removed  from  the  fact  ory  after  the  campaign  is  over  - 

i 
on  account  of  the  dampness  and  sliminesa  of  these  substances. 

The  residue  of  lime  combinations  is  the  most  acceptable  form  in  which 
the  co-operative  farmers  like  to  cart  it  away. 


341 


Almost  all  waste  above  mentioned  is  disposed  of  profitably  with 
the  exception  of  ashes  or  slag,  which  lies  about  in  heaps  in  the  vicinity 
of  factories  -  side  by  side  with  sweepings,  refuse  deposits  (in  apparatus) 
some  farmers  cart  away,  seme  of  the  ashes  and  slag  for  road  mending,  but 
the  major  portion  has  to  be  carted  away  by  hired  -  or  factory  teams  which 
causes  considerable  expense  to  the  factory   There  are  numerous  particles 
of  combustible  coal,  still  in  the  slag,  which  could  be  worked  over,  but  for 
this  purpose,  too  large  a  plant  and  equipment  would  be  necessary.   It 
would  not  be  lucrative  to  make  ash  briquettes  either,  as  the  capital  invested 
in  a  Briquette  plant  could  not  earn  a  fair  profit  nor  interest*  and,  as  the 
space  at  the  factory  is  not  large  enough  for  storing  all  the  refuse  resulting 
from  several  campaigns,  so  the  only  thing  to  do  is  to  get  it  carted  away  as 
cheaply  as  possible. 

Rails  are  connected  with  the  boiler  house  j  by  means  of  these  and 
iron  carts  they  are  dumped  outside  of  the  building. 


34E 


EXCERPT  PROM  SHE  URAGERZUCKERMABEP.  JUNE  25.  1915.  PAGE  659 


We  notice  in  the  "International  Sugar  Journal"  statistics  given  out 
by  Consul  General  Starrett,  U.  S.  A.  in  Cuba,  relating  to  the  cost  of  production 
of  sugar  in  Cuba,  from  which  is  seen  that  the  cost  of  production  of  any  single 
factory  would  not  be  a  correct  criterion  for  the  average  Cuban  production,  as 
the  difference  is  very  considerable. 

In  the  modern  factory  equipped  with  improved  machinery,  situated 
at  or  near  a  harbor,  where  the  factory  stock  companies  cultivate  their  own 
land  and  run  their  own  railroads,  where  everything  is  properly  managed,  there 
sugar  may,  and  can  be,  produced  at  1*25  cents  per  pound  (453«6  grammes)  'and 
even  transported  on  board  ship. 

On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  doubt  that  many  of  the  older  Cuban 
factories  could  not  possibly  produce  sugar  at  less  than  something  over  2  cents  - 
which  is  very  close  to  the  margin  where  a  profit  could  be  made.   Wherefore, 
the  only  satisfactory  way  to  ascertain  the  correct  average  cost  of  production  is 
to  choose  a  factory  of  average  capacity  to  establish  the  annual  production  and 
the  cost  thereof. 

This  is  what  Mr.  Starrett  has  done.  By  taking  4  years  as  a  basis 
for  the  average  production  he  finds  -  that  the  average  production  amounts  to 
9,651  long  tons  (at  1016  Kilog.) 

As  Cuban -Sugar  cane  shows  about  14$,  an  average  Cuban  factory  will 
therefore  show  a  rendement  of  78$;  they  therefore,  theoretically,  would  roquire 
87,786  tons  or  practically  90000  tons  sugar  cane. 


343 


The  average  yield  per  acre  (0.4047  hectares)   Cuba  is  22  tons. 

Total  expenditure  is  60  dollars  -  during  each  succeeding  year  14 
dollars  per  acre  during  a  period  of  about  seven  years.         Therefore,   the 
average  cost  of  planting  and  working  the  cane  after  7  years  will  be  20 
dollars  per  acre.     The  cost  therefore,  of  producing  sugar  cane  is  90 
cents  per  ton. 

The  cost  of  working  ever  the  cane  into  raw  sugar  is  50  cents  to 
a  dollar  per  ton  of  cane.     Therefore,  a  good  average  for  all  Cuban  factories 
is  75  cents.         To  this  must  be  added  the  overhead  charges,  inclusive  of 
interest  and  taxes,  amounting  to  a  total  of  $104,250. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  total  average  cost  of  production 
of  sugar  at  the  factory: 

Raising  and  planting  90 ,000  tons  cane  at  90^ »$81, 000 

Harvesting  same  and  loading  on  carts  at  7Qfk  per  ton ....63,000 

Transporting  and  loading  on  wagons,       "  40/f    "       "     9 36,000 

R.  R.  freights  and  transportation  to  factory  30 /£  per  ton 27,000 

Cost  of  working  over  cane  at  75^ V....V 67,500 

Overhead  charges,  general  exp.  depreciation,  renewal  of 

equipment ,   etc* ,   ....104. 250 

$378,750 

Therefore,  1.75  per  Ib.  total  cost  of  production  for  1  Ib.  Raw  Sugar  {production 
cost  at  factory) . 

In  English  money  7.8  penny  per  Ib.  or  8.3s.  4d.  per  long  con  exclusive 
of  freight,  expenses  from  factory  to  point  of  destination  which  are  estimated 
at  0»1  cents  per  Ib.  and  the  cost  of  production  amounts  to  a  total  of 
1.85  cents  per  Ib.  raw  sugar. 


544 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  SUGAB  INDUSTRY  1888  -  1915* 

-  by  — 
PRQg.  BR.  ED.  0.  v.  L-IPPMAMN. 

EKOERPJ  ?HOM  EHE  ERASES  ZUGKERMARKT.  JULY  2.  1915.  PAGE  662. 

Like  all  other  agricultural  industries,  the  Sugar  Industry 

^^ 

of  Saxony  has*  undergone  many  notable  changes  which  were  brought  about 
by  technical,  commercial,  economical  and  political  factors. 

True  to  the  teaching  of  A  chard,  according  to  iwhich  sugar 
is  produced  in  the  field,  but  is  only  extracted  in  the  factory  -  the 
leading  sugar  men  devoted  their  energies,  already  twenty-five  years  ago,  to 
raise  beets  that  united  quality  and  quantity,  and  to  utilize  these  in  a  way 
to  get  the  best  results  at  a  minimum  expense. 

The  Bernburger  Experiment  Station,  in  conjunction  with 

learned  men  here  and  abroad,  have  tried  to  solve  these  questions  and  their 
efforts  have  been  attended  with  success. 

Numerous  experiments  have  been  made  in  relation  tc  the  fit- 
ness of  the  soil  for  beet  culture,  the  possibility  of  its  extension,  the 
best  methods  of  cultivation,  the  most  suitable  agricultural  implements,  the 
distances  of  rows,  the  best  methods  of  singling  and  hoeing  and  the  most 

appropriate  fertilizing  to  be  done;  we  do  not  wish  to  underestimate 

of 

the  enormous  work  thousands  of  diligent  hands  and  minds, and  we  must  con- 
sider as  the  most  precious  lesson,  that  all  these  questions  cannot  be  met 
with  a  general  answer  and  that  in  individual  cases  appropriate  answers  could 
only  be  given  by  considering  local  meteorological  and  economical  conditions 
and  by  being  studied  for  a  consecutive  number  of  years  by  men  of  learn- 


345 


ing  and  eminence  in  sugar  questions* 

Regarding  fertilization,  wo  may  refer  to  differences  of 
opinion  that  arose  over,  deep-and  surface  fertilizing  as  well  aa  over  local 
and  periodical  admission  of  certain  fertilizers  finally  over  the  endless  num- 
ber of  experiments  with  potassium  salts  of  all  kinds  (phosphates,  superphos- 
phates, "Thomas  meal") t  Nitrate  Combinations  (Nitrates,  Salts  of  Ammonia, 
Nitrogenous  Lime,  Kalium  Nitrate,  Kitchen  Salt,  Lime  and  Gypsum,  Stable 
Manure,  Liquid  Manure,  and  finally,  "catalytic  substances")  employed  accord- 
ing to  all  the  rules  of  well  calculated  combinations. 

The  thorough  scientific  research  work  of  Experiment  Stations 
relating  to  nutritive  conditions,  the  amount  of  nutrition  and  organic  changes 
that  take  place  in  the  beet  in  the  first  and  second  year  of  growth,  and  with 
reference  to  the  simultaneous  influences  of  all  the  aggregate  conditions  of 
growth  and  the  importance  of  their  combined  effect  -  the  experiments  in 
pots  that  have  been  ridiculed  for  years,  although  these  experiments  have 
taught  us  valuable  lessons. 

We  have  likewise  learnedthe  value  of  every  one  of  the  fertilizers 
and  that  their  effectiveness  depends  in  a  high  degree,  on  biological  con- 
ditions iPlora  microbes),  on  their  chemical -react ion  (that  must  be  neither 
too  acidical  nor  too  alkaline),  as  well  as  on  their  mechanical  properties, 
such  as  capacity  of  aeration  and  hydrogenous  combination  -  an  important 
item  is  the  abundance  of  water  -  available  for  the  development  of  the  beet. 
It  is  still  remembered  how  the  extraordinary  dry  summer  of  the  year  1912 
not  only  prejudiced  the  yield  per  acre  to  an  extraordinary  degree,  but  also 
the  properties  of  the  beet  -  especially  through  the  accumulation  of  the 
dangerous  nitrogenous  substances. 


346 


It  is  now  an  established  fact,   that  the  far-reaching  meteorological 
conditions  are  manifesting  themselves  in  more  varied  ways  than  was  at  first 
supposed,  and  are  evidenced  for  the  distribution  and  accumulation  of  the 
ash  element  in  roots  and  elements* 

Long  ago  the  conviction  gained  ground  that  sugar  is  formed  in  the 
beet  leaves  under  the  influence  of  sunshine  or  rather  (the  sun's  energy)   and 
today,   it  is  an  established  fact,  and  there  is  no  sensible  person  who  will 
tolerate  the  "defoliation"  or  stripping  of  leaves  which  was  so  much  in  favor 
in  days  gone  by  -  which  is  now  looked  upon  as  depriving  the  beet  of  its 

essential  organs  of  assimilation;     but   opinions  differ  as  to  how  sugar  is 
/  . 

formed  in  the  leaf,  how  it  is  carried  into  the  roots,  how  it  accumulates 
there  and  what  importance  to  attach  to  the  form  unfolding  and  surface  devel- 
opment of  the  Beet.       The  so-called  shooting  upward  of  the  beet  is  pre- 
sumably influenced  by  meteorological  conditions. 

Most  of  the  enemies  of  the  beet  belonging  to  the  animal  and  vege- 
table kingdom  are  fortunately  only  active  during  individual  years  and  in~ 
di virtual  localities  -  BO  that  damage  done  is  only  temporary  -  as  for  instance, 
damage  by  plant  lice.       But  a  lasting  damage  may  be  done  by  "Nematodes" 
(if  not  checked)   that  provoke  the  real  beet  fatigue  and  some  of  the  most 
learned  eminent  and  experienced  agronomists  have  devoted  an  immense  lot   of 
time  and  did  a  great  deal  of  research  work  in  persistently  fighting  this  ne- 
matodic  pest. 

It  is  of  the  greatest;  importance  to  prevent  the  dissemination  of  Ne- 
rnatodes  by  carrying  away  and  dumping  on  fields  promiscuously,   earth  from 
"beets,   residue  from  mud  tanks,    etc*,   and  if  a  nematodic  presence  is  sus- 
pected,  to  surround  the  fields  with  "trap  plants"  that  are  favorite  nematodic 


347 


camping  beds. 

Regarding  root  blight,  heart  rot  and  dry  rot,  many  causes 

were  assigned  to  these  diseases  and  various  remedies  were  tried;  we  m&y  assume 
that  these  microbes  (f.  i0  the  well  known  fungus  Phoma  Betae}  are  not  the 
cause  but  the  symptoms  of  disease  -  and  that  the  real  cause  is  due  to  the 
enfeeblement  of  individual  "beets  brought  about  "by  unsui table  mechanical  and 
physical  properties  of  the  soil.  Furthermore,  to  a  deficiency  in  suitable 
chemical  properties,  and  finally,  to  unsuitable  meteorological  conditions. 
Beet  oulturists  have  recognized  the  value  and  Importance  of  beet<  selection 
on  family  strains  and  tihey  were  enabled  to  achieve  astonishing  results  not 
only  in  regard  to  1she  average  sugar  content,  which,  in  1888,  was  around  14$ 
but  now  has  reached  18%,  but  also  to  greater  weight  in  beets  and  sugar. 

This  great  success  is  also  based  upon  a  thorough  study  of  cor- 
relation such  as  the  relation  between  dry  substance  sugar  «•  and  invert 
contents,  chemical  properties,  anatomical  and  hystological  properties,  firmness 
of  structure,  improvements  in  the  method  of  planting,  the  treatment  of  mother 
beets,  the  handling  of  seedlings  or  shoots  -  grafting,  the  discovery  of  the  bi- 
and  triannual  quality  of  the  beet,  etc. 

In  regard  to  the  seed  itself,  it  is  questionable  whether  the  meth- 
ods of  preparation,  impregnation,  disinfection,  soaking,  dryingt  peeling  - 
are  of  as  much  use  as  has  been  supposed  -  no  light  as  yet  has  been  thrown  or 
the  relative  importance  of  large  or  small  balls  aocordirg  to  the  most  suitable 
and  reliable  standards  of  trade* 


348 


REPORT  OF  AUGUST  AUIARD.  APRIL  9th.   1915,   TO  THE  (PEOHNICAL  &  GHEMIOAL  SOCIETY 
OF  THE  BELSIAH  SUGAR  FACTORIES. 

EXCERPT  FROM"La3UCRERIE  BELGE",  JULY  1,   1913. 


In  all  ciy  life  I  have  never  had.  that   feeling  of  monotony 
tfhich  pervaded  ray  system  as  when  traveling  between    Chicago  and  Cleveland! 
not  a  bird  is  seen,  buildings  are  miles  and  miles  apart,  and  in  contemplating 
those  vast  stretches  of  desert,   the  first  thing  that  strikes  one  is  the  im- 
mense number  of  charred  tree  tnuiks  covering  hundreds  of  miles,   souvenirs  left 
behind  by  a  modern  Attilla  whose  vast  hordes  gathered  from  the  four  quarters 
of  She  globe  destroyed  the  forest  that  for  thousands  of  years  reigned  supreme. 

To  extend  further  beet  culture  hand  labor  is  required.     Land 
that  produces  cereals,   oats,  wheat,  Indian  corn,  etc.,  could  produce  sugar 
beets  and  yield  immense  quantities  of  sugar  -  if  the  beet  plantlet  had  not 
to  be"singled"  by  expert  hands  -  and  the  beet  is  the  only  plant  that  requires 
this  care.       On  account  of  the  care  vtoich  has  to  be  bestowed  upon  the  beet, 
pulling,  hoeing,   topping,  etc.,  beet-  culture  is  merely  "dotting"  here  and  there 
the  American  continent,  and  the  price  of  beets  is  about  the  same  in  the  United 
States  as  in  Europe,  five  to  six  dollars  a  ton. 

The  various  sugar  companies  enter  into  competition  with  each  other. 
Thus  in  Michigan,  ther-e  are  17  sugar  factories  and  the  shortage  of  beets  amounts 
to  about  15$,  bringing  the  beets  to  34.50  per  metric  ton  ($6.65.) 

California,  with  its  ten  beet,  sugar  factories  has  42,341  hectares 
planted  to  beets  (105.624  acres)   and  produces  very  rich  beets.     I  have  not  been 
as  far  as  California  -  it  is  5  days  journey  from  New  York,  but  I  had  the  pleasure 
of  meeting  on  several  occasions  a  very  amiable  and  expert  sugar  manufacturer, 
Mr.  Robert  Oxnard,   of  the  Oxnard  family,   the  true  pioneers  of  the  Beet  Sugar 


349 


Industry  in  the  United  States.     I  likewise  met  Mr,  Buperee  and  Baird,   of  the 
American  Beet  Sugar  Company,   comprising  6  sugar  factories,  two  of  which,  Chino, 
and  Oxnard,  are  in  California. 

The  last  named  city,  named  after  the  Oxnard  family,  has  2500 
souls,  it  is  about  625  kilometers  from  San  Francisco  and  108  kilometers  from 
ios  Angeles,   the  queen  city  of  Petroleum;     it  has  a  sugar  factory  with  a  ca- 
pacity of  2,000  tons  of  beets  per/hours.     California  which  has  only  1-20/100 
inhabitant  per  square  kilometer,   is  a  splendid  country,  14  times   the  size  of 
Belgium;     produces  immense  quantities  of  fruit  and  has  an  ideal  climate*       The 
beet  is  sown  about  the  end  of  October  and  is  harvested  in  July,  August,  and 
September;     which  means  that  it  remains  in  the  ground  two  to  three  months  longer 
than,  in  Europe,   and  it  is  perhaps  due  to  this  fact  that  the  Beet  is  rich  - 
84  purity  is  the  average  of  American  beets.         The  working  over  of  such  beers 
is  difficult,  and  the  molasses  production  enormous  in  comparison  with  our  pro- 
duction of  molasses.  That's  why  the  Californian  factories  have  to  use  the 
Steffens  process  which  somewhat   complicates  the  work. 

Perhaps  we  could  give  Italy  and  Spain  a  lesson  by  what  is  done 
in  California,  and  as  it  seldom  freezes  in  these  countries,  it  might  be  profit- 
able to  leave  the  beet  in  the  ground  the   same  length  of  time  as  in  California, , 
where  an  average  of  20$  is  attained. 

In  the  United  States,  .as  well  as  in  Europe,  scarcely  has     a  sugar 
factory  been  erected  in  one  place,  when  another  springs  up  to  compete  with  it. 
This  is  human  nature;     a  man  can't  see  his  neighbor  prosper  quietly  without 
trying  to  make  him  share  the  cake  with  him. 

In  the  United  States,  Crystallized  Sugar  is  sold  directly  to  the 

. 
consumer  in  the   shape  of  granulated,  at  the  same  price  as  powdered  crystallized 


350 


of  the  refineries. 

Die  Consumer  has  paid  in  1912,  sugar  duty  paid  57.61,  which  would 
"bring  100  Kg.  to  36*90  =  per  short  ton  $63oOO,  should  the  proposed  "bill  become 
law. 

Let  us  see  whether  the  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry  could  still 
exist  under  these  conditions. 

Let  us  suppose  that  beets  worked  over  cost  15  francs  per  ton,  = 
$2,90,  and  if  130  Kg.  of  sugar  -  286  pounds  -  is  got  out  of  a  ton  of  beets, 
they  are  making  a  profit  •which  would  satisfy  any  of  our  Belgian  Sugar  manufact- 
urers.     However,  this  does  not  mean  that  the  American  Government  should  with- 
hold its  encouragement  from  the  tillers  of  the  soil» — Beet  growers  and  indi- 
rectly ,  the  Sugar  Industry. 

The  «oraing  into  power  of  Mr.  Wilson,  of  the  democratic  party,  has 
worried  our  colleagues  beyond  the  Atlantic  very  much,  and  they  Justly  fear 
that  taking  off  the  duty  will  deprive  them  of  a  greater  or  lesser  bounty  which 
they  have  enjoyed  hitherto.     The  shares  of  the  American  Beet  Sugar  Company  have 
gone  down  from  400  to  135  francs  -  $77.20  to  $26.051      Which  proves,  my  dear 
colleagues,   that  under  all  degrees  of  latitude  and  climate,   sugar  is  the  play- 
ball  of  legislators  and  politicians, and  it  would  be  better  for  all  sugar  people 
to  go  into  the  business  of  making  cotton  sua-bonnets  rather  than  sugar. 


As  long  as  the  American  Continent  will  have  only  12  inhabitants  per 
square  kilometer,  teet  culture  will  be  a  mere  chance  crop,  and  agricultural 
wealth  for  many  years  to  come,  will  remain  unused. 

Mr.  Woodrow  Wilson  has  agreed  with  the  chief  politicians  to  re- 
duce the  duty  on  sugar  to  a  minimum  -  perhaps  a   slight  duty  will   enable  the 


351 


beet  factories  to  exist  and  to  compete  with  the  Refiners  who  have  never  looked 
with  favor  upon  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry,-  and  we,  «  as  sugar  manufacturers 
extend  our  sympathy  to  our  colleagues  in  America  and  hope  that  the  day  may 
come  when  their  rich  soils  will  produce  all  the  beets  and  sugar  their  country 
needs  without  having  to  import  any  cane  sugar  at  all  -  for  sugar  cane  is  our 
enemy,  now,  and  ever  will  bee 


352 


£  1  4  Jl  1; 

OFFICIAL  GOVERNMENT  STATISTICS. 

CAMPAIGN  1912 

-  1913. 

EXCERPT  FROM  DIE 

BEUTSCHE  ZUCKERINttJSTRIE,  JULY  4,  1913.  

Province.. 

Ho.  of 
Factories* 

Beets  Worfced 
Metric  Tons. 

Short  Tons. 

Average 

Sugar 

Sugar 
Production 

Short 
.  Tons* 

Content  . 

Tons* 

Allesandria 

1 

15,810 

15,223 

16.21^ 

1,827 

2.014 

AncoBft 

2 

28,194 

31,078 

14*14 

2,554 

2,815 

Agulla 

1 

59,584 

€5,679 

16*09 

7,345 

8,096 

Bologna 

5 

127,590 

140,642 

14*82 

16,305 

17,973 

Cremona 

1 

39,575 

43,624 

13.96 

4,378 

4,826 

Cuneo 

m 

M. 

— 

M. 

mm 

Ferrara 

7 

316,750 

349,154 

13.97 

41,483 

45,727 

Firenze 

1 

23,209 

25,583 

15.00 

2,920 

3,219 

Forli 

2 

128,207 

141,323 

16*09 

17,236 

19,098 

Mantova 

1 

44,211 

48,734 

13*31 

5,391 

5,942 

Napoli 

1 

25,114 

27,683 

13.40 

2,821 

3,110 

Padova 

1 

115,488 

127,302 

13.71 

11,674 

12,866 

Parma 

1 

32,368 

35,679 

12*74 

4,125 

4,547 

Perugia 

2 

43,054 

47,458 

14*50 

6,873 

6,474 

Piacenza 

2 

62,643 

69,051 

15.29 

8,020 

6,640 

Ravenna 

3 

190,020 

209,046 

15*10 

23,025 

25,381 

Rovigo 

4 

244,880 

269,931 

13.01 

25,053 

27,616 

Siena 

1 

20,491 

22,587 

16.82 

3,119 

3,438 

Udine 

1 

23,423 

25,817 

12*56 

2,190 

2,414 

Verona 

3 

133,661 

147,335 

12.87 

14,367 

15,837 

Vicenza 

1 

37.223 

41.031 

13.08 

4.100 

4.519 

1,709,495           1 

,884,376 

203,806 

224,655 

Italy* 

S    Stock    Of    Sugar    31fi*    "DeftAmhAr   1912  was     . 

144 

,412 

Metric 

tons.  ••*•  •»•••••«•• 

...Short  tons 

,.159 

.185 

353 


JUBILEE  CELEBRATION  OF  THE  DUTCH  SUGAB  INDUSTRY. 
(100  YEARS) 

EKOERPT  FROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUOKBRIHDUSTRIE.  JULY  11.   1915. 


On  the  tenth  of  July,  1913,   the  Technical  Association  of  Manufacturers 
and  Refiners  of  Sugar  celebrated  their  Jubilee  at  Amsterdam*       One  hundred  years 
ago  the  first  sugar  was  extracted  from  the  beet*       Dr,  E.  0.  yon  Llppman,  the 
celebrated  and  eminent  authority  in  all  things  pertaining  to  the  sugar  industry, 
honored  the  Assembly  with  his  presence  and  favored  us  with  a  cocBsunlcation 
from  the  vast  storehouse     of  knowledge  Which  this  eminent  gentleman  has  at 
his  command, 

Dr.  van  Loon,   the  director  of  the  Steenbergen  Sugar  Factory,  pointed 
out  the  economic  benefits  derived  from  the  Sugar  Industry*       From  1872  to 
1862,  22000  to  23000  metric  tons   (24,251  to  25,353  short  tone)   of  sugar  were 
produced  in  Holland;     in  1688,  32,000  metric  tons  (35,274  short  tons)   were 
produced  in  31  factories.         In  1896  140*000  metric  tons   (54,322  short  tons) 
were  produced;     in  1912  the  total  production  amounted  to  310,000  Metric  Tons 
(341,713  short  tons),  which  were  sold  for  38,750,000  Gulden  ($15,577,500),  as- 
suming that  on  an  average  12-J-  Gulden  ($5.02)  was  paid  per  bag* 

Average  sugar  extraction  15$  from  beets*       2,067,000  Metric  Tons 
(2,276,454  short  tons)   of  beets  were  worked  over* 

Value  of  beets  averaged  14.5  gulden  per  metric  ton  ($5.?0  per  short  ton)* 

Expenses  per  Metric  ton  of  sugar  beets: 

Wages  and  salaries  .... 1*40  Fl.   (56*26  cents) 

Coal  -  Lime  rock       1.25     "     (50.25       "     ) 

General  cost,   Insurance,   0.40     "     (16*08       "     1 

Transportation 0.75     "     (30.15      "     ) 

Written  off ..0*80     "     (32.16       "     j 

4.60     "$1.84.92  "     » 


354 


Number  of  workmen  10,688,  including  those  employed  during  the  campaign 

only* 

Beetgwjwers  pay  out  100  fl.  per  hectare  ($40.20)  =  $16.27  per  acre. 

In  1912  69,000  ha.   (170,499  acres)  were  planted  to  beets  as  against 
20,000  ha.   (49,420  acres)   in  1891. 

If  you  get  a  yield  of  35  to  40  metric  tons   (39  to  44  short  tons)  per 
hectare,   it  will  net  37500  x  14.50  fl.  »  544  fl*  «  ($218*68) 

Wages:     100  fl.  per  hectare  ($40.20); 

Artificial  fertilizer  65  fl.  per  ha.   ($26.13) ; 

Net  profit  per  hectare .,379  florins   ($152.35) 

no  other  crop  would  bring  in  this  amount. 

By-products  27  -  27,000  Kg. tops  and  leaves  per  Ha.  (30  short  tons) 
aad  16%  dry  pulp,  a  total  of  6,500  Eg.  per  ha.  (6.61  short  tons)  valued  at 
25  florins  ($10.65} ;  quite  a  respectable  sum. 

As  to  the  future  of  the  Sugar  Industry,  Dr.  van  Loon  expressed  himself 
as  follows: 

One- third    of  Holland's  production  is  consumed  in  the  country  -  the 
other  two-thirds  are  exported  in  the  shape  of  refined  sugar.       Consumption 
will  scarcely  increase  if  the  high  consumption  tax  is  going  to  remain  27 
fl.   ($10.85)   per  100  Kg. 

Mr.  Spakler  whose  great-grandfather  was  one  of  the  first  sugar  manufact- 
urers  of  Holland  100  years  ago,   said  the  price  of  sugar  rose  in  consequence  of 
Napoleon's  blockade  to  250  Mk,   ($59.50)   per  100  Kg.  and  to  abstain  from  eating 
sugar  was  to  be  called  patriotic.      Maple  sugar  was  used  as  a  substitute  for 
sugar,  and  in  Prance,  a  prize  of  1000  Frcs.   ($193.00)  was  offered  for  sugar  to 
be  commercially  extracted  from  grapes  -  but  very  little  success  was  achieved  in 


that  direction. 

The  first  experiment  in  beet  planting  was  made  in  Holland  in  the 
year  1309  (near  Hoon)  .     Beets  could  then  be  bought  at  92  Pf .  per  100  Kg.  about 
$2*00  per  short  ton.       In  the  beginning,  the  sugar  yield  was  only  0.4$,  later 
on, 2$.       The  operating  factories  were  very  primitive. 

A  rasping  device  was  installed  which  vsas  kept  in  motion  by  horses 
ambling  around  a  circle;     the  juice  was  expressed  by  means  of  hand  presses  and 
was  thickened  in  boiling  pansj     it  was  allowed  to  crystallize  in  open  clay 
dishes  -  Albumen  was  brought  to  a  curdling  stage  by  addition  of  sulphurous  acid 
to  the  Juice  and  24  hours  afterwards,   it  was  neutralized  by  an  addition  of  lime* 

Dr.  von  Lippman  in  his  remarks  referred  to  Aohard's  work  and  to  the 
tremendous  progress  made  since  1802. 

There  were  120  Refineries  in  Amsterdam  and  each  refinery  refined  daily, 
the  tremendous  quantity  of  25  bags  of  sugar  (about  25  Dz.)    lit  or  770  Ibs. 
To  clarify  this  quantity  of  sugar,  500  eggs  were  used  if  no  blood  was  employed 
and  when  a  dispute  arose  as  to  the  best  method,  either  to  use  eggs  or  blood, 
the  Justice  of  the  Peace  had  the  power  to  order  eggs  or  blood  to  be  used,  and 
he  invariably  favored  eggs.       It  sometimes  took  2  months  before  the 'loaves 
were  ready  for  the  market,  and  if  the  profit  fell  below  33  marks  per  100  Kg. 
($7.85)   it  was  no  longer  profitable  to  carry  on  the  refining  business.    At 
that  time  the  motto  was: 

Good  alkaline  juices  are  playing  the  same  part  on  behalf  of  the  factory 
as  blood  in  the  human  body. 

Great  was  the  joy  in  Arnheira  when  they  succeeded  to  finish. a  loaf  of 
sugar  in  30  hours  instead  of  having  to  wait  30  days  as  formerly. 

The  most  notable  stages  of  progress  were  after  1600.       The  use  of  bone 
black,   the  use  of  the  vacuum  pan.  and  other  things  too  numerous  to  mention, 
but  our  thanks  are   due  to  Professor  von  Lippman,   for  his   interesting  and 
instructive  speech  on  this  auspicious  occasion. 


356 


RUSSIA. 


EXCERPT  FROM  DIE  DEUTSCHE  ZUGKEEINDUSTRIB .   PACTI    645.   JULY  18. 

1915. 


REGULATION  IS  REGARD  TO  SUGAR  HI  ICES  AM)   RODUCTION; 

The  Minister  of  Finance  has  proposed  that  sugar  prices  for  native 
consumption  should  "be  regulated  as  follows,  as  to  quantities   : 

1)  Sugar  (unrestricted  trade)   81,000,000  puds  «=  1,327,000  Metric  tons 
(1,462,752  short  tons) 

2)  Reserve  quantity  not  to  "be  put  on  the  market,  except  "by  special  order 
emanating  from  the  Minister  of  Finance. 

3)  Normal  production  108,OOQtOOO  puds>  1,655,000  Metric  Tons 
(1,825,000  short  tons) 

4)  Limit  for  sugar  prices,   including  consumption  tax  for  white  crystallized 
sand  sugar,Kiew  District. 

PRICE  TO  BE  PAID; 

From  1st.    September  to  31  Dec.   1913,  R.   4.00   (5.66  cents     ) 
11       1st.  January       "     31  Aug.   1914,  R.   4,10  "(5.84         "       ) 

If  during  any  week  the  price  limit  is  exceeded  even  when  quota- 
tions in  other  districts  are  higher  (including  freight,  storage,  etc.)   than 
those  in  Kiew  District,  the  Ministry  of  Finance  has  authority  to  release 
such  quantities  from  reserve  stock,  as  he  may  deem  fit. 


357 


BEET  DISEASES. 

EXCERPT  FROM  TEi  CENTRALBLATT  FUR  DIE  ZUCKER INDUSTRIE.  P.    1578. 

July  26.   1913. 

LEAF  SPOT;         Caused  "by  a  mushroom  Crecospora  beticola  -  "bright  circular 
spots  surrounded  by  a  red  or  brovm  rim. 

CURLY  TOP;         Leaf  tops  curl,  California  disease,  caused  by  the  bite 
of  field  locusts,  Butettix  tenella. 

ROOT  ROT;  Hotting  Of  Roots. 

CROWNGALLi         Cancer-like  growths   (crop-like)    caused  by  Bacteria, 

caused  by  a  mushroom  --  Urophlyctis  pulposa  —  and  by  Bacteria  turaefaciens. 

NEMATQDE;  Root  knot;     Hecterodera  —  Root  knot,  etc.   radicicola  - 

occurs  not   so  often  on  beets  as  on  other  root  crops  where  they  appear  on- 
the  roots,  knots  of  the  size  of  a  pea, filbert  or  gallnut-like  excressences; 
on  beets  however,,  these  ercressences,  Heteroda  Schachtll,  are  just  large 
enough  to  be  visible  to  the  naked  eye,  being  swellings  about  the  size  of 
a  pin's  head. 


358 


EXCERPT  FROM  "LONDON  TIMES"   (REPRINT  IN  LITERARY  DIGEST)   p.   166. 

ISSUE  OF  AUGUST  2,  1913. 

• 

CONFIRMING  T.  G.  PALMER'S  ARGUMENTS. 

The  Americana  have  dealt  with  their  resources,  and  deal  with  than 
today,  in  the  pioneer  spirit  of  sheer  wanton  pillage*   The  soil  especially 
has  "been  so  shamefully  mishandled  that  its  crop  producing  power  is.  both 
actually  and  relatively  on  the  decline.    The  United  States  presents  the 
curious  anomaly  of  a  land  that  i?  still  theee  parts  virgin,  still  in  the 
chrysalis  stage  of  its  growth,  still  astonishingly  under-populat  ed,  and  yet 
faced  with  a  rural  problem  not  essentially  different  from  our  own  in  Great 
Britain* 

In  spite  of  a  lavish  expenditure  by  the  States  on  agri cultural  colleges, 
of  exceptional  advantages  in  the  way  of  soil,  climate,  and  market  facilities, 
and  of  a  steady  inrush  of  the  best  European  peasants,  the  American  farmer 
remains  all  but  the  worst  in  the  world. 

He  has  settled  on  the  land  like  the  locusts,  exhausted  it,  and  moved 
on;  and  although  the  products  of  the  farm  supply  not  far  short  of  half  the 
materials  used  by  American  manufacturers,  and  account  for  some  70$  of  the 
country's  exports,  the  time  is  not  far  distant  when  the  United  States  will  be 
hard  pressed  to  feed  its  own  people. 

Agriculture,  the  only  indispensable  industry,  is  also  the  only  industry 
in  America  that,  taken  as  a  whole,  is  still  unorganized.   The  American  farm- 
ers as  a  class  -  there  are  some  exceptions,  particularly  in  Wisconsin  and 
among  fruit  growers  of  the  Pacific  slope,  -  have  not  yet  mastered  even  the 


359 


elements  of  modern  methods  of  marketing  and  distribution;     they  receive  for 
tnemselves,   it  has  been  calculated,  less  than  half  of  what  the  public  pays 
for  the  produce  they  raise;     their  political  influence  is  strikingly  dis- 
proportionate to  their  numbers  and  their  economic  importance. 

— oOo-~ - 


360 

RUSSIA. 

EXCERPT  FaOM  DIE  WOGHENSCHRIFT  DBS  2EMIRALVEREINS  FUR  BUBEKZUCKERIHDUSTRIE 

AUGUST  12.  1915.  (page  611) 


KIM.  RUSSIA. 

The  release  of  three  million  puds  of  sugar  for  internal  con- 
sumption ordered  "by  the  Minister  of  Finance  has  not  had  the  desired  effect, 
namely,  to  lower  prices, on  the  contrary,  there  was  a  slight  rise. 

This  is   due  to  the  fact   that  apart  from  the  last   instalment  of 
sugar  released  by  ministerial  decree  there  are  no  other   stools  available  and  the 
demand  for  sugar  is  so  great  that  speculators  are  reported  to  have  sold  in 
anticipation  of  the  above  mentioned  release,  more  sugar  than  was   actually  re- 
leased.      The  concensus  of  opinion  of  members  of  the  Sugar  Exchange  is  that 
the  3  million  puds  will  not  be  adequate  to  cover  the  requirements  for  inland 
consumption  and  2,000,000  mone  puds  will  moat  likely  have  to  be  released  for 
that  purpose. 

Contracts  for  deliveries  of  sand  sugar  at  the  station  of  southwest- 
ern railroads  were1   entered  into  at  4.18  roubles  per  pud  *  (5.961  cents  per  Ib.) 
or  $119.22  per  short   ton,   and  4.25  roubles  per  pud       (6.06  cents  per  pound)   = 
$121. EO  per  short  ton,  and  in  the  Trans-Dneiper  .district  from  6.06  cents  per 
pound     (4.25  roubles  per  pud  to  4.40  roubles)   4.40  roubles  «=  (6.27  cents  per 
pound)   *  $125.48  per  short  ton.       There  is  a  rise  in  prices  also  for  refined 
sugar. 

4.90-  roubles  per  pud  is  the  lowest  quotation  at  present   (Aug. 

13,   1913)    «  7  cents  per  Ib.  =   ($140  per  short   ton).     Prices  for  future  deliveries 

i 

have  a    downward     tendency,  as  the  reports  fro»  various  parts   of  Russia  regarding 
the  beet  crop  are  v-ery  favorable. 

The  Minister  of  Finance    submitted  a  decree  for  fixing  the  sugar 


361 


contingent   for  home  cgnsuraption  for  1913/14  at  81,000,000  puds,   i.  e. 
{1.463, 576  short  tons)    to  which  the  Council  of  Ministers  assented. 

The  reserve  stock  to  be  kept   intact  until  the  Minister  orders 
a  release  thereof  to  be  80,000,000  puds  »  (1,444,520   short  tons). 

The  total  production  to  be  101,000,000  puds  •  (1,823,706  short  tons). 

The  highest  price  in  the  district  of  Kiew  shall  be  4  roubles  per  pud 
«  ($114»06  per  short  ton)  for  the  first  half  of  the  campaign  and  4.10  roubles 
per  pud  =  {$116.94  Per  short  ton) • 

Sugar  consumption  today  is   three  tiroes  larger  than  it  was  ej.gh.teen 
years  ago. 


362 


EXCERPT  FROM  LaSUGRERIE  INDIGENE  et  COLONIALS.  AUGUST  27.  1913.  p.  196, 
THS  ROLE  THAT  MINUTE  CHEMICAL  SUBSTANCES  PLAY  IH  AGRICULTURE. 

GABRIEL  BSRTRAND. 

Let  us  examine  at  this  meeting  one  of  the  most  interesting  questions 
from  a  theoretical  «-"d  practical  point  of  view,  the  chemical  composition  of 
plants;  the  part  played  by  certain  metalloids  and  metals  that  are  found  in 
small  proportions  in  nearly  all  plants.   Prominent  phytophysiologists  whose 
research  work  was  concentrated  on  the  elementary  composition  of  plants  are 
fully  agreed  on  one  point,  namely,  that  about  10  elementary  substances  are 
necessary  for  the  upbuilding  of  the  tissues  and  the  proper  functions  of 
plant  cells:   Hydrogen  and  Oxygen,  the  two  combined  forming  water,  i.e.  from 
15%  to  95$  of  the  total  weight  of  the  living  plant,  carbon  which  combined 
with  the  two  preceding  constitutes  cellulose  sugar,  oil  and  other  substances 
called  hydro-carbonates.    Azote  which  with  the  three  mentioned  goes  to 
make  up  albumen,  gluten  and  protein,  sulphur  and  phosphor,  finally  potash, 
calcium,  magnesia  and  small  quantities  of  iron.   All  these  taken  together, 
these  10  simple  substances  are  absolutely  necessary  to  the  normal  develop- 
ment of  plants,  the  absence  of  any  one  of  them  will  hinder  and  prevent  the 
utilization  of  the  others  and  consequently  impede  or  stop  the  growth  of  the 
plant* 

If  there  is  conveniently  placed  in  a  saucer  of  pure  water  a  grain 
of  Indian  corn,  a  bean,  a  grain  of  oats,  buckwheat,  etc.,  germination  will 
speedily  take  place;  a  plantlet  will  appear  developed  by  absorbing  water 
and  by  reason  of  the  initial  supply  of  plant  food  brought  alpng  by  the  grain 
itself,  and  carbonate  acid  contained  in  the  atmosphere,  -  but  this  phenom- 
enon of  vegetation  only  lasts  several  days;  for  want  of  a  new  supply  of 
food  the  plantlet  quickly  dies. 


363 

If,  on  the  other  hand,  to  the  pure  water  la  substituted  a  saline 
solution  containing  azote,  sulphur,  phosphor,  potash,  calcium,  magnesium 
and  a  little  iron,  the  plant  develops  normally,  blooms  and  bears  seeds, 
and  if  properly  handled  the  harvest  is  not  inferior  to  that  obtained  under 
ordinary  conditions  from  the  soil. 

If  with  a  second  experiment  we  deprive  the  water  of  its  solutions, 
the  aggregate  of  which  produced  such  good  results,  a  poor  harvest  will  re- 
sult and  the  plant  will  not  develop  better  than  in  pure  water* 

On  the  other  hand,  if  a  complete  analysis  of  a  plant  is  made  and 
the  aggregate  weight  of  all  elements  is  added  together  about  99.9^  of  the 
total  weight  is  found,  so  that  almost  within  one  thousandth  the  constituent 
parts  of  plants  are  built  up  by  the  aid  of  six  metalloids  and  four  metals, 
and  that  those  metalloids  and  metals  go  to  form  in  consequence  of  their  va- 
rious combinations,  the  enormous  quantities  of  sugar,  starch,  cellulose,  oil, 
etc*,  which  the  manufacturers  extract  or  transform  and  that  human  beings  and 
animals  find  in  the  vegetable  kingdom  the  substances  necessary  for  their 
daily  sustenance. 

These  facts  notwithstanding  their  simplicity  are  the  fundamental 
principles  of  agriculture* 

It  is  evident  that  the  plant  has  to  be  provided  with  the  food  it 
requires  if  a  good  harvest  is  to  be  obtained. 

As  far  as  carbon  is  concerned  each  plant  finds  more  than  enough  of 
it  in  the  atmosphere  to  supply  its  wants*   If  the  soil  gets  an  abundant 
supply  of  water  in  the  shape  of  rain  or  irrigation  then  only  the  other  ele- 
ments have  to  be  attended  to*    In  most  cases  the  soil  is  rich  in  combina- 
tion of  calcium,  magnesium,  iron,  sulphur,  that  the  agriculturist  need  only 
supply  the  needed  potash,  azote  and  phospnor,  which  he  does  by  fertilizing. 


364 

In  adding  proper  quantities  of  nitrates,  phosphates,  amonia  and  potassium 
salts  he  supplies  the  needed  plant  food  to  the  soil  and  enables  it  to>  absorb 
all  the  substances  necessary  for  its  component  parts.    We  got  this  theory 
from  Duhamel,  Sausaure, Sachs,  Boussingault,  Liebig,  George  Viile,  about  fer- 
tilizing and  the  practical  value  thereof  is  now  confirmed  by  all  agronomists. 

This  theory  however,  does  not  take  into  account  the  balance  between 
the  99.9$  and  the  100$  which  would  make  a  perfect  analysis.   Of  what  bodies 
is  this  small  quantity  composed?   First  of  all,  as  has  been  often  verified 
of  silica  maganese  and  aluminum,  there  is  very  little  of  each  of  these  simple 
substances  in  the  plants,  sometimes  less  than  1/10,000  and  even  1/100,000. 
Plants  that  grow  on  the  seashore  or  in  the  sea  like  the  Fucus  and  Seaweed 
contain  more  chloride  and  sodium  than  the  others;  gramineous,  ledge,  equi- 
setaceous  (bristle- shaped)  are  relatively  rich  in  silica;  there  are  some 
in  which  aluminium  are  found,  but  these  are  exceptions  which  does  not  prevent 
us  from  considering  as  very  general  the  fact  that  the  plants  contain  only 
very  small  proportions  of  each  of  these  5  new  elements,  the  names  of  which 
I  have  indicated,  -  silicium  chlorine,  sodium  manganese  and  aluminium  are 
in  the  plants  in  such  small  proportions  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  form 
an  idea  as  to  their  nutritive  value. 

Most  of  the  phytophysiologists  doubt  that  the'y  play  any  part  in 
nutrition,  some  deny  that  such  is  the  case.   To  explain  their  presence  in 
the  plants  they  say  that  the  roots  are  capable  of  absorbing  indiscriminately 
all  soluble  substances  contained  in  surroundings  in  which  they  develop. 

oOo 


page  743 
365 

Factory  News 
Deutsche  Zucker Industrie 

August  15th.  1915. 
Sugar  Industry  Sweden,  1911  -  1912. 

The  duty  levied  on  sugar  to  the  31st  of  December  1911,  was  15  oere 
(4.02^),  and  from  the  first  of  January  1913,  15.5  oere  (4.15^)  per  Kg. 
for  all  sugar: 

Refined  sugar  14.5  oere  (3.36^) 
Baw  9.5  "    (2.540?) 

Syrup         10.   "    (2.68JO 

Beet  Harvest  and  Sugar  Production. 

In  1911  and  1912,  eight  districts  planted  beets,-  Ostgotland,  Gottland, 
Blekinge,  Krstranstad,  Malrao,  Skaraburg,  Halland,  and  Kalmar. 


Factories  :     Area        t        Beets 

24     :,  29,052.4  Hectares  :  824,069.9  Metric  tons 
:      or        :        or 

:  71,787.0  Acres    :  837,126.0  Short  tons 


Haw  Sugar  .      ; 
127,378.2  Metric  tons  : 


or 


140,409.0  Short  tons  : 


:      Molasses  :  Sugar  Percentage  :  Molasses  Percentage  : 

»  11,244.9  Metric  tons  :  i  : 

x      or  :      15.44     :        1.36  : 

:  12,394.0  Short  tons  s  j  • 


Fourteen  of  the  factories  raised  some  beets  themselves,  and  four  of  them 
raised  beets  on  a  large  scale.  Average  of  beets  raised  on  factory  owned  land 
3.1$  (but  Helsingborg  raised  17$.  Linkoping  14$,  Sabeholm  11$  and  Bngelholm  12$) 
For  each  1/10$  of  Sugar  over  14$  an  additional  fluctuating  price  is  paid  of 
2.37  bo  2.79  Kronen,-  per  100  Eg.  63.51^  -  74.77^,  or  per  100  Ibs.  28.89^  to 
33.88^. 

Average  price  2.56  Kronen  (68.60^) 

Total  value  of  beet  harvest  in  1911  and  1912,  21  Million  Kronen  ($5, 628,000). 

Sugar  content  is  reported  each  week  during  the  whole  campaign.  It  fluctuated 


366 


for  the  whole  Cairpaign  between  15.04  -  17.77$.     Average  time  of  operation  from 
October  6th  to  3ist  of  December. 

Total  product                                          Metric  tons'  Short  tons 

1st  product                          122,206.9  134,709.0 

2nd       »                                       5.171.5  5.700.0 

127,378.2  1A0.409.0 

Prices  for  Molasses  fluctuated  between  4-|-  to  7^-  oere  per  Kg. 

Beet  Slices  obtained,  403,391  metric  tons   (444,658  short  tons)  which  were 
exclusively  used  for  cattle  feed.     Price  20  oere  per  Dz.  of  Beet  Slices. 

Surplus  of  raw  sugar  on  September  1st,   1912  in  stock  in  refineries  and  sugar 
factories,  567.707  Dz,   (62578.7  short  tons). 

There  are  also  so  called  sugar  beet  slices,  in  which  some  sugar  is  retained 
selling  for  10  Kronen  per  Dz.,  but  beet  growers  who  are  under  contract  with  the 
factories  for  beet  deliveries  pay  only  4  Kronen  per  Dz,   equal  220  Ib.   (80.4^ J. 

These  beet  slices  were  dried  with  an  addition  of  molasses  and  121,355  metric  tons 

« 

(133,770  short  tons]  were  manufactured. 

In  1911  and  1912  there- were  10  refineries  at  work» 

Metric  tons         Short  tons 
In  stock  September  1st,  1911  25,924.       .          28,577 

20.  22 
123,163.  135,762 
149,107.  164,360 

Put  on  the  market  in  1911-12  115,695.  127,531 

Income  for  Government  17,802,992^75  Kronen. 

Production  of  Table  Syrup  1911-12         3281  Metric  tons  -  3617  short  tons 
Sold  3129     "  H         3449       M         ** 

Balance  151     »  tj  168       "         " 

And  previous  stock  977     M  «•         1077       "         " 

Table  Syrup  pays  no  duty. 
In  addition  there  were  13,667,000  Kg.   imported,   10  oere  duty  (2.689?) 


367 

EXCERPT  FROM  ZEITSGHRIFT  DBS  VEREINS  PER  DEUTSCHEN  ZUCKERINJJUSTRIE 

SEPT.  1913.  pp. 804-819. 


ADDRESS  OF  DR.BAHTEE3 

BEFORE  THE  GERMAN  SUGAR  MANUFACTURERS .  BERLIN,  SEPTEMBER  1915.  AT  THEIR 

ANNUAL  MEETING. 

In  addressing  the  German  Sugar  Manufacturers  at  their  annual  meet- 
ing, Dr.  Bart ens,  Berlin,  stated  as  followst- 
Gentlemen:- 

The  subject  upon  which  I  have  tho  honor  to  address  you  was  not  of 
ray  own  selection,  it  has  "been  graciously  assigned  to  me  by  the  Chairman. 
I  hesitated  somewhat  to  speak  about  the  Sugar  Market,  or  rathor  !?Trade  in 
Sugar";  experience  having  taught  me  to  be  rather  careful  in  playing  the 
prophet.   Therefore,  I  will  not  shoulder  any  responsibility  if  any  of  you, 
based  on  what  I  am  going  to  say,  are  going  to  transact  business  in  sugar  (hi- 
larious applause),  for  you  might  arrive  at  certain  conclusions  based  upon  my 
statements,  and  should  a  change  occur  under  certain  conditions,  the  consequence 
of  such  a  change  would  disprove  any  conclusion  that  you  had  arrived  at.  HOIP- 
ever,  I  admit  that  there  exists  a  universal  desire  to  exchange  ideas  now  and 
then,  on  the  subject  of  the  "Sugar  Trade**. 

When  we  speak  of  the  state  of  the  sugar  market,  wo  understand  thereby 
the  technical  state  of  the  sugar  market  and  the  Bourse  brought  about  by  concur- 
rent effects  resulting  from  trading  in  the  market  (in  futures  and  cash).  These 
two  items  are  sometimes  antagonistic  to  each  other  and  sometimes  harmonious. 
Consideration  .of  the  state  of  the  sugar  market  may  be  limited  to  the  most  im- 
portant basis  of  co-operation  or  acting  against  each  other;  that  is  to  say, 
the  real  relation  between  supply  and  demand  as  it  shapes  itself  from  day  to 
day  ana  week  to  week,  and  this  is  tne  point  which  I  especially  wish  to  elucidata 

Not  to  burden  you  too  much  with  figures,  I  take  the  liberty 


368 


by  permission  of  the  Chairman,  to  submit  to  you  some  tables  in  which  tha  most 
important  data  on  sugar  are  compiled,   I  will  not  go  into  detail  about  these 
tables,  but  only  say  a  few  words  concerning  them  so  that  you  may  be  able  better 
to  understand  them* 

Gentlemen,  in  considering  the  state  of  the  sugar  market  as  a  whole, 
all  depends  on'  the  relation  between  sugar  consumption  and  available  stocks, 
embracing  quantities  on  hand  at  the  beginning  of  a  campaign  and  quantities 
produced.     If  you  consider  the  world  consumption  during  the  campaign  1901  - 
2.—  1911  -  12,  you  will  see  how  it  is  calculated- 

First  of  all  the  initial  stock  on  hand  is  recorded.   These  initial 
stocks  are  made  up  by  weekly  verified  quantities  on  hand  in  the  principal 
countries  of  production  and  at  the  principal  ports,  not  omitting  the  quantities 
afloat  -  as  they  are  reported  weekly  from  London  by  Ciarnikow-  which  include 
shipments  from  the  far  East,  Java  and  the  Philippines, to  Europe  and  the  United 
States;  in  those  stocks  are  likewise  included  the  quantities  stored  in  the 
United  States  and  Cuba, 

The  stocks  available  in  Russia  have  likewise  been  mentioned  in  my 
tables  -  but  separately  from  the  others  -  so  that  both  give  a  clear  idea  of 
what  is  the  world's  available  stock  as  near  as  possibly  can  be  ascertained. 

I  a<3mit  that  in  these  available  supplies  not  every  ton  in  existence 
will  be  included  -  for  each  country  has  at  all  times  a  certain  quantity  on  hand. 
Let  us  bear  in  mind  that  Italy,  Sweden,  Denmark  and  the  Balkan  states  always 
begin  their  campaign  year  with  a  certain  stock  on  hand;  but  these  are  not  in- 
cluded in  my  tables. 

The  fiction   occurs  that  these  countries  at  the  beginning  of  each 
campaign  have  the  same  supply  on  hand  always. 


369 


The  world's  total  stoclc  In  column  3  were  on  the  first  of  September: 
1.805.100  me  trio  tons       to  these,  each  production  in  the  respective  campaigns 
is  added.       These  productions  comprise  the  beet   sugar  production  and  the  cans 
sugar  production,   i.e0  the  beet  sugar  production  as  the  International  Associa- 
tion of  Sugar  Statistics  report  it.       All  beet  Bowing  countries  are  included, 
so  that  in  this  production  also,   the  English  production  (United  Kingdom)    is  in- 
cluded.      Likewise,   I  included  the  Korth  American  production  of  beet  sugar. 
Apart  from  that,  I  have  in  the  main,  followed  the  statistics  of  Willett  &  Gray. 

The  British  East  India  production  is  likewise  included,  but  its 
role  is  not  important  for  the  world  market,  as  British  India  consumes  about  all 
she  produces.      At  the  beginning  of  a  campaign,  both  taken  together,  World's 
Stocks  and  Production  -  gives  us  the  total  supply.       From  this  total  supply 
we  deduct   the  stocks  available  at  the  end  of  a  campaign  (including  Russian 
stocks),   then  we  have  indirectly  the  calculated  world's  consumption  (indicated 
in  line  9).       Then  in  table  2,  I  have  indicated  this  consumption  in  the  principal 
centers  of  consumption  and  you. will  find  there  that  about  3/4ths  of  the  world's 
consumption  takes  place* 

The  rest  of  thg  world  which  is  indicated  in  last  line  but   one,  comprises 
no  more  than  1.4th  of  the  total  world's  consumption.       Further  divisions  could 
be  made  for  the   consumption  figures  in  individual  countries.         There  are  a 
good  raany  small  countries  in  which  the  consumption  figures  are  known.       I  did 
not  put  them  in  my  tables  so  as  not   to  overburden  the  thing. 

If  we  apply  the  results  of  our  comparisons  in  these  tables  and  apply 
them  to  campaign  1912/15,  we  would  be  justified  in  saying   this: 

This  year's  production  was  record-breaking,   exceeding  all  previous 
production,  not  only  in  beet  sugar  districts  but  also  in  cane  sugar  countries. 


370 


Of  course,  we  have  only  provisional  figures  from  Cuba.       You  knew,  gentlemen, 
that  estimates  on  the  Cuban  production  are  on  hand;     the  figures  given  are 
2,250,000  metric  tons,   some  of  it   is  already  housed.       According  to  the  latest 
communications  received  from  the  well  known  Cuban  statistician,  Mr.  Guma, 
Cuban  production  to  the  end  of  March  was  1,232,000  metric  tone  (1,558,034 
short  tona) .       In  order  to  produce  a  total  of  2,250,000  metric  tons  (2,480,175) 
short  tons),  and  additional  amount  of  1,000,000  metric  tons  will  have  to  be 
extracted  from  the  cane  in  hand.       1,018,000  metric   tons  is  an  enormous  quan- 
tity compared  with  the  productions  during  a  similar  period  in  previous  years. 

Cuba  lias  produced  during  the   same  period  of  1912,  about  900,000 
metric  tons,   i.e.  about  100,000  tons  less;     in  the  year  1911,  April  to  the 
end  of  campaign,  only  500,000  metric  tons.         In  the  year  1910,  only  700,000 
metric  tona  have  been  produced  during  the  same  period. 

These  figures  show  that  if  the  highest  estimate  is  around  2,250,000 
metric  tons  -  about  100,000  tons  will  have  to  be  taken  off  these  figures. 
Until  now,   the  Cubans  have  had  a  great  deal  of  luck  with  their  production  and 
the  conditions  surrounding  it,  and  the  rainfall  reported  in  February  last, 
has  -done  the  crop  no  harm.       On  the  contrary,   they  rather  like  seeing  some 
rain,  but  when  the  real  rainy  season  -  due  in  April  or  May,  suddenly  sets  in 
and  continues,  it  influences  production  unfavorably* 

But  apart  from  Cuba,   the  production  figures  are  absolute  and  final. 
We  also  have  a  birds-eye  view  of  the  Bussian  prodoution  figures,   and  I  must 
ask  you  to  make  a  slight  correction  in  the  table  submitted  herewith.       You 
have  here  in  the  figures  of  1912-13,   initial  stocks  of  1,805,100  metric   tons 
(1,989,651  short  tons).       This  includes  Russian  figures  and  a  production  of 
18,279,000  metric  tons.       This  worlld  production  is  perhaps  too  large  by 


371 

100,000  metric  tons  ,   because  I  inserted  100,000  tons   too  much  for  Russia, 
so  that  we  have  not  a  stock  of  20,084,100  metric  tons,  but  only  19,984,100. 
Wha.t  significance  has  this  stock  of  sugar? 

It  is  therefore  very  important  to  know  how  these  stocks  are  going  to 
be  disposed  of  during  this  campaign  year  and  what  will  be  the  attitude  of  con- 
sumption. 

In  order  to  have  a  good  standard  of  comparison,  we  must  leave  the 
campaign  year  1911-12  entirely  out.       The  bad  harvest  of  1911-12  would  scarcely 
justify  us  to  consider  this  year  as  a  proper  one   to  include  in  our  figures, 
but  we  can  safely  take  1910  -  11. 

It  depends  on  what  the  coefficient  of  increase  in  theworldfs  consump- 
tion is  to  be.       I  believe  that  the  percentage  of  increase  of  5/£  -  as  compared 
with  the  total  consumption  of  1910  -  11  -  is  not   too  high,  but  v/ill  approach 
the  actual  percentage,  if  during  the  next  few  months  normal  conditions  prevail. 

If  the  world  consumption  has  increased  by  5$  as  compared  with  that 
of  1910-11,   that  will  mean  that   there  will  be  on  hand  500,000  tons  more  at  the 
end  of  the  campaign  year  than  at  the  beginning. 

These  figures  show  -  and  yon  all  are  aware  of  this  fact  -  that  we  nave 
plenty  of  sugar  during  this  campaign  and  strenuous  efforts  will  have  to  be 
made  to  dispose  of  this  sugar. 

Now  look  at  Table  3,  you  will  find  there  ft  comparison  of  exports  in 
the  most  important  countries  with  imports  at  the  end  of  Feby,  1913  and  1911; 
I  may  mention  that  Great  Britain  has  incorporated  her  consumption  to  the  end 
of  March,  and  Germany  has  emDOCLLed  her  exports  also  to  the  end  of  March.       If 
you  add  the  figures  of  Germany,  Prance,  Austria,  Hungary,  Great  Britain, 
Belgium,  Holland  and  the  United  States,  you  will  find  that  consumption  in 
these  countries  has  increased  by  5$,  and  their  exports  by  28$,  and  if  you 


372 


combine   consumption  and  exports   of  these   countries,   you  will  find  an  increase 
of  11%. 

By  reason  of  considerable   exports  during  this  period  and  by  reason 
of  the  fact  that  certain  countries  -  like  Germany,  Austria,  Hungary  and 
Holland  -  have   over  5$  percentage  of  an  increase  in  consumption  we  might 
assume   that  perhaps   for  the  last  half  of  the  campaign  we  would  also  have  more 
than  5%  increase  in  consumption.     But  I   doubt  whether  we  are  justified  in  assum- 
ing this. 

You  will  remember  that  in  the  summer  1911,   the  visible  consumption 
was  especially  high  in  consequence  of  the  advance   tax,   levied  thereon,  as 
during  the  summer  months  the  crop  failure  was  known  to  be  a  fact.     For 
this  reason,   I  did  not  go  beyond  an  increase  in  percentage  higher  than 
5$. 

If  you  therefore  treat  the  grand  totel  of  the  world's  consumption 
of  1910  -  11  along  with  the  coefficient   of  consumption  of  5%9  then  you  will 
establish  the  fact  that  at  the  end  of  this  campaign  there  will  be  5,000,000 
more  than  at  the  beginning.       Thus  all  visible  stoclcs  including  the  Russian  - 
will  amount   to  2,260,000  tons.       You  have  a  world  stock  of  1,805,100  metric 
tons  (1,989,761  short  tons);     you  have  a  grand  total  of  world  production  of 
18,179,000  metric   tons,   so  that  you  have  available  19,984,000  metric  tons 
(22.,028,363  short  tons)    the  world  consumption  will  amount  to  17,700,000 
metric  tons  (19,510,710  short  tons)   an  increase  of  5$.       Wherefore,  in  round 
numbers,   2,250,000  metric  tons  will' remain  in  stock. 

You  will  naturally  find  these  totals  of  stock  to  be  relatively  large 
if  you  compare  them  with  those  of  recent  years  in  which  all  these  stocks  were 
quite  as  large,  and  we  laust  likewise  bear  in  mind  that  with  an  increase  In  the 


373 


world* a  stocks  the  consumption  likewise  increased,   therefore  consumption  may 
tend  to  absorb  increasing  stock.       Thus  we  would  not  be  far  from  the  real 
figures  if  we  assume  that  in  this  direction  there  will  likewise  be  larger 
stocks  at  the  end  than  there  were  in  the  beginning  of  the  campaign. 

Gentlemen,   should  however,  ray  estimate  of  the  world* s  consumption 
be   incorrect,  and  that  on  the  contrary,   it  would  be  large*,  then  the  final 
stocks  would  be  smaller  and  if  consumption  increases  by  ?§•  9  we  would  no 
longer  have  a  surplus  at  the  end  of  a  campaign.       Initial  stocks  would  coun- 
terbalance the  final   stocks* 

You  will  bear  in  mind  that  my  statistics  on  the  Russian  stocks  are  less 
at  the  end  than  at  the  beginning  of  a  campaign,  but  the  stocks  in  the  other 
countries  would  be  somewhat  larger  •  for  in  these  alone,,  we  find  the  factor 
that  governs  the  world1  s  markets. 

Referring  to  Russia's  last  campaign  you  all  are  aware  of  the  fact 
that  Russia  had  the  misfortune  of  experiencing  a  bad  harvest  as  all  beets  could 
not  be  pulled    and  a  considerable  portion  of  those  that  were  pulled  could  not 
be  shipped  to  the  factories.       Difficulties  were  also  experienced  in  harvesting 
other  crops. 

In  consequence  of  continued  rains,   the  ground  was  very  wet;     a  delay 
in  the  harvesting  of  cereals  likewise  took  place  In  Germany  and  for  this  reason 
not  enough  labor  was  available  to  pull  the  beets  at  the  proper  time.       The  roads 
were  almost  Impassable.       I,  myself, spent  some  time  in  Russia  last  year  -  and 
if  any  of  you  gentlemen  ever  have  been  In  that  country,   especially  In  the  south- 
western beet  districts,   in  the  Kiew  district,   the  district  of  the  so-called 
"black  earth"  in  the  Tchernosioni,  you  will  be  able  to  get  an  idea  of  the  disas- 
astroiis  effect  of  rains  upon  the  condition  of  roads.       In  those  regions   there  are 


374 


scarcely  any  but   cross  roads  -  regular  highways  and  macadam  roads  are  very 
few  in  Russia  due  to  a  scarcity  of  stone  -  the  stone  necessary  for  road-building 
has  to  be  brought  mainly  from  Finland.     Only  big  central  cities  have  well  con- 
structed roads  between  them,  but   the  agricultural  districts   ,   the  flat  country 
region  and  the  Steppes,  have  broad  cross-roads.       These  cross-roads  are  enormous- 
ly broad  for  as  soon  as  it  rains   the  wheels  of  vehicles  soon  make  deep  ruts 
which  necessitates  starting  a  new  road  on  the  side,  which,   in  its  turn,  is  aban- 
doned as  soon  as  the  ruts  get  too  deep.     This  caused  almost  a  calamity  last 
Fall  in  Russia. 

The  factories  were  short  of  beets, 40 ,000 ,000  tons  (44,092,000  short  tons] 
remained  in  the  ground;     the  quality  of  those  delivered  to  the  factories  dete- 
riorated on  account  of  the  delay  in  extracting  the  sugar  as  most  factories  con- 
tinued operation  to  the  end  of  March.      A  general  yield  of  only  15%  was  obtain- 
ed -  consequently  the  Russian  production  was  very  small. 

There  still  was  a  large  stock  available  from  the  previous  campaign, 
although  Russia  was  able  to  export  immense  quantities  of  sugar  by  reason  of  the 
regrettable  consent  of  the  Brussels  Convention,  and  had,  notwithstanding  this 
fact,  large  final  stocks  available  with  which  to  cover  the  demand  from  inland 
consumption;     exporting  houses  also  from  their  ao-called  natural  markets 
Finland  and  Persia. 

The  question  now  is,  what  will  be  the  attitude  of  Russia  in  the  next 
campaign?       The  markets  were  somewhat  easier  during  this  campaign,   thanks  to  the 
disposition  of  Russia  to  throw  her  stocks  freely  on  the  market.       But  will 
Russia  let  her  stocks  go  during  next  campaign?       That's  the  question* 
This  question  was  answerable  lately:     that  there  is  no  likelihood  of  Russia 
exporting  abnormal  quantities  during  the  next  campaign,  as  a  decrease  of  beet 


375 


acreage  was  anticipated. 

But  lately,  it  was  reported  that  the  Russian  factories  are  exerting 
themselves  to  induce  the  small  farmers  to  plant  "beets  extensively,  but  I  doubt 
whether  during  this  campaign  they  are  going  to  get  enough  acreage  so  as  to  be 
in  a  position  of  largely  increasing  their  exports  during  next  campaign. 

Gentlemen,   the  world's  sugar  markets  of  the  near  future  will  be  con- 
siderably influenced  by  the  acreage  devoted  to  it.       If  I  have  pointed  out 
the  increase  in  the  world  consumption  in  relation  to  the  total  annual  world 
supply,  I  did  it  being  under  the  impression  that  we  would  have  normal  conditions. 
The  surplus  in  stocks  say  450,000  tons  way  easily  be  counterbalanced  at  any 
time,   la  consequence  of  a  decrease  in  acreage  which,  according  to  recent  reports, 
is  expected  almost  everywhere. 

In  Germany,  we  may  estimate  the  decrease  in  acreage  to  be  5$  at  least, 
although  final  figures  are  not  as  yet  available.        Reports  from  Austria-Hungary 
tend  to  shew  that  at  least  7%  to  8%  less  acreage  will  be  available  for  beet 
culture  in  Bohemia  and  Moravia*     in  Hungary  planting  to  beets  will  be  on  about 
the  same  area  as  last  vear.       Prance  is  most  likely  going  to  have  a  decrease 
in  acreage  of  about  10$  where  the  sugar  factories  have  to  suffer  from  competi- 
tion on  the  part  of  brandy  distilleries:  as  the  sugar  beet   there  is  the  most 
Important  raw  material  for  alcohol  distilleries  . 

In  Holland  and  Belgium  there  is  also  going  to  be  a  decrease  in  the 
acreage  for  beet  culture.  It  is  therefore  probable,  that    the   sugar  market 

is  going  to  take  a  turn  for  the  better  in  consequence  of  decreased  production 
and  that  under  normal  conditions,  by  taking  the  average  world  production  into 
account,  a  very  small  surplus  in  stocks  is  expected. 

Of  course,  in  ail  this,  you  have  to  consider  production  of  sugar  and 


376 


its   consumption  to  be  normal,    that   is   to  aay,   if  conditions  resulting  from 
a  ware  are  not   taken  into  account.       All  winter,   the  augar  market  was  in  an 
unsettled  condition  -  the  fact  of  war  being  in  sight.       You  all  know  that   efforts 
are  being  made  to  insert  a  war  clause  in  all  treaties,  agreements  and  contracts 
relating  to  the  sugar  trade  -  but  as  yet,  all  these  efforts  have  been  futile, 
simply  because  the  Geriaan  Raw  Sugar  Industry  and  the  Refining  Industry  considered 
that  with  a  war  clause  conditions  could  not  be  (in  case  of  actual  war)  more  satis- 
factorily circumscribed  than  could  be  the  case  without  such  a  clause. 

At  first  there  was  a  certain  enthusiasm  displayed  when  the  question 
of  a  war  clause  carae  up.       It  was  thought  possible  to  follow  in  this  the  example 
of  the  English  market;     but  it  was  found  lately,   that  the  Austrian  factories 
of  raw  sugar  were  slow  in  assenting  to  the  creation  of  a  war  clause. 

Gentlemen,  disregarding  these  political  conditions,  as  they  would 
seem  to  exist  at  the  outbreak  of  a  war,  which  fortunately  is  not  likely  to 
take  place  in  the  near  future,  we  may  also  mention  other  political  causes  which 
arose  recently  in  various  countries  and  which,  under  certain  circumstances,  rcay 
exercise  considerable  influence  on  the  state  of   the  sugar  market.       Other 
causes  will  make  themselves  felt  later  on,   such  as  the  contemplated  increase 
in  the  sugar  tax  in  Sweden.       The  new  tariff  law  in  the  United  States  will  also 
have  a  far-reaching  effect*     with  tills  decrease  in  duty  on  .sugar  a  decreased 
preferential  duty  for  Cuban  sugar  will  naturally  follow  -  that  increase  will 
not  be  very  considerable,  but  it  is  quite  possible  that  such  a  reduction  in  the 
preferential  duty  may  materially  impede  the  rapid  progress  which  Cuba  has  been 
making,  which,   in  regard  to  our  exports  is  the  doubtful  point  of  interrogation 
and  is  causing  our  sugar  factories  a  good  deal  of  anxiety. 


377 


Another  country  that  may  yet  make  a  ohange  in  the  sugar  tax  Is  Great 
Britain.   We  may  expect  a  further  reduction  in  sugar  duties  from  this  source. 
English  consumption  fluctuates;  especially  in  March  as  has  "been  the  case  for 
years  past.   If  a  reduction  in  the  duty  were  to  take  place,  then  it  is  possible 
that  consumption  would  increase  considerably  so  as  to  make  up  for  the  past  few 
months. 

I  regret  to  have  to  hold  up  my  own  country  as  giving  a  "bad  example 
in  some  respects  —  our  Government  having  disappointed  us  in  regard  to  a  re- 
duction in  the  sugar  tax  which  we  expected  to  "be  reduced  on  the  first  of  Octo- 
ber 1916* » ,   You  know  that  in  our  military  budget  the  sugar  tax  plays 

an  important  part  -  and  such  a  reduction  is  not  to  take  place  before  April 
1st,  1918,  and  as  far  as  my  experience  teaches  me  "Aufgehoben  is  nicht  aufgescho- 
ben"  (To  delay  is  not  to  abolish)  and  that  we  must  resign  ourselves  and  give 
up  the  idea  of  ever  having  a  reduction  in  the  sugar  tax.   This  is  highly  re- 
grettable. 

I  have  avoided  any  reference  to  prices.   Perhaps  we  may  now  hear 
the  views  of  others  assembled.    (Applause) 


(The  Chair  nan] 

i 

Gentleraen:- 

I   suppose  I  may,   in  your  behalf,   thank  Dr.  Bartens  for  his 

interesting  address  as  well  as   the  pains  taken  In  compiling  the  tables  which  we 
have  "before  us*       Dr.  Bar-tens  says  it  is  very  difficult   to  make  a  speech  on  mar- 
ket conditions   of  the   sugar  trade,  and  I  was  afraid  at   first   that  he  would  refuse 


378 


to  undertake  the  subject.   But  I  was  overjoyed  when  Dr.  Bart ens  had  consented 
and  I  must  thank  him  personally  for  his  courtesy  in  havingr  come  here  to  en- 
lighten us  as  he  has  done  today.   (Applause) 


Mr.  Claassen  asks  why  Danish  sugar  was  admitted  in  the  Hamburg  mar- 
ket causing  a  slight  depression  in  the  price? 

(Dr.  Bartens):    Denmark  is  one  of  the  countries  that  has  conformed 
to  the  statutes  of  the  Brussels  Convention  and  does  not  therefore,  have  to 
pay  any  additional  duty  on  her  imports  to  Hamburg;  her  sugar  is  no  longer 
considered  to  be  a  bounty  sugar,  and  for  this  reason  Danish  sugar  is  mar- 
ketable in  Hamburg  on  an  equality  with  other  sugar  shipments. 

OoO— - — 


379 


"DESTRUCTION  OF  THE  NEMATODE" 

ADDRESS  BY  M.   BRUKEEANT»   GALLED  UPON  3Y  M.  VIEVILLE.  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  AS- 
SOCIATION OF  FREKCH  .SUGAR  MANUFACTURERS. 

EXCERPT  FROM  THE  BULLETIN  TRIMESTRIEL,    SYNDICAT  DES  FABRICANTS  DBS  SUCRE 

SEPTEMBER  1913,  PAGE  621. 

Gentlenen:- 

Our  President  has  called  the  address  I  am  going  to  deliver  "Destruc- 
tion of  the  Nematode".   Allow  me  to  tell  you  that  this  title  is  too  "broad  and 
my  ambition  to  do  Justice  to  it  is  too  limited. 

Those  who  have  had  the  misfortune, like  myself,  to  make  the  intimate 
acquaintance  with  this  dangerous  microscopic  worm  know  that  its  propagation  is 
very  rapid  and  for  that  very  reason  is  difficult  to  exterminate  and  all  that 
we  can  do  is  to  use  common  sense  so  as  to  put  up  with  its  existence  without  al- 
lowing it  to  do  much  damage.   1  will  give  you  a  brief  history  of  this  Nematode 
family. 

As  you  all  know,  the  beet  Nematode  is  a  worm  vhich,  after  being  hatched, 
penetrates  into  the  rootlets  of  the  beet  and  other  plants  and  preferably  those 
of  the  beet;  it  develops  rapidly.  Soon  the  female  nematodes  make  the  outer 
covering  of  the  rootlets  burst  and  are  noticed  on  the  outside  in  tiny  lemon- 
shaped  excresences,  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long.     If  you  crush  this 
little  bag  and  use  a  microscope,  you  wijl  find  about  40  to  50  eggs  from  which 
the  species  increase  and  multiply. 

From  these  bags  of  eggs  the  young  larvae  develop  and  immediately  invade 
the  young  roots, and  their  number  is  so  large  and  their  fertility  so  great,  that 
the  plant  vainly  trying  to  get  new  hair- like  rootlets  as  these  are,  Become  de- 
stroyed as  quickly  as  they  are  produced.    During  this  time,  a  certain  number 
of  females  undergo  a  complete  change,  their  outer  skin  assumes  a  brownish  color 
and  ohitonizes,  that  is  to  say,  becomes  water-tight,  and  whilst  in  this  state  the 


380 


young  larvae  do  not  develop  immediately,  "but  are  so  to   speak,  kept   in  reserve 
for  the  year  and  in  some  instances  for  the  following  years. 

In  light  soils,   the  propagation  of  the  larvae  is  so  rapid  that  the  beet 
harvest  may  be  entirely  annihilated  or  be  reduced  to  from  3  to  4,000  Kg.  of 

roots  without  shape  and  extremely  poor  in  sugar.       For  many  years  past,  beet- 
soil 
growers  in    Germany,  noticed  what  they  called  "bee.t/lassitude",  but   in  Prance 

(as  recently  as  1884),  by  the  introduction  of  beets  rich  in  sugar,   the  same 
phenomenon  manifested  itself  conspicuously,   especially  in  the  fields  of  sugar 
factories  where  no  other  crops  were  grown  in  rotation. 

Damage  by  nematodes,  specially  occurs  in  alluvium  soil  -  rich  in 
siliciura  and  poor  in  potassium. 

In  Germany,  Zuhn  thought  out  a  curative  method,  which  did  not  lack  of 
originality  and  which  was  for  some  time  in  vogue?     having  noticed  that  nematodes 
took  up  their  abode  in  certain  plants  that  developed  rapidly,   like  the  summer 
rape,  for  instance,  Kuhn  decided  to  sow  this  plant  in  nematodlzel  soil  and  then 
to  watch  the  progress  and  development  of  the  nematode  family  in  their  life  on  the 
rootlets,  and  before  the  neroatode  had  reached  maturity  to  te stray  completely  the 
orop  of  rape;     at  the  same  time  a  vast  number  of  other  parasites  were  exterminat- 
ed.      This  treatment  of  the  soil  was  repeated  once  or  twice  during  the  summer, 

* 

and  the  parasites  were  gotten  rid* of.    But  it  is  easily  understood  that  great 
oare  had  to  be  exercised  to  choose  the  psychological  moment;  for  instance, 
inclement  or  rainy  weather  may  counteract  the  successful  application  of  this 
method,  and  incidentally  mentioned,  is  very  costly. 

In  Prance,  Willod  thought  he  could  destroy  this  parasite  by  toxic 
methods,  i.e.,  the  ammonia  waters  of  illuminating  gas?  the  encouraging  results 
obtained  in  the  laboratory  were  however  found  to  be  impractical  with  experiments 
on  a  large  scale  in  the  field  and  this  method  was  quickly  abandoned* 


381 


Somewhat  more  of  a  success  was  achieved  with  coffee  ohicoryj     this 
plant  checks  nematodic  development,  and  as  soon  as  chicory  has  been  successfully 
planted,  beets  can  be  successfully  cultivated  in  rotation. 

As  nenvatodes  mostly  d  eve  lop  from  earth  and  rubbish  accumulated  in 
factory  and  farm,  these  earths  are  excluded  from  beet  fields  ard  dumped  into 
uncultivated  areas  or  on  fields  whereon,  for  several  years  to  come,  no  beets 
are  to  be  planted. 

In  nematodio  infested  fields  a  rotation  of  crops  was  adopted  with 
intervals  of  five  years  between  each  beet  planting  whereby  32tOOO  Kg.  of  beets 
with  18$  sugar  was  obtained  with  very  little  trace  of  nematodes. 

The  use  of  500  kilos  of  Kainite  per  hectare  seems  to  favorably, 
influence  beet  harvests.       Thus  we  adopted  the  following  rotation! 

1  year  Stable  Manure    and  chemical  fertilizer  ..........  Beets 

2  "  Wheat 

3  "  Oats 

4"  ..........  Luzerne 

5  " Luzerne 

6  "  500  kilos  hyphophosphate,  ni^it  soil  mixed  with  residue 

from  wool  scouring,   other  chemical  fertilizer  .....Wheat 

7  "  Beets 

e      "  •  • Wheat 

9  »  ........ ...Oats 

10  "     Mixed  wheat,  rye  or  potatoes. 

11  "     Stable  manure  and  chemical  fertilizer. 


388 


"THE  BEET  SUGAR  INDUSTRY  IN  THE  TOTED  STATES" 

LEADING  ARTICLE  BY  QBQRGBS  DUHEAU.  JOURNAL  dea  FABRI PANTS  de  SUCRE. 

'  OCTOBER  1.  1913. 


Under  the  title  of  "The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States1*, 
Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer,  Secretary  of  the  U.  S.  Beet  Sugar  Association,  has 
recently  published  a  remarkable  essay  in  book  form,  on  the  situation  of 
this  industry.   This  work  of  Mr.  Palmer  is  executed  to  perfection  and 
has  great  artistic  merit.   It  contains  128  pages,  11  x  13^**,  and  numerous 
sepia  photo-engravings  printed  beautifully  on  papier  de  luxe. 

36  illustrated  pages  with  explanatory  text  show  the  various  stages 
of  sugar  manufacture  in  a  modern  factory,  starting  with  the  sowing  of  the 
beet  seed  and  finishing  with  putting  the  sugar  into  bags;  73  illustrated 
pages  show  73  of  the  American  beet  sugar  factories  that  are  in  operation. 
The  date  of  the  erection  of  each  factory  is  given  along  with  dimensions  of 
buildings,  the  capacity  of  plant  and  equipment,  the  extent  or  acreage,  the 
amount  of  expenditure,  etc.   The  author  has  added  a  short  history  of  the 
beet  sugar  industry  in  the  United  States  showing  a  view  of  the  factory 
erected  in  Salt  Lake  City  in  1852,  also  of  the  first  American  factory  ope- 
rated in  1876,  in  Alvarado*  California,  with  a  portrait  of  E.  H.  Dyer,  the 
eminent  industrial  pioneer,  who  laid  the  foundation  for  the  beet  sugar  in- 
dustry in  the  United  States. 

Mr.  Palmer's  work  likewise  contains  an  historical  sketch  of  the 
beet  sugar  industry  in  Europe,  which  is  illustrated  with  portrait  of 
Olivier  de  Serres,  Marggraf,  Achard,  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Vilmorin  (the 
father  of  beet  selection)  and  with  different  sugar  factories  of  Germany, 
Austria,  Prance,  Holland,  etc. 


383 


In  his  introductory  remarks  Mr.  Palmer  mentions  that  $84,000,000 
have  been  invested  since  1397  in  the  American  beet  sugar  industry,  for  at 
that  time  Congress  put  sugar  under  tariff  protection  inducing  thereby  capi- 
talists to  help  building  factories  with  the  view  of  promoting  this  home 
industry,  so  as  to  keep  at  home,  about  $100,000,000  paid  out  annually  for 
sugar  to  foreign  countries  -  as  Congress  argued  at  that  time  that  "sugar 
was  labor*  and  that  labor  in  the  beet  fields  of  America  cost  $2*60  per  day 
when  in  Germany  it  was  only  45  cents,  and  in  Java  8-12  cents  a  day. 
Since  1896,  the  American  production  of  sugar  has  increased  from  40,000  tons 
to  700,000  tons  per  annum,  which  at  the  rate  of  4|r  cents  per  pound  rep- 
resents $63,000,000;  thus  the  farmers  get  approximately  $30,000,000,  Fur- 
thermore, the  yield  of  other  cereals  grown  in  rotation  with  sugar  beets 
has  increased  100  per  cent  above  the  average  yield  on  land  where  sugar 
beets  are  not  grown.   Every  consumer  is  vitally  interested  in  this  increased 
yield,  for  as  everybody  knows,  the  prices  of  connodities  fall  in  proportion 
as  yields  become  larger* 

Our  essay  concludes  Mr.  Palmer,  explains  why  the  German  farmer  gets 
2  bushels  per  acre  where  'we  get  only  one;  what  struck  Mr.  Palmer  most  during 
his  research  travels  in  Europe  was,  the  excellent  advantages  resulting  from 
sugar  beet  growing  and  the  beneficent  influence  sugar  beet  culture  exercises 
upon  agriculture  in  general.    Beet  culture  means  increased  production  of 
manure,  increased  fertility  of  the  soil,  increased  yield  of  cereals,  of 
wheat,  and  consequently  furtherance  of  the  wealth  and  well  being  of  the 
Nation;  but  these  thoughts  have  unfortunately  hitherto  been  far  from  the 
minds  Of  our  legislators  and  of  our  people  in  general;  hence  the  American 
legislator  has  given  scant  consideration  to  this  important  home  industry. 


384 


As  soon  as  the  voters  will  be  enlightened,  it  will  be  a  difficult  matter 
to  hypnotize  them  again  on  tho  subject  of  imaginary  advantages  which  are 
to  result  from  the  lowering  of  the  tariff  on  sugar.   Prom  this  point  of 
view  Mr.  Palmer,  the  apostle  of  the  American  beet  sugar  industry  has  pro- 
duced an  excellent  work  tending  to  enlighten  the  masses.    Doubtless  his 
efforts  will  be  crowned  with  success  and  we  ourselves  do  not  think  that 
the  American  people  will  commit  such  a  monumental  mistake  as  to  allow  this 
valuable  industry,  the  beet  sugar  industry,  to  be  ruined;  besides  there 
are  men  interested  in  it  who  have  ample  capital  and  energy  and  who  are 
animated  with  the  same  spirit  as  Mr.  Truman  G.  Palmer,  and  who  will  not 
be  cast  down  by  temporary  difficulties  which  they  encounter  and  will  face 
bravely  the  crisis  through  which  they  soon  will  have  to  pass. 


oOo— 


385 

nTHE  BEET  SUGAR  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES** 

THDMAH  G.  PAJMER. 
SXCSHPT  FROM  DIE  PEUTSQHE  2UCKBRINDUSTRIE.  OCTOBER  17.  1915.  p.  930. 

This  well  known  author  has  given,  in  a  new  illustrated  work,  a  true 
picture  of  the  importance  of  the  technical  progress  and  capacity  of  the  Beet 
Sugar  Factories  of  the  United  States . 

It  is  well  known  that  a  mighty  upheaval  is  now  taking  place  in  the 
United  States  with  regard  to  tariff  matters,  and  that  the  domestic  "beet  sugar 
industry  which  hitherto  has  enjoyed  the  benefit  of  protection  is  fearful  that 
these  changes  will  work  injury,  in  fact,  bring  about  ruinous  conditions.  Based 
upon  the  same  experience  we  have  had  in  Europe,  it  does  not  seem  that  there 
is  reason  to  take  such  a  gloomy  view  of  it,  though  an  outsider  cannot  have  a 
birdseye  view  of  general  conditions  of  the  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry  or 
estimate  what  effect  these  changes  may  have  on  the  existence  of  it.   It  is 
human  nature  that  parties  in  a  cause,  should  make  a  determined  fight  and  make 
every  effort  to  enlighten  their  countrymen  and  rouse  them  to  action* 

This  book  is  eminently  designed  for  such  a  purpose  not  only  in  so 
far  as  the  illustrations  are  concerned,  which  show  important  activities  in 
field  and  factory,  but  also  the  buildings  and  equipment  of  nearly  all  the 
American  Beet  Sugar  factories.   These  buildings  show  solidity,  beauty,  and 
magnificent  proportions  as  well. 

Whatever  may  be  one's  opinion  regarding  the  Justification  of  the 
fight  Mr.  Palmer  is  carrying  on,  we  must  admit  that  the  authoi  of  this  work 
shows  the  purpose  he  has  in  view,  and  that  a  similar  campaign  could  not  be 
carried  on  more  cleverly  or  effectively.   It  would  be  a  Joy  to  see  in  every 
Indus-cry,  that  is  obliged  to  pass  through  a  like  crisis,  to  have  as  able  and 
experienced  a  champion  as  Mr.  Palmer  has  proved  himself  to  be. 

(Signed)  Dr.  E.  C.  von  Lippmann. 


386 


THE  BEET  3USAR  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

-  by- 
TEUMAJI  G.  PAIMER. 

EXCERPT  FROM  OIBCULAIBE  HEBDQMADAIRE  du  SYMDICAT  des  FABRI  CANTS  de  SUCflE 

OCT.  12/13T" 

"The  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States1*.  This  is  the  title 
under  which.  Mr.  Palmer,  the  very  distinguished  and  energetic  Secretary  of 
the  United  States  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  America,  has  published  an  album, 
a  book  of  125  pages,  with  the  object  of  making  the  real  facts  concerning 
the  beet  sugar  industry  in  the  United  States  known. 

The  author  at  first,  gives  the  figures  regarding  the  Beet  Sugar  In- 
dustry of  the  United  States  in  1912/13  (such  as  number  of  factories,  quan- 
tity of  sugar  produced,  amounts  paid  out  to  beet  growers,  rages  in  factories, 
etc.),  and  then  shows  how  it  originated  and  how  it  was  developed  from  1330 
to  1913. 

The  first  factory  was  established  in  1830  in  Philadelphia,  by  Vaughar 
and  Honaldson,  but  it  did  not  meet  with  success.   The  factory  that  was  the 
first  to  remain  in  active  operation  and  which  met  with  success,  was  that  lo- 
cated at  Alvarado,  California;  this  was  established  by  Mr.  E.  E.  Dyer. 

The  introduction  of  beet  culture  in  the  United  States  contributed 
towards  increasing  the  yield  of  cereals  just  as  it  did  in  Europe.   Further- 
more, Mr.  Falner  shows  some  fine  photographs  with  explanatory  tert,  with  ref- 
erence to  the  different  stages  of  beet  culture,  such  as  the  spreading  of 

» 

manure,  ploughing,  thinning,  hoeing,  pulling,  topping,  shipping  the  beets, 
unloading  wagons  either  by  hand  or  by  tipping  them  on  an  inclined  plane, 
etc.,  etc. 

The  author's  album  contains  likewise,  photographic  views  of  the  in- 
terior of  factories  and  of  the  various  divisions  of  labor,  i.e.:  diffusion 


387 


batteries,  carbonatation,  sulfitation,  filtering,  multiple  effect,  boiling, 
mixing,  turbines,  weighing  apparatus,  putting  in  bags;  also  of  sugar  storage 
rooms  and  views  of  pulp  used  in  the  feeding  of  grazing  cattle  and  sheep. 

Then  there  are  some  half  tones,  finely  executed,  of  73  American  beet 
sugar  factories,  some  of  which  I  am  able  to  recognize,  as  ones  1  visited  dur- 
ing my  trip  in  the  United  States  in  the  year  1912. 

The  author  concludes  with,  a  summary  of  the  history  of  the  European 
Beet  Sugar  Industry,  incidentally  reminding  the  reader  of  the  work  done  by 
Olivier  de  Serres,  Marggraf,  Achard,  Napoleon  I.  and  Vilmorin,  showing  ex- 
cellent photographs  of  these  pioneers. 

In  conclusion,  we  may  say  that  the  Album  proves  that  the  author  is 
thoroughly  acquainted  with  all  the  economic  conditions  governing  the  inter- 
national sugar  industry  in  general,  and  that  he  has  a  profound  knowledge  of 
the  American  Beet  Sugar  Industry,  so  to  speak,  at  his  finger *s  ends. 

The  photographs  with  which  Mr.  Palmer's  album  is  profusely  decorated 
and  illustrated,  give  a  clear  and  well  defined  idea  of  the  American  beet 
sugar  industry. 

Mr.  Palmer  who  is  one  of  the  most  prominent  American  authorities  on 
Sugar,  has  been,  and  is  still,  the  defender  and  learned  advocate  for  a  tariff 
on  sugar.   The  American  Congress  has  not  entirely  adopted  his  views,  but 
LIr.  Palmer  has  edited  a  goodly  number  of  publications,  which,  in  a  clear  and 
concise  manner,  set  forth  the  economic  advantages  of  the  beet  sugar  industry, 
which  ought  to  enlighten  the  public  in  regard  to  its  importance.   In  short, 
Mr.  Palmer's  album  is  a  very  Important  publication  and  an  interesting  ref- 
erence book  on  the  sugar  question. 

(Signed)  E.  S. 

(Emile  Saillard) 


388 

(Translation  from  the  German) 

EXOKRPT  FROM  DIE  WOCHSKSCHRIFT  DBS  GENERAL  YEREIHS  Ftfa  DIE  RftBEHZUOKEEIM]3USTRIE_ 

Vienna.  October  25.   1915. 

HOW  TO  REMEDY  THE  SCARCITY  OF  AGRICULTURAL  LABOR. 

The  scarcity  of  labor  in  agricultural  fields  has  often  been  pointed 
out,  especially  in  Austria,  where  it  is  intensified  by  the  fact  that  the 
lateness  of  the  potato  crop  Interferes  with  the  work  in  the  beet  fields.     This 
is  partly  due  also  to  weather  conditions. 

In  order  to  give  prompt  aid  to  agriculturists,   the  Minister  of 
Agriculture  has  petitioned  the  Minister  of  Justice   to  permit  convict  labor 
to  work  in  the  fields.       The  Minister  of  Justice  replied  promptly,  authorizing 
the  District  and  State  authorities,  and  the  Courts,   to  meet  favorably  any 
request  that  might  be  made  for  convict  labor  on  the  part  of  landowners  and 
farmers.       He  also  stated  that  he  had  directed  the  Wardens  of  prisons  to  co- 
operate with  the  proper  authorities  in  order  to  help  in  this  matter. 

The  Ministry  of  Agriculture  is  engaged  in  devising  means  to  stop 
emigration  of  field  labor  into  contiguous  countries,  and  to  keep  all  the 
men  available,  at  work     on  Austrian  farms,  where  they  are  so  badly  needed. 

All  labor  hiring  corporations  and  Agencies,  have  been  urged  to  co- 
operate with  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture  to  ascertain  what  surplus  labor  is 
available  in  their  respective   States  and  to  offer  inducement  in  order     to 
direct  laborers  ready  to   emigrate   to  such  districts   in  Austria  where  field 
labor  is   scarce,   in  fact,   to  make  strenuous  efforts  to  keep  agricultural  laborers 
in  the  country. 


389 

Magdeburg,   Germany. 

"BEET  SUGAR  IMHJSIERY  OF  THE  UHI3ED  STA!EES". 

-  by  « 

TRUMAN  S.  PALMER* 
OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  BEET  SUGAR  INDUSTRY.  WASHINGTON.  1913. 


This  work  is  published  in  English;  is  richly  illustrated,  and 
gives  a  summary  of  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  the  United  States.   It 
may  be  called  a  pictorial  history  of  this  industry. 

After  a  brief  outline  of  the  development  of  the  Industry  from 
1830  to  1913,  (showing  the  first  successful  beet  sugar  factory  at 
Alvarado,  California,  built  in  1879-,  which,  in  its  architectural  outlines 
reminds  us  of  the  oldest  beet  sugar  factory,  namely,  Acnard's  at  Cunern)  , 
there  follow  half  tones,  depicting  beet  culture  from  the  planting  to  the 
harvesting  and  delivery  of  the  beets  at  the  factory. 

Furthermore,  there  are  descriptive  legends  regarding  each  indi- 
vidual factory,  and  a  photograph  of  nearly  all  the  North  American  Beet 
Sugar  factories.   It  also  gives  the  capacity  of  each  plant,  acreage, 
etc* 

What  strikes  us  particularly,  is  the  architectural  beauty  in 
factory  construction}  something  we  had  scarcely  expected  to  find  in  America. 

Mr.  Palmer's  work'  is  very  interesting,  and  should  be  useful 
to  sugar  manufacturers  in  that  it  inspires  new  ideas  on  the  subject,  of  the 

sugar  industry. 

----  oOo  ---  - 


390 


ROUMANIANS  SUGAR  INDUSTRY. 
EXCERPT  FROM  THE  PRAQER  ZUCKERMARKT.   OCTOBER  29.    1915.   p.   1108. 

1911/12  Beets  Harvested .260,160,448  Kg.  «=  (286,775  sht.Tons) 

1910/11       "              "              386,279,880  Kg.   =   (425,796  »       "     ) 

• 

1911/12  Sugar  Production 32,556,         Kg.  =  (   35,887  "       "     ) 

1910/11       "             " 50,003,141  Kg.   =   (   55,118  "       "     ) 


33,241,206  Kg.   =    (    36,641     "       "     ) 
29,861,867  Kg.  =   (   32,917     "       "     ) 


1911/12  Export                        4,911,885  Kg.  =(  5,414  "  "  ) 

1910/11       "                              2,276,957  Kg.  «=(  2,510  ",  «  } 

Imports                     231,989  Kg.  =   (  256  "  "  ) 

390,071  Kg.  *   (  430  •'  «  ) 


, Roman,    10,934,720  Kg.  «   (  12,053  «  "  ) 

Repeceni   6,988,926  Kg.  *   (  7,704  "  »  ) 

Marasti     6,535,566  Kg.  «=  (  7,203  "  "  ) 

Chitilla 5,429,906  Kg.  *   (  5,984  »  "  ) 

Sasout       ;.  2,668,500  Kg.  «  (  2,941  "  "  ) 

March  31,   1912. 

Bal.   of  stock  available 21,169,198  Kg.  =  (  23,334  "  "  ) 


391 


ITALY'S  SUGAR  INDUSTRY. 
EXCERPT  FROM  THE  PRAGER  ZUGKERMARKT.   OCTOBER  29,    1915.   p.   1107. 

53,100  Hectares  were  planted  to  beets   •   =  (120.365  acres} 

Beets  Harvested  1910/11 .....16,800,000  quintals     «  (1,853,376  Sh.Tons) 

H  "  1911/12 ...14,400,000         "  »=  (1,587,312     "       "  ) 

"Est.   1912/13 16,500.000         "  *  (1,818,795     "       *  ) 

1912/13  Factories .  37 

1911/12       « 35 

Wage  Earners 15,517 

Sugar  Extracted       .....1912,   156,198  Met. Tons  =172,177 

sht.TonSo 

SUGAR  PRODUCTION; 

1907 106,382  Metric  Tons  *= 117,264  short   tons 

1908 135,965         "      •    -       «= 149,874       "         " 

1909    165,311        '"         "       « 182,222       "         w 

1910   110   ,795         "         "       « 122,129       "         tt 

1911  .., 170,346         "          " .      *   187,772       "         " 

1912   156,198         "         "       =    172,177       "         " 

Imports.     1912  -  63,715  Met.  Tons  from  France, Austria  &c.   ...  70,233       "         •* 

1911  -  79,406       "       "  it     H     «  «  "     ....  87,529       n         " 

1910  -  58,812       "       "  "     "     "  w  "     ....   64,828       "         H 

Exports,  7.33  Metric  tons     M    >     «  "  "     ....       6.07 

100 


392 


EXCERPT  EROM  THE  INTERHATIOHAL  SUGAR  JOURNAL.  OCTOBER  ISSUE.  1915.P.484. 
THE  BEST  SUGAB  INDUSTRY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

-  by  - 

THOMAS  G.  PALMER. 
(United  States  Beet  Sugar  Industry,  Vfeshington,  D.  C. ) 

"This  publication  has  been  issued  for  the  purpose  of  demonstrating 
the  extent  of  beet  sugar  manufacture  in  the  United  States.   It  is  a  beau- 
tifully compiled  work,  consisting  principally  of  clear  photographs  of  every 
stage  of  beet  growing  and  manufacture,  and  of  73  of  the  77  modern  American 
factories,  accompanied  by  suitable  text,  and  a  number  of  clearly  set  forth 
statistics*    Prom  the  latter  we* note  that  $84,000,000  have  been  invested 
in  establishing  the  jnerican  beet  sugar  industry  since  1897,  and  striking  is 
the  statement  that  the  labor  of  cultivating  sugar  in  the  fields  of  America 
costs  #2*60  per  day,  whereas  it  is  4lJ-  cents  in  Germany,  and  only  8-12 
cents  in  Java*   In  his  sketch  of  the  Beet  Sugar  Industry  in  Europe,  Mr. 
Palmer  had  mentioned  that  Olivier  de  Serres  was  "the  first  to  suggest  the 
presence  of  sugar  in  the  beet".   This  statement  is  refuted  by  our  foremost 
historical  authority,  Dr.  E.  0.  von  lippmann,  who  contends  that  De  Serres 
should  not  be  credited  with  this  discovery,  since  the  French  Calvinist  only 

mentioned  the  fact  that  "the  beetroot  on  being  boiled  yields  a  juice  similar 

* 

to  syrup  of  sugar,  which  is  beautiful  to  look  at  on  account  of  its  vermilion 
colour" • 


393 


D  E  X. 

A.  Page. 


ACHARD,  FRANCOIS  CHARLES: 

First  to  extract  sugar  from  beets  commercially,..,...,     8 

Frederick  the  Great  rendered  aid  to, 16-19 

Produced  6  pounds  of  sugar  from  100  Ibs.  beets  (1799).     18 

Erected  first  beet  sugar  factory  at  Cunern,  Silesia  ..     26 

Used  alcohol  and  sulphuric  acid  to  purify  sugar  ......    125 

Agreements  relating  to  beet  prices  in  Germany.  1912  .......    101 

Agricultural  Chemistry, 259 

Agricultural  conditions  affecting  high  yield  of  beets  .....     64 
Agricultural  implements: 

Hoeing  device  of  Klement  Lykorn,  Bohemia  ............. 

Weeder-hoeing  device  of  Count  Lippe,  Germany 

Agriculture  in  the  United  States,  British  comment  on  ...... 

Alcohol  used  to  extract  sugar  from  beet,  by  Marggraf ,1747.. 

Alkalinity,  phenolphthalein, 

American  Beet  Sugar  Industry  (See  United  States) 

American  farming  methods ,  British  comment  on 

Analysis  of  Sugar,  uniform  methods  of  (Strohmer)  .......... 

"    "  ,  rules  of  London  Sugar  Association 

Arab  doctors,  prescribed  beet  juice  as  medicine  ........... 

Arbitration  Court,  Germany,  determine  price  of  raw  sugar.., 
AULAED,  AUGUST: 

Crystallization  of  sugar,  lecture  by 

Cellulose  as  a  filtering  material,  lecture  by  ........ 

Beet  meal  as  a  human  and  animal  food,  "   "  • 

United  States  beet  sugar  industry,  report  by  (1913).., 
AU3TRIA-HUNGAR  Y  j 

Cost  of  producing  beets  in,  .......................... 

Cost  of  producing  refined  sugar  (native)  ............. 

Cost  of  beets  in,  (1912) 

Labor  in,  scarcity  of 

Azote,  an  essential  element  in  nutrition  of  plants  ........ 


Bagged  sugar,  keeps  best  in  storage  « 55 

Barley,  boiled,  used  as  protection  against  beet  parasites..  177 

BARTENS,  DR.  ALBERT,  address  on  "Sugar  Trade11  • 367 

Beet  acreage,  why  statisticians  differ  in  regard  to  .......  55 

"  analysis  by  Payen  in  "Industrial  Chemistry" 117 

11     "    method  of Strohirier 240 

H  ancestry 36 

"  balls  (see  beet  seed) 

"  chemistry  of  .  „ 117 


394 


J3.  (Continued)  Page, 


BEET  CULTURE:   (See  also  Indirect  agricultural  benefits) 

Increases  fertility  -  report  to  Kapoleon  (1812)...,  2 

Increases  stock-carrying  capacity ••••  59 

Indirect  advantages  -  von  Rumker, 56 

Lecture  "by  K.  Stoermer,  ...........................  64 

Why  it  improves  the  soil  (Helot) 1 

France  :  J.  B.  Dureau's  interest  in  ...............  10 

Germany:  foreign  labor  in 56,245 

**   :  influence  on  agriculture  .................  253 

"   i  progress  in .4..... 56, 145, 163 

Russia  :  report  of  Emile  Saillard  on 30,  94 

United  States:  report  of  Emile  Saillard  ...........  140 

"     **  :  report  of  Lucien  Dureau 300 

•*     H  :  report  of  A.  Aulard 348 

Beet  farms,  size  of,  in  Russia 30 

**   growers  association,  Germany 271 

"       H  versus  factories,  in- southern  Germany  .......  296 

rt   growing:  elements  of  the  soil  absorbed  by  (percentage)  70 

H       **  :  experiment  stat ion  at  Vienna  •«... 312 

11       "  :  influenced  by  light 259 

**   halophytas,  saltophytes  •.........................*..  41 

"   hoeing  devices .........  t ........  251,257 

"   land,  value  of  in  Russia 93 

n   leaves  as  food,  use  of  by  ancients  ...................  42 

"      n  siloing  of,  in  Russia 135 

'*   meal,  manufacture  in  Belgium  and  Prance, and  price. of.  504 

"   molasses,  content  of 129 

"   parasites,  protection  against 177 

"   rotation  in  Russia 133 

H   SEED: 

amount  to  be  sown  per  acre 86 

fungi  on 66 

German  syndicate  formed  to  keep  up  prices  ......  178 

large  versus  small 112 

preparation  of,  before  planting 285 

raising  in  Russia 93 

selection  of............. 179 

BE3T  SUGAR:  cost  of  producing  (See  Cost  of  producing  sugar) 

"     "   :  cost  of  producing  and  profit  in  1812,  .......  2,3 

"     "     in  England 266 

"     "     88°  analysis  -  Rules  of  Sugar  Assln.of  London  46 

industry  -  general;  by  von  Lippmann 318,344 

**     n     raw;  basis  of,  price  in  Germany 49,  51 

ti     H  FACTORIES  (European)  : 

Rescript  ion  and  methods  used: 

Berry-au-Bac 167 

Czzesky  Brod ,  Bohemia 154 

Hulin,          " 148 

Kruschwitz,  Germany. 157 

Niemezyce,  Austria 151 

Passay,  France 26 


395 


B.      (Continued)  Page. 

— ^i— 

BEET  SUGAR  FACT  CRIES  (European)  (Coa'td.  ) 
Description  and  methods  used: 

Pecek,  Bohemia 156 

Russia,  location  of  ..............................  31 

*    new  factories  erected,  1913f  .............  297 

BEET  SUGAR  INDUSTRY  OF  U.S. ( Illustrated) Comment  on,l>y — 

Centralblatt ...,  389 

Circulaire  Hebdomadaire  du  Syndicat  des  Fabri cants 

de  Sucre 386 

Internat ional  Sugar  Journal . . . .  392 

Journal  des  Fabricants  de  Sucre  ..................  382 

Lippmann,  Prof.  Dr.  von 385 

BE£TS:cost  of  (see  Cost  of  Beets) 

cost  of  raising  (see  Cost  of  raising  beets) 

classification  of,  in  Germany 336 

dish  for  slaves  in  ancient  times « 42 

diseases  of: 

Nematodes:  how  to  prevent  or  minimize  damage  of  82 

**     :  causes  of  (von  Lippmann) 347 

"     :  destruction  of 379 

list  of  diseases 357 

prevention  of ,by  mixing  toiled  barley  with  seed  «•  177 

root  "blight,  carbolic  acid  treatment  for  .........  67 

treatment  by  Austrian  Sugar  Association  ..........  312 

factory,  shareholders  and  purchase  beets, definition  102,336 

food  for  pyramid  builders  .........................  42 

harvesting;  effect  on  sugar  content  at  different 

stages 62 

how  purchased  in  Germany  ..........................  194 

"      "    *  France ....  203 

Names  given  to  beets  in  various  languages  .........  41 

per  factory,  in  Germany  (1888  &  1913) -von  Lippmann.  330 
proportion  grown  by  factories, land  owners  and  peas- 
ants in  Russia  ...................................  32 

selection  of  best  varieties 179 

sugar  content  at  various  stages  of  development  . ...  62 

use  of,  by  ancients  ...............................  27,28 

wild,  home  and  description  of  .....................  38,41 

yield  of :  how  t o  s ecure  good  .......... ............  64 

**  n  :  experiments  in  Germany  with  various  fer- 

:  tilizers  ..............................  71 

"  "  :  in  Hungary 64 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCHES: 

Dureau,  J.  B. : founder  of  Journal  des  Fabricants  deSucre   10 

Marggraf,  Andreas  Sigismund 7,14 

Briemm,Dr.  Herman;  writer  on  beet  sugar  subjects 

(obituary) •  •••  160 

Hatvany-Deutsch,  Baron  Alexander;  president, Hungarian 

National- Sugar  Factory  Association  (obituary)  262 
Strohmer,  Friederich;  direct or, experiment  station  of 

of  Central  Beet  Sugar  Assn.  of  Austria 127 


396 


B.  (Continued) 


Blood;  used  to  clarify  sugar  in  .Amsterdam  .............. 

Bohemia;  cost  of  "beets  in  (1913)  ....... . 

Boramat in;  adopted  liming  to  clarify  sugar • 

Brussels  Convention: 

Italy  serves  notice  of  withdrawal  after  Sept. 1,1913.,,. 

Meeting. of  March  17 ,191 2, prolonged  same  until  Sop* 1,1913 

Russia  granted  increase  in  exports  of  sugar,  1911-14, •• 
By-products: 

Molasses  fodder;  manufacture  in  Netherlands  .......... 

Molasses  cattle  food 

Utilization  of, 


Cane  sugar  versus  beet;  German  comment  on,  in  the  U,  S, •  36 

Carbolic  acid  treatment  for  root-blight  .....r.... .......  67 

Cattle,  cost  of  fattening  in  Russia  ........... .*•  55 

Cattle  feeding;  use  of  sugar  in.. 90 

Cattle  raising;  influence  of  beet  culture  on...........  59 

Cellulose;  use  of,  as  a  filtering  material 267 

Cereal  crop  yields;  influence  of  beet  culture  on  .......  57 

Chaptal;  report  on  beet  sugar  to  Napoleon  in  1812  ......  26 

Charles  the  Great;  ordered  beets  planted  on  his  estates*  27 

Chemical  supervision  in  sugar  factories  .................  236 

Chemical  preparation  of  seed  bed 285 

Chemical  composition  of  plants  ..........................  361 

Chemistry  of  sugar  •  •<>..*•.. .............................  129 

Consumption  of  sugar;  suggestions  for  increasing  .......  145 

Cost  of  beets: 

Austria-Hungary  1912-13 101,251,275 

France;  basis  of  •• 203 

Germany;  1913  .... 101,251,271,277,296 

Netherlands;  1913-14 277,353 

Russia;  1911 135 

Cost  of  freight  on  beets  in  Germany .......*.  147 

Cost  of  raising  beets: 

Austria-Hungary 234 

Netherlands «  253 

Russia 92 

Cost  of  producing  raw  sugar: 

Austria-Hungary  .....................................  234 

Cuba 229,342 

Russia 33,295 

Cost  of  producing  refined  sugar,  in  Austria 161 

Crop  rotat ion  in  Russia  «...\ ...................... 133 

Crown  gall;     a  beet  disease 357 

Crystallizable   sugar,;     analysis  of........ 47 

Cuba;     cost  of  producing  sugar  in 229,342 


397 


£  (Continued)  Page. 

Cuba;  relation  to  the  U.  S.,  German  comment  on  ........  36 

Cuban  labor  conditions  ..................................  288 

Cuban  interest  in  American  tariff;  German  comment  on  ...  298 


Delessert;  established  a  factory  in  Prance,  1801  •••«•..  24,26 

Denmark;  wages  in 189 

Deutsch;  Baron  Hatvany  (See  Eatvany-Deutsch) 

Development  of  beets  from  Sept.  17th  to  October  31 62 

Diffusion:  process  invented  by  de  Dombaste  ....... r.....  9 

H      j  process  of  Hyross  and  Rak  (Austria) 124 

Diseases  of  the  beet  (See  Beets,  diseases  of  -  ]......... 

Disinfection  of  beet  balls 67 

Diskorides;  on  beets  and  beet,  juice  for  medicinal  purposes  27 

Dombaste  def  Mathieu:  inventor  of  diffusion  process  . ...  9 

DUREAU:  Georges;  comments  on  "Sugar  at  a  Glance"  ........  279 

"     "Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  U.  S. V  382 

H     on  use  of  sugar  in  preserves  ...........  184 

"     J.  B.   ;  biographical  sketch 10 

11    Lucien  ;  report  on  trip  through  beet  sugar  district 

of  United  States  «... 300 

Dusseldorf,  Germany;  wages  and  rent  in 316 

Dutch  Sugar  Industry;  Jubilee  celebration  of  (1913)  ....•  353 

Duty  on  sugar  in  Sweden 365 


IL- 

Eggs;  used  to  clarify  sugar  in  Amsterdam  «... 355 

Egyptian  pyramid  builders  furnished  beets  as  food  .......  42 

EMIGRATION: 

Austria-  (Galicia)  laborers  to  Germany  «... 189 

Polish  and  Ruthenian   "     '•    " 187 

Russian  laborers  to  Hawaiian  Islands........ ......  115 

England;  opposed  to  beet  sugar  industry 27 

"    ;  beet  sugar  industry  established  in 266 

Experiment  stations;  Vienna,  Austria;  Aid  rendered  by, 

in  beet  culture 512 

Exportation  of  sugar;  Russian  sales,  agency  in  Belgium  ••  202 

Extraction  of  sugar  from  beets  in  1818  ..................  4,7 

Extraction  of  sugar  by  alcohol 237 


398 


F. 


Factory  beets  in  Germany;  definition* 194 

Factories;  "beet  sugar  (See  Beet  Sugar  Factories) 
Farm  labor;  (see.  labor) 

Farm  librari es  in  France ..t.  Ill 

Farmers  educational  literature, distribution  by  factories  111 
FERTILIZATION: 

Azote  an  essential  element  in  plant  nutrition  . ....  208 

Barnyard  manure  and  chemical  fertilizers  ..........  137 

Elements  of  soil  absorbed  by  sugar  beet 70 

Eainite  as  a  fertilizer 77 

Nitrogenous  fertilization  of  sugar  boet 70 

Phosphoric  acid;  influence  of,  in  ................  165 

Role  that  minute  chemical  substances  play  in  agricul- 
ture   362 

Slag;  value  of,  as  a  fertilizer 332 

FILTRATIOH: 

Cellulose;  use  of  as  a  filtering  material 267 

Economical  filtration;  by  L.  Wackernie 104 

Food;  sugar  as  a 219 

Food  and  fodder  from  beet  meal 304 

Food  value  of  molasses  fodder ...............  225 

FRANCE: 

Beet  sugar  industry  of;  lecture  by  M.  A.  Gilbert..  116 

Comment  on  law  against  beet  sugar  "corners"  .......  79 

Method  of  fixing  prices  of  beets 203 

Report  of  committee  on  manufacture  of  sugar  from 

beets,  by  Crispel  (1818) 4 

Sugar  used  in  preserves,  candies,  etc.,  ...........  164 

Frederick  the  Great;  aided  Achard  in  beet  sugar  manufactured,  19 

Frankfurt,,  Monsieur;  Russian  agricultural  expert 30 

Fudakowsky,    »   ;     "        "        ••    ......  30 

Fungi;  prevention  of  in  stored  sugar 55 


Galicia;  labor  supply  in.................... 185 

Germany  beet  growers  association 101,271,296 

German  beets;  factory, shareholders  and  purchase  -  - 
definition 336 

German  comment  on  Underwood  Tariff  Act 298 

GERMANY: 

Beet  culture  in;  why  it  does  not  grow  more  rapidly.     163 

Cost  of  beets  in 235,251,271,277,296 

Competition  with  Russia  in  sugar  market 96,145 

Development  of  beet  sugar  industry, 1888-1913(vonLippmann) 330 

Foreign  labor;  importation  of... 56 

Labor,  scarcity  of  in  beet  fields 245 

Labor  supply 185 

Taxing  sugar  in 163 


399 
Of   (Continued) 


Gilbert ,  M.  A.  ;  lecture  on  sugar  beet  culture •  116 

GREAT  BRITAIN: 

Beet  Sugar  industry  in  (Cantley) 266 

Rules  and  regulation  of  the  Sugar  Assn. of  London..  46 


H. 

Handbook  on  sugar-making  (Rumpler) 14,51 

Hatvany-Deutsch,  Baron  Alexander;  obituary  ............     262 

Harvesting  of  beets;  statistical  table  on  ............      61 

Hawaiian  Islands:  wages  and  conditions  of  labor  ........  271,291 

M      M   :  Russia  to  prevent  emigration  to  ......     115 

Herodotus  on  beets  .....................................      21 

Herschberg  sugar-refinery,  1800  ........................      25 

HISTORICAL  FACTS  RELATING  TO  BEET  SUGAR  INDUSTRY: 

Achard;  first  to  extract  sugar  from  beet 8,  16 

Amsterdam  sugar  refineries; daily  capacity  in  1802, 

770  Ibs., . 555 

Beet  sugar  conditions  in  1812: 2,3 

Cost  of  producing  sugar,  15^  per  pound 
Daily  capacity  of  factories  8j  tons  beets 
Price  of  raw  sugar  38^  per  pound 
Raw  sugar  extraction  2$£. 

Beets,  names  of,  in  various  languages 41 

Beets  mentioned  by  ancients 27,  29 

Beets  used  as  food  for  pyramid  builders 29,  42 

Beets  used  by  Romans 27 

Dombaste  de;  inventor  of  diffusion  process  ........       9 

Dureau,  J.  B. ;  founder  of  Jourfl  desFabricants  de  Sucre  10 
Early  references  to  beets  by  ancients  (vonLippmann).  24 
First  Russian  sugar  refinery  built, St. Petersburg, 1702.  14 

French  factories,  earliest 26 

Marggraf; extracted  sugar  from  beet, experimentally, 1747  7,14 
Netherlands;  price  of  beets  in  1809  $2«00  per  short 

ton,  with  0.4$  sugar  content 

Opposition  to  industry  in  France 

Report  of  beet  sugar  industry  in  France,  1818  ...... 

Serres  de,  Oliver:  discovered  sugar  in  the  beet  .... 

Sugar,  names  of,  in  various  languages •• 

Took  2  months  to  make  a  loaf  of  sugar  in  1802  ....<>. 
Hoed  crops;  value  of,  in  agriculture  (von  Ruraker )...... 

Hoes ;  patented  devices  ...*... 

Holland;  (See  Netherlands) 

Hulin  ( Bohemia)  sugar  factory  Description  &  methods  used* 

Hydrogen  in  plants  (constituent  parts) 

Hyross;  Austrian  engineer;  diffusion  process  ••••....• 


400 

I*  Page. 

Immigration:   (See  emigration} 

Increase  in  yields  of  cereals  due  to  beet  culture  (See  In- 
direct Agricultural  benefits) 

India,  "sugar  reed"  of,  mentioned  by  Seneca  in  65  A.  D.  ..     28 
INDIRECT  AGRICULTURAL  BENEFITS  OF  SUGAR  BEET  CULTURE: 

Lecture  by  von  Runfeer  on,  (statistical) 57,253 

Councillor  of  State  Wendhaus  en  (Germany)  on 163 

Foreign  comments  on  pamphlet  by  T.  G.  Palmer 78 

TOiy  sugar  beet  culture  improves  the  soil  (Helot).,,.      1 

Industrial  uses  of  sugar ••     89 

Italy;  serves  notice  of  withdrawal  from  Brussels  Convention    95 
"   ;  beet  sugar  industry  in, 1912-13 — statistical  352,391 


Juice,  beet;  sulphuring 87 

Joseph  II,  of  Austria;  built  sugar  factories  on  his  estates    24 


K. 

Kainlte,  as  a  fertilizer 77 

Kasalowsky;  apparatus  used  in  Germany  for  boiling  juice,.  155 

Kessel,  Bus che;  essay  on  foreign  labor  market  ...........  185 

Kiln  malt  and  molasses  as  a  cattle  food  ..................  225 

Klein  Wanzleben;  favorite  beet  seed  in  Germany ..,  194 

Knauer,  Ferdinand;  produced  "Imperial  Beet"  1860;17$  sugar  118 


LABOR: 

Germany;  emigrat ion  to ,  from  Russia 186 

"    ;  housing  of,  by  various  associations 315 

;  scarcity  of 56,245 

"    ;     "     "  and  remedy  for 388 

"    ;  supply  (by  countries)  to  ••• 246,249 

Hawaiian  Islands;  cost  of 276 

"        H  ;  Russia  to  prevent  emigration  to.  115 

Russia;  emigration  of  laborers  to  Germany  ........  186 

"   ;  abundance  of  farm  labor  in...............  94 

"   ;  wage  rates  in, 33,  94 

LABOR  AND  WAGES: 

Influence  of,  on  production  of  cane  and  beet  sugar 

(Bartons) 288 

Lampadius;  extract  sugar  from  beets  in  1799 26 

Land  grants  and  value  of  beet  land  in  Russia 33,  94 

Legislation;  effect  of,  on  Russian  exports 99 


401 

L.  (Continued)  Page. 


Legislation;  effect  of,  on  sugar  prices  &  production  in 

Russia 356,360 

Lippe,  Count;  patented  beet  hoe 

LIPIMANN,  DR.  EDMUND.  0.  von. : 

Lecture  on  "beet  sugar  industry-  agricultural  and 

manufacture .................. *  318 ,344,355 

On  Oliver  de  Serres 392 

Literature;  educational,  for  beet  growers  ••.....«..•..     Ill 
London  Sugar  Association;  rules  and  regulations  of  ....      46 

London  Times;  comment  on  "Sugar  at  a  Glance" 358 

Louis  XYI.of  France; first  experience  with  beat  sugar(anec- 

dote) 20 

Lovrana;  home  of  beta  maritima 40 


M. 

Maceration;  process  of,  invented  "by  de  Dombaste  .......  9 

Mangold;  name  of,  in  various  languages. ................  41 

Manure  as  a  beet  fertilizer  ............................  56 

MARGGRAF,  ANDREAS  SIGISMUND: 

Biographical  sketch  ..............................  7 

Extracted  sugar  from  beet, with  alcohol  (1747).....   14  ,25 

Metals  in  plants 362 

Molasses jas  cattle  food....... 335 

"    ; constituent  parts  of 224 

"    ;  fodder 37 

"    ;purifying > 107 

"    ;beet;  content  of 129 

Moeler,  Johann;  essay  on  "Nitrogenous  fertilization  of 

sugar  beet •••  70 

Monopoly  of  sugar;  French  law  against 79 


•£. 

Napoleon;  Commissioned  Delessert  to  build  10  beet  sugar 

factories 26 

Negroes;   consumption  of  sugar  during  hard  worfc  ........  44 

Nematodes;  destruction  of 379 

11     ;  how  to  prevent  or  minimize  damage  done  by  ...  82 

Netherlands;  cost  of  beets  in  (1913)  .... 277 

M      ;  jubilee  celebration  of  Dutch  sugar  industry 

1913,  . 353 

Nitrogenous  fertilization  of  beets ..«  70 

"Norrairofka";  Russian  Government  sugar  trust  ..........  35 


40? 

P. 

Peasants,  Russian;  housing  of • 94 

»       "    ;  percentage  growing  "beets  .............  32 

Perriez  end  Possoz,  inaugurated  process  of  raulti-carbona- 

tation,  1859,  •  ••  125 

Philippine  Sugar;   German  comment  on  U.  S,  tariff  .......  99,100 

Planting  beet  seed;  preliminary  chemical  preparation  . ....  285 

Plinius  the  Elder;  on  Indian  sugar  reed 28 

Polish  labor  in  German  beet  fields 187 

Poem  on  "Sugar  Beets1*  A.  D.  1500 28 

Potassium  of  lime;  use  of,  as  fertilizer 68 

Preserves,  candies,  etc,;  sugar  used  in  France  for  making  184 
Prices  of  beets;  (See  Cost  of  Beets) 
PRICES  OP  SUGAR: 

Germany:  price  of  raw, based  on  rendement  ,.* 49,51 

H   t  prices  of  in  1888  and  1910-11 350 

Russia  :  regulated  by  Government 356 

*   i  prices  in  1913 99,360 

Production  of  beet  sugar  in  Russia: 

Comparative  table 32 

1904  and  1912  98 

1900  to  1911 132 

Production  of  sugar;  cost  of  (See  Cost  of  Producing  Sugar 

Profit  in  beet  raising,  100  years  ago 2 

Profit  in  raising  beets;  Netherlands 354 

Proskowetz,  Ritter  von;  lecture  on  "wild  beet"  ..........  38 

Purchase  beets,  in  Germany-  definition  of  ................  194 

Purity, co-efficient  of;  foreign  method  of  determining  ex- 
traction by. 136 


R. 

Ration,  soldiers;  use  of  sugar  in  the  Germany  army  ......  43 

Rational  selection  of  varieties  of  beets 178 

Rendement;  how  derived  in  Europe 46,49,51,105,136 

"    ;  in  the  factory;  by  Effiile  Saillard 105 

Rent  paid  by  workingmen  in  Germany 315 

Riem,  of  Dresden;  prepared  beet  syrup  for  bees  (1775  }  ..  25 

Romans;  use  of  beets  by 27 

Root-blight;  definition  357 

Rotation;  crop,  practiced  in  Russia 133 

Roumania;   beet  sugar  industry  in.  1910-11  and  1911-12 

(statistical) 390 

Hozier,  Abbe;   first  to  cultivate  sugar  beet  for  food  purposes.  25 
Rumker,  Dr.  von;  Lecture  "Is  beet  culture  threatened  and 

by  what?** 56 

"    »   H  .  Lecture  "Influence  of  beet  culture  on  ag- 
riculture and  stock  raising 253 

Rurapler,  Dr.:  excerpts  from  handbook,  on  history  of  beet 

sugar  industry 14,16 

"    **  :  lecture  on  rendement 51 


403 

R.         (Continued)  Page. 

RUSSIA: 

beet  sugar  industry  in . . «....  30,35,132 

beets;  proportion  grown  by  factories, land- 
owners and  peasants  ...................  32 

cost  of  growing  beets  in  ......................  92 

cost  of  producing  sugar  in  (1913) 295 

crop  rotation  in 135 

emigration  to  Hawaiian  Islands  to  be  prevented  115 
exportation  of  sugar  under  Brussels  Convention 

increased. 12 

farm  labor  in;  report  by  Saillard  ............  94 

first  Russian  sugar  refinery  built, St. Petersburg, 

1702, 14 

Germany;  cannot  compete  with • 145 

H   ;  fears  extension  of  sugar  industry  •••  96 

Government  Sugar  Trust  (Hormirofka)  ••• 35 

growing  competitor  in  European  sugar  market  •••  202 

laborers;   in  German  agriculture 188 

land;  sugar  beet  value  of,..&  land  grants  .in  *  -     10,  33 

legislation  relating  to  sugar  industry  ........  34 

location  of  sugar  factories  in  ................  31 

new  factories  erected  in  1913,  ................  297 

peasants;  housing  of....... ••  94 

price  of  sugar  in  1913 99,360 

production  of  sugar  in 132 

regulations  in  regard  to  sugar  prices  and  prod'n  356 

report  of  E. Saillard  on.  sugar,  industry 30t35 

release  of;  reserve  sugar  by  the  Government  ••  360 

Ruthenian  workmen  in  Germany  » 187 

sugar  beet  region  divided  into  4  districts  ....  31 

value  of  sugar  beet  land  in 33 


SAILLARD,  EMIIE: 

Chemistry  of  sugar  .., 129 

Comment  en  "Beet  Sugar  Industry  of  U.S. (illus- 
trated)  

Cost  of  growing  beets  in  Russia  .«. 

price  of  beets  in  Russia 

Rendement  in  the  fact ory 

Russia;  on  Beet  Sugar  Industry  in 

United  States;  report  on  study  trip  through 
beet  sections 

Sales,  sugar;  regulation  of  London  Sugar  Association* 
Scheibler;  alcoholic  extraction  of  sugar  by  ......... 

Schmidt,  N.  H. ;  experiments  with  beet  balls 


404 
IS.  (Continued)  Page. 


Schoultz;  Russian  beet  expert  •• 

Serres  de,  Oliver;  comment  of  Von  Lippmann  on  ........ 

n      "    "   ;  discovered  sugar  in  beet  .......... 

Shareholders  beets  ift  Germany;  definition  of  •••.....• 

Soil,  elements  of,  absorbed  by  beets  ................. 

Slag;  value  of  in  fertilization  •••... ..• 

Soldier ' s  sugar  ration  ................................ 

Spreckels,  Claus  A.;  interview  in  Hamburg  on  free  sugar 
Statisticians;  why  they  differ  in  figures  on  acreage ,&c« 
STATISTICS: 

Cuba ;  cost  of  produc ing  sugar  in  ................   229 , 342 

Europe;  comparative  table  on  acre age, prod'n. etc*        32 
General;  sugar  content  of  beet  when  harvested  at 

various  stages  .........................       62 

Germany;  beet  sugar  industry  in, 1888  and  1913  ..••   318,330 
**   ;  factory, shareholders  and  purchase  beets        336 

*   ;  foreign  laborers  in, by  countries 246 

tf   ;  increase  in  cereal  crops  by  beet  rotation       57 

Italy;   beet  sugar  industry,  1912-13  • 352 

"  ;   "      "      "      1910-11  to  1912-13..      391 
Louisiana;  production  and  cost  of  growing  cane 

(Bureau) 302 

Netherlands;     beet   sugar  industry  in 353 

Roumania;  "         "  H  »  1910-11&1911-12  390 

Russia;     beet  s-'igar  production  1900-ol  to  1910- 11| 

percentage  of  extraofn,kg,per  hec.&c.,..         32,132 
w     ;     number  of  factories percentage  of  farms 

cultivated  by  peasants;  rotation  of  crops  133 

'*     •     percentage  of  beets  grown  by  factories, 

landowners  &  peasants  .... 32 

"     ;     price  of  sugar  in  1913 360 

Sweden;     beet  sugar  area, product ion, extract! on, &c.  365 

**     ;     tariff  on  sugar 365 

Yield  of  beets  and  sugar  per  hectare  in  Europe  ...  137 

Stock;     cost  of  fattening  in  Russia  ...................  95 

Stock-food;     molasses  as  a 37,335 

Stoermer,  £•;     lecture  on  sugar  beet  culture  ..........  64 

Strohmer,  Priedrich;     director  experiment  station, Vienna- 
sketch 127 

"  l*     aid  rendered  by  experiment  station  in  beet 

culture 312 

Sugar  analysis;  uniform  methods  of 236 

Sugar  Association  of  London  -  comprising  buyers  &  sellers     46 
"SUGAR  AT  A  GLANCE1*;  reviewed  by:- 

Deutsche  Zuckerindustrie 233 

International  Sugar  Journal  ...........      255 

Journal  des  Eabricants  de  Sucre  ........   171,279 

La  Sucrerie  Beige 270 

La  Sucrerie  Indigene  et  Coloniale  78,195 

Le  Bulletin  of  Stock  Exchanges  &  Markets      193 

London  Times 358 

PragerZuckerraarkt 198 

Willett  &  Gray 192 

Wochenschrift  des  Centralvere ins  fur  die 
Zucker  Industrie 217 


405 

J5=  (Continued)  Page. 

Sugar  as  a  food  for  man  and  animals  ...... 219 

Sugar,  "bagged;  test  means  of  storing  • ............  55 

Sugar  beet  culture  (See  Beet  Culture) 

"  ; chemistry  of, 103 

H  Consumption  of,  "by  negroes,  invigorating 44 

n  ; content  and  purity;  method  of  determining  in  Europe  136 

"  ; corners,  French  law  against  . « .......  79 

.  "  jcost  of  pnoducing  (See  Cost  of  Producing  Sugar )••• 

"  ; extraction,  Germany;  development  of  •«......«...«  60 

"  ,extraction{  statistics  ....... ...«...••».........  188 

"  {factories  (See  Beet  Sugar  Factories) 

**  ; invert,  price,  how  determined  in  Germany  •<>.......  49 

"  ;legislation  in  Russia 54 

M  ;manufacture  (See  Technical  Subjects) 

"  ; marks t ;  addre  ss  on,  by  Dr.  Bartons  ..............  367 

"  ;per  factory  in  Germany,  1886  and  1913  .  .... 330 

H    prices  in  Germany,  1886  and  1910-11  • 330 

"     "     n    n   based  on  rendement 49,  51 

"      "     "  Russia  .  . .  e 360 

'•     n.    n    n  regulated  by  Government . ...  356 

"   rations  for  German  soldiers  ......................  43 

11   reserve  in  Russia;  release  of 35 

"   sales;  regulations  of  London  Sugar  Association. ••  46 

"   statisticians;  vib.y  they  differ  .............. .....  55 

M   titrate;  rules  regarding,  London  Sugar  Association  47 

"   trade;  lecture  by  Dr.  Bartenson,  ............  e*«.  367 

"   uses  of;  as  human  and  animal  food  ...............   43,219 

"     "   ";   in  arts  and  industries 89 

"     "   " ;  in  treating  wounds 273 

Sulphuring  juice;  question  discussed  at  meeting  of  Ger- 
man Sugar  Manufacturers  (1911)  .........  87 

Sulficarbonatation;  process  of,  in  Boczecyfc  factory, 

Russia 108 

Surgery;  experiments  with  sugar  in  ••.... 273 

Steffen,  Carl;  device  for  extracting  sugar  from  beets 

(brief) 124 

Stuttgart,  Germany;  rent  of  rooms  for  workingmen  in  ••«  315 

Sweden;  beet  sugar  industry  in  (1911-12) 365 

"  ;  duty  on  sugar  ...............  c ............... c .  365 


T.. 

Tariff,  Underwood;  comments  of  August  Aulard  of  Belgium 

on ...I.......*.     348 

;  French  comments  on  .................      228 

;  Germany  and  Austria  well  satisfied 

with 36,298 

Taxing  sugar  in  Germany 163 

TECHNICAL  SUBJECTS: 

agricultural: 
agricultural  chemistry 259 


406 


T.   ( C  out  inued )  Page. 

TECHNICAL  SUBJECTS:   (Con'td.)(  agricultural:) 

chemical  preparation  of  "beet  seed  "before  plant- 
ing   285 

role  that  minute  chemical  substances  play  in  ag- 
riculture   » 562 

manufacture : 

analysis  of  sugar 236 

chemistry  of  sugar  103 ,129 

crystallization  of  saccharose  in  a  more  or  less 

impure  medium 174 

filtration;  cellulose  as  a  filtering  material..  267 

n    ;  economical  ........................  104 

molasses;  process  of  purifying  ................  107 

renderaent;  how  derived  in  Europe  .... ..46*49,51,105,136 

sugar  content;  European  method  of  deriving  ....  136 

sugar  manufacture;  process  of-  ............  116,318,344 

sulficarbonatation  in  Russian  factory  ..........  108 

sulphuring  of  ^uice,  a  mistake  -  German  Sugar 

Manufacturers 87 

Teutlion  beet;   spoken  of  in  ancient  times  "by  Theophraste.  41 

Theatre  d* Agriculture;  book  written  by  Serr«s  ...........  42 

Thiemendorf;  experiments  with  beet  balls  at 114 

Titrating  of  sugar 47 

Topping  of  beets  in  Germany 63 


U. 

UNITED  STATES: 

agriculture;  Britisn  comment  on  (London  Times  ...  358 
beet  sugar  industry  in:  comments  on  by  - 

Aulard ,  A. ;  343 

Bureau,  Lucien 300 

Germany,  in  connection  with  tariff 36 

Saillard,  Smile 140 

Spreckels,  Glaus  -  interview  in  Hamburg  on  free 

sugar  tariff;   (See  Tariff,  Underwood)  ........  310 


V. 

Vilmorin;  "made  sugar  beet  known  in  France" ( vonL ippmann) .   24,25 
Vintages ,  sugaring  of,  in  France 90 


W. 

Wackemie;  on  economical  filtration 104 

WAGES: 

Austria;     beet  fields • 

11         ;      sugar  factories   (52/  per  day)    ••  162 


407 

W,   (Continued)  Page 

WAGES:   (Con'td.) 

Beet  and  cane  sugar  industries 288 

Denmark;  contract  price  of  laborers  in  beet  fields  189 

Germany;  field  labor  per  day 188 

11   ;  wages  and  rent  in  ........................  315 

Hawaiian  Islands 276 

Russia;  paid  on  large  estates  .....................  33 

Wild  beet   (See  Beet,  wild) 

Wiraner,  Dr.;  growth  and  quality  of  beets  ................  165 

Wohanka  beet;  advantages  of 181 


YIELDS: 

beet;  measures  to  be  taken  to  secure  good  .........  64 

•*  ;  obtained  by  experiments  in  Germany  ..........  71 

n  ;  per  hectare  in  Europe  (comparative  table)  . .,  137 

"  ;   rt     w     H  Germany 330 

"     "     "  Europe 137 

"     "     "  France 119 


0£sriAuBRARY 


TL  .  trom  ^fcich  borrowed 

^..oo,,^,,,,^^^^^ 


816)476 


M513257 


